Parkia speciosa
Seed pods
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Parkia
Species:
P. speciosa
Binomial name
Parkia speciosa
Synonyms[2]
  • Acacia gigantea Noronha
  • Inga pyriformis Jungh. ex Miq.
  • Mimosa pedunculata W.Hunter
  • Parkia graveolens Prain
  • Parkia harbesonii Elmer
  • Parkia macrocarpa Miq.
Nasi goreng kambing pete in Jakarta, fried rice with goat meat and stink beans
A Malaysian petai beans dish with minced meat, dried shrimp, chili, onions, belacan and soysauce
Thai, Mhu phat sato, pork stir-fried with stink beans

Parkia speciosa, the bitter bean, twisted cluster bean, sator bean, stink bean, or petai is a plant of the genus Parkia in the family Fabaceae. It bears long, flat edible beans with bright green seeds the size and shape of plump almonds which have a rather peculiar smell, similar to, but stronger than that of the shiitake mushroom, due to sulfur-containing compounds also found in shiitake, truffles and cabbage.[3]

Botanical description

The petai tree can grow to about 30 metres. It bears flowers in a light bulb-shaped mass at the end of long stalks. The flowers secrete a nectar that attracts bats and other pollinators. The fruits emerge as long, twisted, translucent pods in a cluster of seven or eight pods. When those pods are mature, within them will reside the petai beans or seeds.[4]

Uses

Cooking

The beans of other Parkia species (for example, Parkia javanica and Parkia singularis) are also popular as culinary ingredient in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Laos, southern Thailand, Burma, and northeastern India, especially Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura (consumed mostly by the Tiprasa people). They are sold in bunches, still in the pod, or the seeds are sold in plastic bags. Pods are gathered from the wild, or from cultivated trees: they are exported in jars or cans, pickled in brine, or frozen.[5]

The vegetable is known as petai, pete in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. In the marketplace, depending on the country of origin, Parkia species may be labelled Wakerec, Petai, in Assamese Gachhua uri , in Meitei Yongchak, in Thadou Jongla. They are best when combined with other strongly flavoured foods such as garlic, chili peppers, dried shrimp or shrimp paste, as in sambal petai. When young, the pods are flat because the seeds have not yet developed, and they hang like a bunch of slightly twisted ribbons, pale green, almost translucent. At this stage they may be eaten raw, fried or pickled. Young tender pods with undeveloped beans can be used whole in stir-fried dishes.[6]

The seeds are also dried and seasoned for later consumption. When dried the seeds turn black. Petai beans or seeds look like broad beans. Like mature broad beans, they may have to be peeled before cooking. Petai has earned its nickname 'stink bean' because its strong smell is very pervasive. It lingers in the mouth and body. Like asparagus, it contains certain amino acids that give a strong smell to one's urine, an effect that can be noticed up to two days after consumption. Like other beans, their complex carbohydrates can also cause strong-smelling rectal gas.

Indonesia

In Indonesia, petai is very popular in the highlands of Java and Sumatra, especially among Sundanese, Minangkabau and many other people in different cultures of the island. In Sundanese cuisine petai might be eaten raw with sambal as part of lalab, fried or grilled. It also can be stir fried and mixed with oncom. In Java and Sumatra, it also might be added to sayur lodeh or sambal goreng ati petai (fried diced beef or chicken liver in sambal and petai). Nasi goreng kambing petai is popular variant of nasi goreng (fried rice) with goat meat and petai. In Minangkabau cuisine it usually become part of lado (Minang sambal) for ayam pop (Padang style fried chicken).

India

A bunch of Yongchaak (Meitei for 'Parkia speciosa') is generally used as a part of gifts presented to honourable people in Manipur. It shows a Thangal woman presenting the Yongchaak to a Meitei lady.
Parkia speciosa being sold in Nagaland

In Manipur, it is called yongchak. It is grown mainly on all the hilly areas and some other parts of Manipur valley. [7] Varieties found here are somewhat harder than the counterparts of Thailand or Malaysia. The wild variety from the hills is more commonly sold in market. Some species of Parkia are grown in small scale by farmers in northeast India. In mainland India, it is grown as an ornamental plant, shade tree and border tree. This bean has become an important ingredient in many food items in Tripura too.

In Manipur, the seeds or the bean as a whole are eaten by preparing a local delicacy called Hmarcha dêng, Eromba (a traditional Manipuri chutney) or Yongchak singju (a traditional Manipuri salad).[8] Eromba is a very common cuisine in Manipur made with boiled potato, fermented fish, chili and other vegetables, in this case, Parkia. Yongchak singju is another favourite side dish made with Parkia cut into small pieces and then mixed with red hot chili paste. Parkia is also used for making various other dishes with fish and vegetables. The Kuki Tribe in North-East India, call it "Jongha". Rongmei Tribe of Manipur, Nagaland and Assam call it Gachhua uri which is cooked with meat or prepared as salad, and sometimes seeds are eaten with Chattni made of dry fish or Gankhiang khui (local fermented dry seed). The Hmar tribe of Assam, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Manipur call it Zawngṭa (pronounced Zongtra) and mainly prepare it with chilli, Sodium Bi-carbonate, little amount of salt and a special fermented pork called "Saum"(sa means meat, um means fermented) and called it Zawngṭa-râwt.

In Mizoram, the Mizo people are also very fond of it, and call it zawngṭah. They eat the whole bean by removing the outer layer of the skin and also eat the seeds. It is eaten raw as a side dish or use as a recipe for chutney. They also use to prepare it with chili and a fermented pork called saum which is the same as sathu of Manipur. It very common side dish among the peoples of naga, Mizo ( Zohnahthlak ) like Mizo in Mizoram, Hmâr, Kuki, Chin, Zomi etc. in neighbouring states and countries. In Manipur, Assam, Tripura, the (Tripura people call it Wakerec mosedang) and Bangladesh Manipuris call it yongchak or wakerec in the local Manipuri dialect and consume it as a salad mixed with fermented fish or, the boiled or roasted seeds either alone or in a mash of boiled vegetables laced with fermented fish.

Malaysia & Singapore

In Malaysia and Singapore, petai is also commonly served with sambal, or mixed with dried shrimp, chili peppers, red onions, belacan (prawn paste), soy sauce and prawn. Another popular side dish to nasi lemak or plain rice is petai beans cooked with fried dry anchovies and sauteed chili sambal (sambal tumis).

Thailand

In Thailand it is called sah-taw (Thai: สะตอ), as mu phat sah-taw, stink bean with stir fried pork.

References

  1. ↑ Harvey-Brown, Y. (2019). "Parkia speciosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T153891869A153917800. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T153891869A153917800.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Parkia speciosa". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  3. ↑ Frérot, Eric; Velluz, Alain; Bagnoud, Alain; Delort, Estelle (2008). "Analysis of the volatile constituents of cooked petai beans (Parkia speciosa) using high-resolution GC/ToF–MS". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 23 (6): 434–440. doi:10.1002/ffj.1902.
  4. ↑ "Parkia speciosa". PlantUse. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  5. ↑ The Stink Bean – A Little Smelly, A Lot of Flavor by Mark Wien in Migrationology
  6. ↑ Robinson, Kristy. "How to Cook Petai". Our Everyday Life. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  7. ↑ Kangpokpi tops in cultivation of poppy in state Kuki dominated district of Manipur
  8. ↑ Spicy Manipuri Salad in The Taste of Food
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