His Excellency
Sebastián Piñera
Official portrait, 2018
34th and 36th President of Chile
In office
11 March 2018 – 11 March 2022
Preceded byMichelle Bachelet
Succeeded byGabriel Boric
In office
11 March 2010 – 11 March 2014
Preceded byMichelle Bachelet
Succeeded byMichelle Bachelet
President pro tempore of PROSUR
In office
22 March 2019 – 12 December 2020
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byIván Duque
Leader of National Renewal
In office
26 May 2001 – 10 March 2004
Preceded byAlberto Cardemil
Succeeded bySergio Díez
Senator for Eastern Santiago
In office
11 March 1990 – 11 March 1998
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byCarlos Bombal
Personal details
Born
Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique

(1949-12-01) 1 December 1949
Santiago, Chile
Political partyNational Renewal (1989–2010)[lower-alpha 1]
Independent (2010–present)
Other political
affiliations		Coalition for Change (2009–2013)
Chile Vamos (2015–present)
Spouse
​
(m. 1973)​
Children4
EducationPontifical Catholic University of Chile (BS)
Harvard University (MA, PhD)
Signature
WebsiteOfficial website

Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique (Spanish: [miˈɣel ˈxwan seβasˈtjam piˈɲeɾa etʃeˈnike] ⓘ; born 1 December 1949[1][2]) is a Chilean billionaire businessman and politician who served as president of Chile from 2010 to 2014 and again from 2018 to 2022.

The son of a Christian Democratic politician and diplomat, he studied business administration at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and economics at Harvard University. As of January 2023, he had an estimated net worth of $2.7 billion, according to Forbes, making him one of the richest people in Chile.[3][4]

A member of the liberal-conservative National Renewal party, he served as a senator for the East Santiago district from 1990 to 1998, running for the presidency in the 2005 election, which he lost to Michelle Bachelet, and again, successfully, in 2010. As a result, he became Chile's first conservative president to be democratically elected since 1958,[5] and the first to hold the office since the departure of Augusto Pinochet in 1990.[6]

Following the social unrest that erupted in late 2019, Piñera's diminished capacity to govern according to the principle of presidentialism led to claims that Chile is in a state of de facto parliamentarism or should become parliamentary.[7][8][9][10][lower-alpha 2]

Early life and education

Piñera is the sixth child of José Piñera Carvallo and Magdalena Echenique Rozas. Among his ancestors on his maternal side is his mother's great-great-grandmother, Luisa Pinto Garmendia, the sister of President Aníbal Pinto Garmendia and daughter of President Francisco Antonio Pinto and Luisa Garmendia Alurralde, who was a descendant of the penultimate Inca emperor, Huayna Capac.[11] He is a nephew of the former oldest living Roman Catholic bishop in the world, Bernardino Piñera, who died in 2020 due to complications from COVID-19.[12][13]

Piñera's family moved to Belgium one year after his birth and later to New York City, where his father was the Chilean ambassador to the United Nations. Piñera returned to Chile in 1955 and enrolled in the Colegio del Verbo Divino ("Divine Word College"), from which he graduated in 1967.[14]

Piñera then enrolled at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, from which he graduated in 1971 with an undergraduate degree in commercial engineering. Upon graduation, he was awarded the Raúl Iver Oxley Prize, which is given to the best overall student in each class.[15]

Piñera continued on to Harvard University on a partial Fulbright Program for postgraduate studies in economics. During his time at Harvard, Piñera and a classmate coauthored an article, "The Old South's Stake in the Inter-Regional Movement of Slaves", for the Journal of Economic History.[16] After three years at Harvard, Piñera graduated with both a Master of Arts and PhD in Economics.[17]

Career

Teaching

Piñera was an economics lecturer from 1971 until 1988 at the University of Chile, the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, and Adolfo Ibáñez University. In 1971, he was in charge of Economic Political Theory in the School of Economics at the University of Chile, and in 1972, at the Valparaiso Business School.[18]

Foundations

In 1989, with Cecilia Morel, Danica Radic, and Paula Délano, Piñera created the Enterprising Women Foundation (Fundación Mujer Emprende), originally called The House of Youth (La Casa de la Juventud). The foundation aims to assist in the development of young women of lower income.[19]

In 1973, Piñera created the foundation Fundación Futuro, of which he is president and whose directors are Cristián Boza D., María Teresa Chadwick P., Hugo Montes B., Cecilia Morel M., Renato Poblete S.J., and Fabio Valdés C. The head director of the foundation is Magdalena Piñera.[20] The foundation's mission is to help in Chile's development of justice, freedom and democracy.[21] The foundation was renamed Fundación Cultura y Sociedad after Piñera was elected president.[22]

Under the Fundación Cultura y Sociedad (formerly Fundación Futuro), the Grupo Tantauco has the mission of environmentalism, and is administered by Juan Carlos Urquidi. It was created to support the proposals Piñera plans to institute during his presidency.[23] In 2005, Piñera created Tantauco Park (Spanish: Parque Tantauco), a 1,180 km2 (456 sq mi) private natural reserve he bought and owns on the south end of Chiloé Island, in order to protect 118,000 hectares of the region's unique ecosystem. His foundation runs the park, which is open to the public and is an ecotourist location.

In fact, Piñera bought the 118,000 hectares in Chiloé through an offshore company in Panama. He has faced pressure to cede eight hectares to sixteen Indian families whose presence pre-dates Piñera's purchase and who have spent years negotiating to obtain title to their familial lands.[24][25]

An additional project, Grupo Tantauco: Derechos Humanos, was proposed in hopes of beginning a reconciliation between the Chilean people who suffered human rights violations during Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship.[26]

Businesses

Before entering politics, Piñera was a businessman.

Piñera was general manager of the Banco de Talca. In 1982, a warrant was issued for his arrest on charges of violating banking law, in an event where over US$38 Million were not paid to the Central Bank of Chile, Piñera being the Banco de Talca's CEO. The money disappeared and was never paid.[27] Piñera spent 24 days in hiding while his brother, José Piñera, appealed the order, making some calls to underestimate the crime. A writ of habeas corpus, first rejected by the Appeals Court but then approved by the Supreme Court, acquitted Piñera.[28]

Piñera once owned 90% of Chilevisión (a terrestrial television channel broadcasting nationwide). He also owned 27% of LAN Airlines (LAN);[29] 13% of Colo-Colo,[30] a football (soccer) club; and other minor stock positions in companies such as Quiñenco, Enersis, and Soquimich.[31][32][33]

In July 2007, Piñera was fined approximately US$680,000 by Chile's securities regulator (SVS) for not withdrawing a purchase order after receiving privileged information (an infraction similar to insider trading) of LAN Airlines stock in mid-2006.[34] Later that month, he resigned from the boards of LAN and Quintec.[35]

To avoid a conflict of interest he sold Chilevisión for $160 million in 2010 to Time Warner.[29][36] He also sold his shares of LAN in several rounds between February and March 2010,[37] as well as his stake in Colo-Colo.

Piñera has built an estimated fortune of $US2.8 billion as of February 2018, according to Forbes magazine.[38] His wealth is greatly due to his involvement in introducing credit cards to Chile in the late 1970s and his subsequent investments, mainly in LAN Airlines stock. Piñera acquired shares of the formerly state-owned company from Scandinavian Airlines in 1994, as part of a joint venture with the Cueto family.[38][39]

Political career

In 1988 as Pinochet had lost the referendum and Chile was returning to democracy Piñera offered his support for the Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle in his pre-candidacy for president.[40]

In 1998, Piñera opposed the arrest and detention of Augusto Pinochet, in London, initiated by Baltasar Garzón, arguing that it was an attack on the sovereignty and dignity of Chile.[41]

On 14 May 2005, in a surprise move Piñera announced his candidacy for the 2005 presidential election (RN was supposed to support UDI's Lavín.) He has described his political philosophy as Christian humanism.[42]

Presidential elections of 2009–2010

Piñera celebrates alongside his wife and family after winning the 2009–10 presidential election

Piñera ran for President of Chile in the 2009–2010 election.[43] Since August 2009, he led in opinion polls, competing with left-of-center candidates Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Marco Enríquez-Ominami and Jorge Arrate. On 13 December 2009 election, Piñera placed first in the results with 44.05% of the votes, while Frei placed second with 29.6% of the votes.[44] Neither candidate received more than half of the total votes; therefore, according to the Constitution, Chileans returned to the polls for a final run-off election on Sunday, 17 January 2010.[45]

That evening, the third and final preliminary results were announced by the Undersecretary of the Interior.[46] These showing accounted for 99.77% of the total ballot boxes. Of the votes, Piñera received 51.61% and Frei received 48.39%.[47]

Piñera meeting with Michelle Bachelet during the presidential transition

Piñera invested an estimated US$13.6 million in his presidential campaign, which included items such as a campaign anthem[48] and "Thank You" banners.[49] Piñera's banners and billboards have carried statements throughout the country such as "Delinquents, your party is over," and "Small businesses, Big opportunities".[50] Piñera's campaign released a national TV spot on YouTube featuring a male gay couple, something never seen before in a presidential campaign run in Chile. Amongst his promises were increasing education rates and improving international relations with the neighboring country of Perú.[51]

Piñera's victory meant a shift towards the right,[52] breaking two-decades of center-left political leadership and becoming the first elected right-wing leader in 52 years.[53]

On 28 January, Piñera suspended his membership in National Renewal, becoming unofficially an independent.[54] RN's bylaws require successful presidential candidates from the party to renounce their association to govern the country fairly, foremost with the interest of the people, not with the interest of a political party or particular political philosophy.[55]

Private to public transition

Piñera became the first billionaire to be sworn into the Chilean Presidency.[56] He offered to sell his shares in major corporations before being sworn in on 11 March 2010, to avoid conflicts of interest. Piñera has placed US$400 million in blind trusts.[57]

The Monday following Piñera's election, expectations of sale from his largest holdings created a surge in trade of Axxion and LAN shares, causing three brief suspensions (19–20, 22 January 2010) in the Santiago Stock Exchange to ease trade. Axxion shares more than tripled before falling 39% on Friday, 22 January.[58] Bachelet's Finance Minister Andrés Velasco urged Piñera to get the sale "sorted out quickly."[59] The value of Piñera's interest in Axxion was estimated at US$700 million, of his US$1.2 billion fortune at the beginning of that week.[60]

On 5 February, Piñera confirmed plans to sell his 26.3% stake in LAN airlines at an extraordinary shareholders' meeting for his main holding company, Axxion. Under the pact, Axxion shareholders have agreed to fix the price of the sale, estimated at US$1.5  billion. The Cueto family, who at that point held 25.5% of LAN through their holding company Costa Verde Aeronáutica, had the first option to purchase the stake.[61] On 18 February, Axxion posted a statement on their website confirming the sale of a 21.18% stake in LAN Airlines to the Cueto family for US$1.23 billion. Announcement regarding the sale of the remaining shares was pending until March 2010, when the whole package left Piñera's hands.[62]

Piñera with Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, Santiago, 23 March 2019

Piñera sold his 9.7% stake in the upscale private hospital Clinica Las Condes at a price of 25,113 CLP per share (US$48.00) through his holding company Bancard on Tuesday, 16 February. The total sale of the 792,000 shares grossed US$37.85 million and was purchased by the brokerage firm Celfin.[63] The proceeds from the sale will go to paying off Bancard debt.[64]

Piñera with David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, outside 10 Downing Street, London

Piñera announced on February he had the intention to transfer 100% of his stake in Chilevisión to a non-for-profit organization called Fundación Cultura y Sociedad (formerly Fundación Futuro), of which he is owner.[65] The foundation's board will include some of the station's current executives. Under that proposal, Piñera maintains the right to remove and replace the foundation's president at any given time.[66] Cristián Patricio Larroulet Vignau, current Minister of the Secretariat of the Presidency of Chile, stated that Piñera was honoring his promise of removing himself from private corporations, as Chilevision will become the property of a non-profit organization. MP Cristián Monckeberg (RN), stated there is no law obligating Piñera to do otherwise and thus this decision is legally legitimate.[65]. The option above finally did not take place, Piñera decided to sell the TV station, and after a failed attempt in May 2010 with the Linzor Capital investment fund,[67] the President announced it sold Chilevisión to Time Warner, in late August 2010.

Piñera said he won't sell his 12.5% stake in Blanco y Negro, a company that owns the nation's popular soccer team Colo-Colo. He has stated: "We want big things and not only achieve local victories. The idea is to return the Copa Libertadores to Chile. That is our great goal."[68] Although he will remain part owner, he will take no administrative duties or role while President.[69]

Council of Ministers

Piñera announced his "cabinet of unity" 9 February 2010 in Chile's National Historical Museum. The cabinet is made up of 16 men and 6 women. Amongst Piñera's nominees was Jaime Ravinet, the previous president's defense minister; until accepting Piñera's offer, he had been a member of the Christian Democratic Party. Another nominee was Cristián Larroulet, who was an economic planning adviser under Pinochet.[70] Piñera first met with his new ministers one day later and issued a formal memorandum calling upon all members to renounce their positions in all private companies by 28 February to avoid conflicts of interest. The memorandum also said that in regards to national heritage, secretaries of state whose affiliation with companies having direct receipt of fiscal monies must either remove themselves from those associations or honor the restrictions of their competitors.[71] Ten of his 22 ministers have involvement in companies with significant financial means.

2017 presidential elections

Piñera's campaign logo in the second round of the election

On 17 December 2017, Sebastián Piñera was elected president of Chile for a second term.[72] He received 36% of the votes, the highest percentages among all 8 candidates in the 2017 elections. In the second round, Piñera faced Alejandro Guillier, a television news anchor who represented Bachelet's New Majority (Nueva Mayoría) coalition. Piñera won the elections with 54% of the votes.[43]

First presidency (2010–2014)

Cabinet

The Piñera Cabinet
OfficeNamePartyTerm
PresidentSebastián PiñeraInd.11 March 2010–11 March 2014
InteriorRodrigo HinzpeterRN11 March 2010–5 November 2012
Andrés ChadwickUDI5 November 2012–11 March 2014
Foreign AffairsAlfredo MorenoInd.11 March 2010–11 March 2014
DefenseJaime RavinetInd.11 March 2010–13 January 2011
Andrés AllamandRN16 January 2011–5 November 2012
Rodrigo HinzpeterRN5 November 2012–11 March 2014
FinanceFelipe LarraínInd.11 March 2010–11 March 2014
Gen. Sec. of the
Presidency		Cristián LarrouletInd.11 March 2010–11 March 2014
Gen. Sec. of
Government		Ena von BaerUDI11 March 2010–18 July 2011
Andrés ChadwickUDI18 July 2011–5 November 2012
Cecilia PérezRN5 November 2012–11 March 2014
EconomyJuan Andrés FontaineInd.11 March 2010–18 July 2011
Pablo LongueiraUDI18 July 2011–30 April 2013
Félix de VicenteInd.7 May 2013–11 March 2014
Social
Development		Felipe KastInd.11 March 2010–18 July 2011
Joaquín LavínUDI18 July 2011–6 June 2013
Bruno BarandaRN9 June 2013–11 March 2014
EducationJoaquín LavínUDI11 March 2010–18 July 2011
Felipe BulnesRN18 July 2011–29 December 2011
Harald Beyer (impeached)Ind.29 December 2011–4 April 2013
Carolina SchmidtInd.22 April 2013–11 March 2014
JusticeFelipe BulnesRN11 March 2010–18 July 2011
Teodoro RiberaRN18 July 2011–17 December 2012
Patricia PérezInd.17 December 2012–11 March 2014
LaborCamila MerinoInd.11 March 2010–14 January 2011
Evelyn MattheiUDI16 January 2011–20 July 2013
Juan Carlos JobetRN24 July 2013–11 March 2014
Public WorksHernán de SolminihaćInd.11 March 2010–18 July 2011
Laurence GolborneInd.18 July 2011–5 November 2012
Loreto SilvaInd.5 November 2012–11 March 2014
HealthJaime MañalichInd.11 March 2010–11 March 2014
Housing &
Urbanism		Magdalena MatteUDI11 March 2010–19 April 2011
Rodrigo Pérez MackennaInd.19 April 2011–11 March 2014
AgricultureJosé Antonio GalileaRN11 March 2010–29 December 2011
Luis MayolInd.29 December 2011–11 March 2014
MiningLaurence GolborneInd.11 March 2010–18 July 2011
Hernán de SolminihaćInd.18 July 2011–11 March 2014
Transport &
Telecom		Felipe MorandéInd.11 March 2010–14 January 2011
Pedro Pablo ErrázurizUDI16 January 2011–11 March 2014
National AssetsCatalina ParotRN11 March 2010–5 November 2012
Rodrigo Pérez MackennaInd.5 November 2012–11 March 2014
EnergyRicardo RaineriInd.11 March 2010–14 January 2011
Laurence GolborneInd.16 January 2011–18 July 2011
Fernando EcheverríaRN18 July 2011–21 July 2011
Rodrigo Álvarez ZentenoUDI22 July 2011–27 March 2012
Jorge BunsterInd.3 April 2012–11 March 2014
EnvironmentMaría Ignacia BenítezUDI11 March 2010–11 March 2014
WomenCarolina SchmidtInd.11 March 2010–22 April 2013
Loreto SeguelInd.22 April 2013–11 March 2014
Culture & the
Arts		Luciano Cruz-CokeInd.11 March 2010–6 June 2013
Roberto AmpueroInd.9 June 2013–11 March 2014
SportsGabriel Ruiz-TagleUDI14 November 2013–11 March 2014
Piñera receives the presidential sash from Senate President Jorge Pizarro at the National Congress of Chile on 11 March 2010.
Piñera's official portrait for his first term as president
President Piñera meets with French President Nicolas Sarkozy on 18 May 2010

Piñera was sworn in as the 34th President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2010, in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso. In the same ceremony, Piñera's Cabinet ministers were sworn in. The ceremony was also marked by a 6.9 Mw earthquake and subsequent aftershocks that upset the invitees.[73] Shortly after, the National Congress building was evacuated due to a tsunami alert that proved to be false a couple of hours later.

The composition of his government was marked by the presence of former officials of the Pinochet dictatorship. For example, the head of the cabinet of the Undersecretary of Defence, Major Mario Larenas Gutiérrez, was accused by the communist deputy Hugo Gutiérrez of having participated in the Caravan of Death following the 1973 coup.[74] The same deputy recalled the past of the general appointed by Piñera as director of the Gendarmerie, Iván Andrusco, who had worked at DICOMCAR, a repressive body dissolved following the Caso Degollados (1985), and who had been forced to resign.[75][76] While Michelle Bachelet's government had parity, Sebastián Piñera's government has only 18% women.

On 12 October 2010, Piñera rallied his countrymen in the rescue of 33 trapped miners, all of whom were rescued after 70 days following a mining accident. "Chile will never be the same", he said to the miners' foreman, Luis Urzúa, as he (the last of the miners to emerge from the cavern) greeted Piñera, in a broadcast carried live across the globe. Despite much goodwill in Chile following this incident, he faced continuing opposition from Chileans calling for amendments to anti-terrorism laws on the grounds that Mapuche Indians could be treated as terrorists. This matter has led to hunger strikes which started before the mining disaster, and are set to continue afterward.[77]

Sebastián Piñera and his Council of Ministers in Chile's Palacio de Cerro Castillo

In January 2011 he faced the protest in Magallanes Region in response to a proposed increase in the price of natural gas there by 16.8%. The protests left more than two thousand cars isolated while trying to cross from the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego to the province of Santa Cruz through Chilean territory. Another 1,500 tourists were left without movement in Torres del Paine National Park after routes to Puerto Natales and El Calafate were cut.[78] In consequence, on 14 January, Minister Secretary General of Government Ena von Baer announced changes in Sebastián Piñera's government cabinet, including the resignation of Ricardo Raineri as Energy Minister. Laurence Golborne became Mining and Energy Minister, on 16 January.[79]

In March 2011, President Piñera led a state visit to Spain to boost relations between the two countries. While in Spain, President and Mrs Piñera, with Prince Felipe and Princess Letizia, opened the exhibition "Don Qui. El Quijote de Matta", at the Cervantes Institute of Madrid.[80]

Amidst the severe 2011 Chilean student protests Piñera shuffled his cabinet and removed Joaquín Lavín from the post of minister of education. With respect to the protest, Piñera has defended for-profit activity in education and proposed to legalize it, rejecting the students' demands for the public ownership of educational establishments.[81] During August 2011, Piñera's public approval declined precipitously amidst continuous protests, to the extent that some polls indicated that he was the least popular Chilean leader since Augusto Pinochet. His approval ratings dropped to as low as 22% according to a CERC survey.[82] As such, Piñera's chances of passing sought reforms were seen as remote.[83]

As president, Piñera expressed support for the Argentine claim on the Falkland Islands, referring to "the unrenounceable rights of Argentina on the islands".[84]

In March 2012, Piñera visited Vietnam with the intention of increasing cooperation between the two countries in general and with Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam's most populous and largest economic hub, in particular. HCM City also called for a Chilean sister city while receiving Piñera on 23 March. The visit included the signing of a bilateral trade agreement and several cooperation pacts in education, tourism, culture, and finance.[85]

Criticism

Levels of approval (blue) and disapproval (red) of Piñera's term from 2010 to 2014, according to the Adimark survey. Piñera left office in March 2014 with an approval rating of 50%

Early in 2012, physicist Frank Duarte sharply criticized Piñera's performance in the handling of the Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute at The Hague, deemed as favoring commercial interests over the interest of the Chilean people, and called for Chile's withdrawal from The Hague.[86] Following the adverse ruling against Chile in 2014, several political figures in Chile, from a variety of political parties, also called for Chile's withdrawal from The Hague that would, in addition, imply a withdrawal from the Pact of Bogota.[87][88]

According to Hermógenes Pérez de Arce Ibieta, President Piñera had pushed for Harold Mayne-Nicholls to be replaced as President of the Chilean Football Board in 2010.[89] Pérez de Arce hold Piñera, owner of football club Colo-Colo, had a long-term interest in removing Mayne-Nicholls from the Presidency of the Chilean Football Board.[89] Marcelo Bielsa, the manager of the Chile national football team, subsequently made headlines for his brief and cold greeting to Piñera in the farewell before the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[90][91] Both Bielsa and Mayne-Nicholls had good relations with former president Michelle Bachelet, Piñera's political rival.[92]

Second presidency (2018–2022)

President Piñera receives presidential sash and the O'Higgins Pioche for the second time, 11 March 2018
President Piñera meets with U.S. President Donald Trump.

On 17 December, Piñera won the second round of the 2017 Chilean general election, defeating the left-wing candidate Alejandro Guillier to become President-Elect. Piñera took office for a second time on 11 March 2018, succeeding the outgoing Michelle Bachelet. Environmental NGOs accuse the government of yielding to pressure from the mining lobby to thwart any draft legislation. In 2018, Piñera buried an initiative to ban industrial activities near glaciers. In 2019, a draft law from the ranks of the opposition caused tensions. It is supposed to convert glaciers and their surrounding environment "into protected areas, prohibiting any intervention except scientific and that can benefit sustainable tourism". At least 44 mining projects will likely be completed between 2019 and 2028.[93]

In May 2018, his government adopted "The Women's Agenda" in response to massive feminist demonstrations, which combined a conservative social vision and economic liberalism.[94] In June 2021, Piñera said that he would push for the adoption of a same-sex marriage bill, drawing criticism from his conservative allies.[95]

Cabinet

The Piñera Cabinet
OfficeNamePartyTerm
PresidentSebastián PiñeraInd.11 March 2018–11 March 2022
InteriorAndrés ChadwickUDI11 March 2018–28 October 2019
Gonzalo BlumelEVOP28 October 2019–28 July 2020
Víctor PérezUDI28 July 2020–3 November 2020
Rodrigo DelgadoUDI4 November 2020–11 March 2022
Foreign AffairsRoberto AmpueroEVOP11 March 2018–13 June 2019
Teodoro RiberaRN13 June 2019–28 July 2020
Andrés AllamandRN28 July 2020–6 February 2022
Carolina ValdiviaInd.6 February 2022–11 March 2022
DefenseAlberto EspinaRN11 March 2018–28 July 2020
Mario DesbordesRN28 July 2020–18 December 2020
Baldo ProkuricaRN18 December 2020–11 March 2022
FinanceFelipe LarraínInd.11 March 2018–28 October 2019
Ignacio BrionesEVOP28 October 2019–26 January 2021
Rodrigo CerdaInd.26 January 2021–11 March 2022
Gen. Sec. of the
Presidency		Gonzalo BlumelEVOP11 March 2018–28 October 2019
Felipe WardUDI28 October 2019–4 June 2020
Claudio AlvaradoUDI4 June 2020–28 July 2020
Cristián MonckebergRN28 July 2020–6 January 2021
Juan José OssaRN6 January 2021–11 March 2022
Gen. Sec. of
Government		Cecilia PérezRN11 March 2018–28 October 2019
Karla RubilarInd.28 October 2019–28 July 2020
Jaime BellolioUDI28 July 2020–11 March 2022
EconomyJosé Ramón ValenteInd.11 March 2018–13 June 2019
Juan Andrés FontaineInd.13 June 2019–28 October 2019
Lucas PalaciosUDI28 October 2019–11 March 2022
Social
Development		Alfredo Moreno CharmeInd.11 March 2018–13 June 2019
Sebastián SichelInd.13 June 2019–4 June 2020
Cristián MonckebergRN4 June 2020–20 July 2020
Karla RubilarRN28 July 2020–11 March 2022
EducationGerardo VarelaInd.11 March 2018–9 August 2018
Marcela CubillosUDI19 August 2018–28 February 2020
Raúl FigueroaInd.28 February 2020–11 March 2022
JusticeHernán LarraínUDI11 March 2018–11 March 2022
LaborNicolás MonckebergRN11 March 2018–28 October 2019
María José ZaldívarInd.28 October 2019–7 April 2021
Patricio MeleroUDI7 April 2021–11 March 2022
Public WorksJuan Andrés FontaineInd.11 March 2018–13 June 2019
Alfredo Moreno CharmeInd.13 June 2019–11 March 2022
HealthEmilio SantelicesInd.11 March 2018–13 June 2019
Jaime MañalichInd.13 June 2019–13 June 2020
Enrique ParisInd.13 June 2020–11 March 2022
Housing &
Urbanism		Cristián MonckebergRN11 March 2018–4 June 2020
Felipe WardUDI4 June 2020–11 March 2022
AgricultureAntonio WalkerInd.11 March 2018–28 October 2019
María Emilia UndurragaEVOP6 January 2021–11 March 2022
MiningBaldo ProkuricaRN11 March 2018–18 December 2020
Juan Carlos JobetInd.18 December 2020–11 March 2022
Transport &
Telecom		Gloria HuttEVOP11 March 2018–11 March 2022
National AssetsFelipe WardUDI11 March 2018–28 October 2019
Julio IsamitUDI28 October 2019–11 March 2022
EnergySusana Jiménez SchusterInd.11 March 2018–13 June 2019
Juan Carlos JobetInd.13 June 2019–11 March 2022
EnvironmentMarcela CubillosUDI11 March 2018–9 August 2018
Carolina SchmidtInd.9 August 2018–22 November 2021
Javier Naranjo SolanoInd.23 November 2021–11 March 2022
WomenIsabel PláUDI11 March 2018–13 March 2020
Carolina Cuevas MerinoRN13 March 2020–6 May 2020
Macarena SantelicesUDI6 May 2020–9 June 2020
Mónica ZalaquettUDI9 June 2020–11 March 2022
Culture & the
Arts		Alejandra Pérez LecarosInd.11 March 2018–9 August 2018
Mauricio RojasInd.9 August 2018–13 August 2018
Consuelo ValdésInd.13 August 2018–11 March 2022
SportsPauline KantorEVOP11 March 2018–28 October 2019
Cecilia PérezRN28 October 2019–11 March 2022

In January 2018, Piñera unveiled his cabinet to harsh criticism: his interior minister, Andrés Chadwick, was a vocal supporter of Pinochet dictatorship, which had previously appointed him president of the Catholic University Students Federation.[96] In 2012 Chadwick expressed "deep repentance" for this support after discovering "over the years" serious human rights violations committed by the dictatorship, while defending the regime on other grounds.[97]

Chadwick and justice minister Hernán Larraín were also "supporters and defenders of the secretive German enclave Colonia Dignidad, which was established by the fugitive Nazi officer and paedophile Paul Schäfer in the early 60s".[96] Colonia Dignidad was used by Pinochet security officials to torture and murder opponents of the regime.[96][98]

Other appointees with ties to Pinochet include mining minister Baldo Prokurica, a governor in the Pinochet government.

Response to 2019–2020 Chilean protests

Following widespread protests that broke out across Chile in October 2019, due to a poor economy, Piñera declared a state of emergency on 18 October, authorizing the deployment of the Chilean Army across the main regions to enforce order and prevent the destruction of public property, and invoked before the courts the Ley de Seguridad del Estado ("State Security Law") against dozens of detainees.[99] As a result, Piñera was criticized for his actions, resulting in an approval rate of 9% by 24 October, according to a poll by Active Research,[100] although it increased to 13% by 1 June 2020,[101] against 73% disapproval. This consistently low level of support has been attributed to losing support from officials due to failure to restore order and enforce the rule of law.[102] On 12 December 2019 the National Congress rejected an opposition-led motion to impeach him. The impeachment resolution accused him of failing to protect human rights in relation to the protests.[103]

In response to the unrest, Piñera removed Chadwick as Interior and Public Security Minister on 28 October 2019 assigning instead Gonzalo Blumel. On 11 December Chadwick was impeached for his role in the protests, including the many eye injuries attained by protesters.[104][105] Chadwick was banned from holding public office for five years.[105]

Response to COVID-19 Pandemic

As of 19 April 2021, Chile has recorded 1,131,340 cases of COVID-19 and 25,277 deaths from COVID-19, placing the country in the 50th and 31st places by total cases per million and total deaths per million respectively.[106] In response, Piñera has banned events with more than 500 people[107] and issued lock-down orders in certain areas of the country, most notably the Santiago Metropolitan Region.[108] Despite heavy criticism amidst the still ongoing political crisis,[109] Chile managed to achieve one of the fastest vaccination rates worldwide.[110]

Conflict with the Mapuche people

He is facing conflict in the Araucania region, where the Mapuche people are demanding the return of their ancestral lands, which they consider to have been taken over by large companies. Militants have been carrying out attacks and arson attacks on large logging operations, leading the Chilean government to declare a state of emergency in mid-October and to militarise the region. Several civilians are killed as a result of law enforcement actions.[111]

Pandora Papers

In the Pandora Papers leak of 3 October 2021, Piñera was named in the revealed documents.[112] According to Spanish newspaper El País, Chilean media organizations CIPER and LaBot allegedly documented that Piñera was involved in "particularly controversial activity".[112] According to reports, Piñera took money from a prominent mining executive in exchange for government support for Minera Dominga – a controversial mining investment project located in an environmentally sensitive area. The mining executive in question is Piñera's childhood friend Carlos Alberto Délano of Andes Iron.[112][113]

El País wrote:[112]

In December 2010, when Piñera had been in the presidential residence, La Moneda Palace, for just nine months, the presidential family sold the business to Délano with a deed signed in Chile for $14 million and another in the Virgin Islands for $138 million. The amount was to be paid in three installments, with a caveat: the last payment was conditional on there not being environmental protection imposed on the mining operations area, as environmental groups were demanding. The decision on the viability of Minera Dominga was left in the hands of the Piñera government, which failed to promote environmental protection, so the third installment was finally paid.

According to Infobae, Piñera's family and other investors allegedly made a 1,000% profit over an eighteen month period on the project that required approval from Piñera's government.[114]

In response, Piñera's business manager said that Piñera had not been in control of his own companies for about twelve years and that he was not aware of the sale of Minera Dominga to his friend Carlos Alberto Délano.[112]

Impeachment

As a consequence of the leaked information by the Pandora Papers; a formal impeachment was launched against him. On 9 November 2021, the lower chamber passed the impeachment and it now moved to the Senate, where two-thirds of the votes are needed to remove Piñera from power.[115][116] On 16 November 2021, Chile's Senate voted against removing President Sebastian Pinera from office, ending an impeachment process.[117]

Public image

Since the return to democracy in 1990 Piñera has been the president with the lowest approval rating in polls.[118] According to diplomat and political scientist Carlos Huneeus, Piñera has shown himself well-prepared in his public appearances with a good command of relevant facts, yet he fails to show empathy.[119] In an interview with Cristián Warnken, Piñera has acknowledged he has difficulties in expressing his feelings.[120] In April 2012, The Economist described Piñera as being considered an "inept politician" by both the opposition and supporters.[121] The Chilean government responded by stating that The Economist's comment was disrespectful.[122]

Jokes and informal style

Many of Piñera's jokes would, according to diplomat and political scientist Oscar Godoy, be attempts to gain sympathy.[123]

In December 2011, during a state visit to Mexico, a joke made by Piñera where he compared women with politicians caused uproar in Chile, sparking criticism from his own minister Carolina Schmidt who said of the joke that it was "[hurtful] to many women".[124] In the joke, Piñera said that "when a lady says "no" it means maybe, when she says maybe it means yes and when she says yes she is not a lady."[125] The Chilean Network Against Domestic and Sexual Violence called the joke "misogynistic" and "a shame for the whole country".[125] Previously on a state visit to Peru in 2011, Piñera received criticism for his informal style after he revealed to Peruvian president-elect Ollanta Humala that he was a descendant of the Inca Huayna Capac.[126] Senator Jorge Pizarro criticized Piñera's comment to Ollanta Humala, calling for more careful and respectful attitudes.[127]

In June 2013, after visiting President Obama in the White House,[128] he said, "I'm going to sit at the President of the United States' desk," breaking the White House's political protocols. Alfredo Moreno Charme, Minister of Foreign Affairs, said "How many other presidents have done the same?" and Obama responded, "This is the only one," causing laughter between those there. Piñera then justified his abrupt actions by stating his daughter was born in the United States.[129]

Bad luck and ridicule

Piñera has often publicly been associated with bad luck.[130] The BBC has listed a series of situations of "bad luck" concerning Piñera's presidency: the 2010 Maule earthquake followed by another quake during Piñera's inauguration ceremony, the mining accident of 2010, the 2010 Santiago prison fire, the 2011 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption and the 2012 wildfires.[130] His lapses, errors and inconveniences have been labelled "piñericosas" in Chile.[131] Carlos Peña has been deeply critical of Piñera's failed public appearances, calling his improvised visit to Plaza Baquedano, the epicenter of the 2019–2020 protests, in April 2020 an act of "provocation and contempt" and "narcissism bordering on evil" (Spanish: narcicismo cercano a lo maligno).[119]

Chilean impressionist Stefan Kramer has recurrently personified Piñera since at least 2010. This initially caused some displeasure in the Government, which filed a complaint in 2010 to the National Television Council regarding what they saw as a disrespectful portrayal.[132][133] In 2011, Kramer again personified Piñera, alongside his brother Miguel, in the Teletón charity event while Piñera was present in the public.[132][134][135] Judging the situation, journalist Fernando Paulsen said Piñera acted correctly by letting the imitiation pass, while claiming anything else would have been seen as an abuse of authority.[135] Afterwards, organizers were concerned that they put the president in an uncomfortable position, and Kramer chose to not personify Piñera for the 2012 Teletón.[134] However, earlier in 2012, Piñera had been ridiculed again by Kramer in the blockbuster film Stefan versus Kramer.[132] In the movie, Piñera is portrayed as a Machiavellian politician, and is mocked among other things for his real-life impasse with the highly popular football coach Marcelo Bielsa.[132] Some pundits argued, however, that the portrayal may not be merely negative but could have the effect of humanizing him before the public.[136]

José Mujica, president of Uruguay, stated Piñera's low approval ratings might be caused by a lack of "glamour".[137]

Use of bellicose rhetoric

During the 2019–20 Chilean protests Piñera made himself known for the use of a bellicose language.[138] When Piñera addressed the nation on the evening of 20 October during the height of the unrest he remarked that the country was "at war with a powerful and relentless enemy" and announced that the state of emergency would be extended across much of the country.[139] Some opposition politicians described his rhetoric as "irresponsible", while a Latin America editor for BBC News Online expressed concern about the impact his words would have on the protesters and on the chances for meaningful dialogue.[140] Hours shortly after the President's speech, chief of national defense Javier Iturriaga del Campo appeared to contradict this declaration, asserting that he was "content" and "not at war with anyone".[141]

However, the use of bellicose rhetoric can be traced back to at least 2018 when Piñera began his second government.[138] He has referred to a variety of subjects like drug trafficking, terrorism, and organized crime as "powerful and relentless enemies".[138] Besides this Piñera has made frequent use of words like "battle", "conquest", "defeat" and "combat" in his verbal communication.[138] The use of such language is not unique to Piñera but has also been heard from European right-wing populists and George W. Bush.[138] According to economist Carlos Tromben who studied the political discourse of Piñera, the aim of this rhetoric is to rally the nation behind what is perceived as a common interest, but the success of this has been variable.[138] Tromben also views the bellicose rhetoric as a defensive communicational strategy aimed to gain time for a "counterattack".[138]

Personal life

Piñera and Morel in February 2012

Piñera married Cecilia Morel in 1973. They were neighbors in the Avenida Américo Vespucio, Santiago. They have four children, born in 1975, 1978, 1982, and 1984. All of them have university degrees.[142]

Piñera is also a member of Washington D.C.-based think tank, the Inter-American Dialogue.[143] He supported President Javier Milei's victory in the 2023 Argentine general election.[144]

Styles, honours and arms

Presidential styles of
Sebastián Piñera Echenique
Flag of the President of Chile Arms of Sebastián
Reference styleHis Excellency
Spoken styleYour Excellency
Alternative styleMr. President

National honours

Foreign honours

Arms

Actor Bob Gunton portrays Piñera in the 2015 film The 33, directed by Patricia Riggen.

Notes

  1. ↑ Membership suspended while President.
  2. ↑ Other observers claim instead the Piñera administration had become increasingly presidential as result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Piñera Echenique, Miguel Juan Sebastián (19 December 1949). "Certificado de Nacimiento" (PDF). Registro Civil de Chile. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  2. ↑ BuscaBiografias.com. "Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique". Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  3. ↑ "Sebastian Piñera". Forbes. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  4. ↑ Araneda, Juan-Carlos (6 March 2018). "Ranking de multimillonarios Forbes: ¿Quiénes son los 11 chilenos que figuran en la lista 2018?" (in Spanish). El Mercurio. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  5. ↑ Covarrubias, Bárbara (1 January 2010). "Piñera firma acta que lo proclama como Presidente de la República". El Mercurio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  6. ↑ Araneda, Juan-Carlos (4 July 2002). "Hitos de la vida pública de Pinochet". El Mercurio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  7. ↑ "Presidente de la Sofofa cree que existe un "parlamentarismo de facto" que está "causando estragos"". El Mostrador (in Spanish). 17 November 2020. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  8. ↑ "Presidente del Senado: "Si Piñera quiere seguir debe aceptar un parlamentarismo de facto"". Canal 13. 14 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  9. ↑ "Will Chile's Pension Withdrawals Cause Long-Term Pain?". The Dialogue. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  10. 1 2 Court, Josefina; Correa, José Tomás (24 June 2020). "Chile's Political and Institutional Response to COVID-19". The Regulatory Review. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  11. ↑ Retamal Favereau, Julio; Celis Atria, Carlos; y Muñoz Correa, Juan Guillermo – "Familias Fundadoras de Chile, 1540–1600", Editorial Universitaria, Santiago, 1992. pg. 789
  12. ↑ Delgado, Felipe (21 June 2020). "Bernardino Piñera murió por neumonía por Covid-19, según certificado de defunción". BioBioChile (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
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  16. ↑ Kotlikoff, Laurence J. & Piñera, Sebastián (1977), "The Old South's Stake in the Inter-Regional Movement of Slaves, 1850–1860", Journal of Economic History, 37 (2): 434–450, doi:10.1017/s002205070009700x, JSTOR 2118765, S2CID 153416059
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  125. 1 2 Sebastián Piñera criticado por chiste machista en cumbre de México Archived 7 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, El Comercio.
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  129. ↑ "Piñera volvió a meter la pata – Edición Impresa – Opinión". www.ellitoral.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
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  144. ↑ https://elpais.com/argentina/2023-11-12/los-expresidentes-rajoy-pinera-duque-y-calderon-piden-el-voto-para-el-ultraderechista-milei-en-argentina.html
  145. ↑ "Tildelinger av ordener og medaljer". www.kongehuset.no. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  146. ↑ "Condecoran al presidente de Chile con el Gran Collar de la Orden El Sol del Perú". Andina (in Spanish). Lima, Peru. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  147. ↑ "Boletín Oficial del Estado" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  148. 1 2 Meléndez Valero, Francisco Javier (2012). "Linajes de Piñera en Ubiarco y de Lombera en Limpias, antepasados cántabros de Sebastián Piñera, presidente de Chile". Revista de la Asociación Cántabra de Genealogía (in Spanish) (7): 143. ISSN 1989-5267. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
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