In mathematics, Schubert polynomials are generalizations of Schur polynomials that represent cohomology classes of Schubert cycles in flag varieties. They were introduced by Lascoux & Schützenberger (1982) and are named after Hermann Schubert.

Background

Lascoux (1995) described the history of Schubert polynomials.

The Schubert polynomials ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{w}}$ are polynomials in the variables ${\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots }$ depending on an element ${\displaystyle w}$ of the infinite symmetric group ${\displaystyle S_{\infty }}$ of all permutations of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }$ fixing all but a finite number of elements. They form a basis for the polynomial ring ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} [x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ]}$ in infinitely many variables.

The cohomology of the flag manifold ${\displaystyle {\text{Fl}}(m)}$ is ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} [x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{m}]/I,}$ where ${\displaystyle I}$ is the ideal generated by homogeneous symmetric functions of positive degree. The Schubert polynomial ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{w}}$ is the unique homogeneous polynomial of degree ${\displaystyle \ell (w)}$ representing the Schubert cycle of ${\displaystyle w}$ in the cohomology of the flag manifold ${\displaystyle {\text{Fl}}(m)}$ for all sufficiently large ${\displaystyle m.}$

Properties

• If ${\displaystyle w_{0}}$ is the permutation of longest length in ${\displaystyle S_{n}}$ then ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{w_{0}}=x_{1}^{n-1}x_{2}^{n-2}\cdots x_{n-1}^{1}}$

• ${\displaystyle \partial _{i}{\mathfrak {S}}_{w}={\mathfrak {S}}_{ws_{i}}}$ if ${\displaystyle w(i)>w(i+1)}$, where ${\displaystyle s_{i}}$ is the transposition ${\displaystyle (i,i+1)}$ and where ${\displaystyle \partial _{i}}$ is the divided difference operator taking ${\displaystyle P}$ to ${\displaystyle (P-s_{i}P)/(x_{i}-x_{i+1})}$.

Schubert polynomials can be calculated recursively from these two properties. In particular, this implies that ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{w}=\partial _{w^{-1}w_{0}}x_{1}^{n-1}x_{2}^{n-2}\cdots x_{n-1}^{1}}$.

Other properties are

• ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{id}=1}$

• If ${\displaystyle s_{i}}$ is the transposition ${\displaystyle (i,i+1)}$, then ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{s_{i}}=x_{1}+\cdots +x_{i}}$.

• If ${\displaystyle w(i)<w(i+1)}$ for all ${\displaystyle i\neq r}$, then ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{w}}$ is the Schur polynomial ${\displaystyle s_{\lambda }(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{r})}$ where ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ is the partition ${\displaystyle (w(r)-r,\ldots ,w(2)-2,w(1)-1)}$. In particular all Schur polynomials (of a finite number of variables) are Schubert polynomials.

• Schubert polynomials have positive coefficients. A conjectural rule for their coefficients was put forth by Richard P. Stanley, and proven in two papers, one by Sergey Fomin and Stanley and one by Sara Billey, William Jockusch, and Stanley.

• The Schubert polynomials can be seen as a generating function over certain combinatorial objects called pipe dreams or rc-graphs. These are in bijection with reduced Kogan faces, (introduced in the PhD thesis of Mikhail Kogan) which are special faces of the Gelfand-Tsetlin polytope.

• Schubert polynomials also can be written as a weighted sum of objects called bumpless pipe dreams.

As an example

${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{24531}(x)=x_{1}x_{3}^{2}x_{4}x_{2}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}x_{3}x_{4}x_{2}^{2}+x_{1}^{2}x_{3}^{2}x_{4}x_{2}.}$

Multiplicative structure constants

Since the Schubert polynomials form a ${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }$-basis, there are unique coefficients ${\displaystyle c_{\beta \gamma }^{\alpha }}$ such that

${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{\beta }{\mathfrak {S}}_{\gamma }=\sum _{\alpha }c_{\beta \gamma }^{\alpha }{\mathfrak {S}}_{\alpha }.}$

These can be seen as a generalization of the Littlewood−Richardson coefficients described by the Littlewood–Richardson rule. For algebro-geometric reasons (Kleiman's transversality theorem of 1974), these coefficients are non-negative integers and it is an outstanding problem in representation theory and combinatorics to give a combinatorial rule for these numbers.

Double Schubert polynomials

Double Schubert polynomials ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{w}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,y_{1},y_{2},\ldots )}$ are polynomials in two infinite sets of variables, parameterized by an element w of the infinite symmetric group, that becomes the usual Schubert polynomials when all the variables ${\displaystyle y_{i}}$ are ${\displaystyle 0}$.

The double Schubert polynomial ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{w}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,y_{1},y_{2},\ldots )}$ are characterized by the properties

• ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{w}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,y_{1},y_{2},\ldots )=\prod \limits _{i+j\leq n}(x_{i}-y_{j})}$ when ${\displaystyle w}$ is the permutation on ${\displaystyle 1,\ldots ,n}$ of longest length.

• ${\displaystyle \partial _{i}{\mathfrak {S}}_{w}={\mathfrak {S}}_{ws_{i}}}$ if ${\displaystyle w(i)>w(i+1)}$.

The double Schubert polynomials can also be defined as

${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}_{w}(x,y)=\sum _{w=v^{-1}u{\text{ and }}\ell (w)=\ell (u)+\ell (v)}{\mathfrak {S}}_{u}(x){\mathfrak {S}}_{v}(-y)}$.

Quantum Schubert polynomials

Fomin, Gelfand & Postnikov (1997) introduced quantum Schubert polynomials, that have the same relation to the (small) quantum cohomology of flag manifolds that ordinary Schubert polynomials have to the ordinary cohomology.

Universal Schubert polynomials

Fulton (1999) introduced universal Schubert polynomials, that generalize classical and quantum Schubert polynomials. He also described universal double Schubert polynomials generalizing double Schubert polynomials.

See also

• Stanley symmetric function
• Kostant polynomial
• Monk's formula gives the product of a linear Schubert polynomial and a Schubert polynomial.
• nil-Coxeter algebra

References

• Bernstein, I. N.; Gelfand, I. M.; Gelfand, S. I. (1973), "Schubert cells, and the cohomology of the spaces G/P", Russian Math. Surveys, 28 (3): 1–26, Bibcode:1973RuMaS..28....1B, doi:10.1070/RM1973v028n03ABEH001557
• Fomin, Sergey; Gelfand, Sergei; Postnikov, Alexander (1997), "Quantum Schubert polynomials", Journal of the American Mathematical Society, 10 (3): 565–596, doi:10.1090/S0894-0347-97-00237-3, ISSN 0894-0347, MR 1431829
• Fulton, William (1992), "Flags, Schubert polynomials, degeneracy loci, and determinantal formulas", Duke Mathematical Journal, 65 (3): 381–420, doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-92-06516-1, ISSN 0012-7094, MR 1154177
• Fulton, William (1997), Young tableaux, London Mathematical Society Student Texts, vol. 35, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-56144-0, MR 1464693
• Fulton, William (1999), "Universal Schubert polynomials", Duke Mathematical Journal, 96 (3): 575–594, arXiv:alg-geom/9702012, doi:10.1215/S0012-7094-99-09618-7, ISSN 0012-7094, MR 1671215, S2CID 10546579
• Lascoux, Alain (1995), "Polynômes de Schubert: une approche historique", Discrete Mathematics, 139 (1): 303–317, doi:10.1016/0012-365X(95)93984-D, ISSN 0012-365X, MR 1336845
• Lascoux, Alain; Schützenberger, Marcel-Paul (1982), "Polynômes de Schubert", Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série I, 294 (13): 447–450, ISSN 0249-6291, MR 0660739
• Lascoux, Alain; Schützenberger, Marcel-Paul (1985), "Schubert polynomials and the Littlewood-Richardson rule", Letters in Mathematical Physics. A Journal for the Rapid Dissemination of Short Contributions in the Field of Mathematical Physics, 10 (2): 111–124, Bibcode:1985LMaPh..10..111L, doi:10.1007/BF00398147, ISSN 0377-9017, MR 0815233, S2CID 119654656
• Macdonald, I. G. (1991), "Schubert polynomials", in Keedwell, A. D. (ed.), Surveys in combinatorics, 1991 (Guildford, 1991), London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., vol. 166, Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–99, ISBN 978-0-521-40766-3, MR 1161461
• Macdonald, I.G. (1991b), Notes on Schubert polynomials, Publications du Laboratoire de combinatoire et d'informatique mathématique, vol. 6, Laboratoire de combinatoire et d'informatique mathématique (LACIM), Université du Québec a Montréal, ISBN 978-2-89276-086-6
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