Sennar
سنار | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Sennar Location in Sudan | |
| Coordinates: 13°33′N 33°35′E / 13.550°N 33.583°E | |
| Country |  Sudan |
| State | Sinnar State |
| Population (2007) | |
| • Total | 143,059 |
Sennar (Arabic: سنار Sannār) is a city on the Blue Nile in Sudan and possibly the capital of the state of Sennar.[1] For several centuries it was the capital of the Funj Kingdom of Sennar and until at least 2011, Sennar was the capital of Sennar State.
Overview
The French traveler Charles-Jacques Poncet, who visited Sennar near the end of the 17th century, estimated the town had a population of 100,000 inhabitants. However, when the Dutch explorer Juan Maria Schuver travelled through the town in April 1881, he doubted it had "anything like 100,000 inhabitants, when Khartoum, the centre and capital of a tenfold larger country is not able to muster more than a quarter of that number, if we exclude the garrison."[2] He observed that Sennar had declined as trade had over the years shifted to Karkoj, "much more advantageously situated as the terminus of regular navigation, as the natural outlet of the Takruri country between Kassala and Galabat."[2]
The modern town lies SSE of the ruins of the ancient capital of the Funj Kingdom, 300 kilometres (186 miles) southeast of Khartoum, the Capital of Sudan.
The city is home to Sinnar University, established in 1977.[3] In 2011, the Library of Congress still presented maps indicating that Sennar was the capital of Sennar state,[4] but more recent works indicate that the capital is at Sinja.[5][6]
Climate
Despite receiving over 400 millimetres or 16 inches of rainfall per year, the extreme heat and high evaporation means Sennar still has a borderline hot arid climate (Köppen BWh) a little below a hot semi-arid climate (BSh).
| Climate data for Sennar (1961-1990, extremes 1907-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 44.0 (111.2) |
45.9 (114.6) |
45.4 (113.7) |
47.0 (116.6) |
46.4 (115.5) |
46.5 (115.7) |
42.7 (108.9) |
41.5 (106.7) |
41.3 (106.3) |
42.0 (107.6) |
41.5 (106.7) |
40.3 (104.5) |
47.0 (116.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.5 (92.3) |
35.5 (95.9) |
38.9 (102.0) |
41.3 (106.3) |
41.1 (106.0) |
38.7 (101.7) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.9 (93.0) |
35.3 (95.5) |
37.5 (99.5) |
36.4 (97.5) |
34.1 (93.4) |
36.8 (98.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) |
25.5 (77.9) |
28.9 (84.0) |
31.3 (88.3) |
32.8 (91.0) |
31.5 (88.7) |
28.9 (84.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.6 (83.5) |
29.9 (85.8) |
27.5 (81.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
22.7 (72.9) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 5.4 (41.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
8.7 (47.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.7 (40.5) |
4.7 (40.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
20.5 (0.81) |
66.1 (2.60) |
99.2 (3.91) |
135.9 (5.35) |
84.5 (3.33) |
13.7 (0.54) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
420.1 (16.55) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 6.3 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 36.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 34 | 28 | 23 | 21 | 30 | 44 | 58 | 64 | 60 | 48 | 34 | 36 | 40 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 319.3 | 285.6 | 306.9 | 303.0 | 294.5 | 249.0 | 217.0 | 226.3 | 249.0 | 285.2 | 309.0 | 313.1 | 3,357.9 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 91 | 87 | 82 | 81 | 76 | 66 | 54 | 59 | 69 | 78 | 91 | 90 | 77 |
| Source 1: NOAA[7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[8] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1973 (Census) | 28,546 |
| 1983 (Census) | 42,803 |
| 1993 (Census) | 72,187 |
| 2007 (Estimate) | 143,059 |
Notable people
- Nasra bint ʿAdlan, Sudanese royalty
See also
References
- ↑ "Sudan tribune news site".
- 1 2 Wendy James, Gerd Baumann, and Douglas H. Johnson, Juan Maria Schuver's Travels in North East Africa, 1880-1883 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1996), p. 13
- ↑ "Sinar University". African Studies Center. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
- ↑ Berry, LaVerle, ed. (2015). Sudan (PDF). Country Studies (5th ed.). Library of Congress. Figure 1. ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0.
- ↑ "RSF consolidate control over Jezira and reach the gates of Sennar: Army collapses across a vast swathe of agricultural heartland". Sudan War Monitor. Substack. 22 Dec 2023. Archived from the original on 28 Dec 2023. Retrieved 3 Jan 2024.
Deeper into Sennar State is the state capital Sinja, which is the headquarters of the 17th Infantry Division, and a training location for new army recruits. Sinja might therefore be better defended than Sennar city.
- ↑ Hounsome, Natalia; Hassan, Rowa; Bakhiet, Sahar Mubarak; Deribe, Kebede; Bremner, Stephen; Fahal, Ahmed Hassan; Newport, Melanie J. (2022-10-17). Govender, Nelesh Premapragasan (ed.). "Role of socioeconomic factors in developing mycetoma: Results from a household survey in Sennar State, Sudan". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 16 (10). Figure 1. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010817. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC 9624402. PMID 36251732.
- ↑ "Sennar Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- ↑ "Station Sennar" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
External links
Media related to Sennar (town) at Wikimedia Commons