Shehri
Jibbali
Pronunciation[dʒibbaːli][1]
Native toOman
RegionDhofar
Native speakers
85,000 (2020)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3shv
Glottologsheh1240
ELPJibbali

Shehri (Arabic: شحرية), also known as Jibbali ("mountain" language in Omani Arabic), is a Modern South Arabian language; it and the three island varieties of Soqoṭri comprise the eastern branch of Modern South Arabian. It is spoken by a small native population inhabiting the coastal towns and the mountains and wilderness areas upland from Salalah, located in the Dhofar Governorate in southwestern Oman. The autonym for speakers is əḥklí, plural əḥkló.[3]

Overview

Shehri (Jibbali, Geblet, Sheret, Šehri, Šhauri, Shahari, Jibali, Ehkili, Qarawi, and Garawi) is spoken along a dialect continuum that includes Western Jibbali, Central Jibbali, and Eastern Jibbali. The dialect used by the few inhabitants of Al-Hallaniyah in the Khuriya Muriya Islands is sometimes known as 'Baby' Jibbali. Speakers generally live a semi-nomadic culture, rearing cows and camels in the mountains. The dialects themselves contain only minor variances and are highly intelligible.

Like most Modern South Arabian dialect speakers in Oman and Yemen, many Shehri speakers are bilingual in local dialects of Arabic especially the Dhofari dialect. In addition, it is primarily a spoken language, and there is no tradition of writing or publishing in the language. Pressure from Arabic has forced many changes in the language, so much so that young speakers use noticeably different grammar.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Inter-
dental		 Dental/
Alveolar		 Postalveolar/
Palatal		 Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain lateral plain sibilant
Nasal mn
Plosive voiceless t k (ʔ)
voiced bd (ɟ)ɡ
glottalic tˀ~tʼ kˀ~kʼ
Fricative voiceless fθsɬ çʃ χ ħh
voiced ðz(ɮ) (ʝ) ʁ ʕ
glottalic ðˀ~ðʼ sˀ~s’ɬˀ~ɬʼ (çˀ~çʼ)ʃˀ~ʃʼ
Rhotic r
Approximant l j w
  • The sound /ɡ/ can be palatalized as [ɟ] or [ɡʲ] in the Central and Eastern Jibbali dialects. In Western Jibbali, it is pronounced as [dʒ].
  • [çˀ~çʼ] is a rare sound and is an allophone of /kˀ/. It is also typically pronounced as [ʃˀ~ʃʼ] by most speakers of the language.
  • [ɮ] occurs only as an allophone of /l/.
  • [ʝ] only occurs as an allophone of /ɡ/, and can variously be pronounced as [ʝ], [ʒ], or [ɟ].
  • [ʔ] is typically only heard in word-final position, and is not considered as phonemic.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Close-mid e ə o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
  • /ə/ when in stressed positions, can also be realized as [ɪ].[4]

Grammar

The vowel system is made up of an 8-member set, containing the normal Semitic i-u-a, along with tense and lax vowels, and a central vowel. The vowel set is: i, e, Ó, Í, a, Ã, o, u. The difference between the long and short vowels is not always just phonological.

Noun unique Modern South Arabian grammar markers. Nouns have an either masculine or feminine gender. Feminine markers use the endings of –(V)t or –h, as in Arabic. Unlike Arabic, the dual number marker is not used in nouns, and is instead replaced by a suffix of the numeral 2 itself. Dual pronouns are no longer used by the youth, replaced by plural pronouns.

Simple verb conjugations have two separate classes, with differing conjugations for perfect, imperfect, and subjunctive cases. Verbal clauses always take the order of VSO (Verb–subject–object) or SVO (Subject–verb–object). If the subject is an independent pronoun, it is placed before the verb. Guttural verbs have their own pattern. Verb classifications are intensive-conative, causative, reflexive (with infixed -t-), and causative-reflexive. In future verbs, a preverb ha-/h- precedes the subjunctive.

The numbers 1 and 2 act as adjectives. Between 3 and 10, masculine numbers enumerate feminine nouns, and feminine numbers enumerate masculine nouns. There is gender agreement between the number and nouns from 11 to 19. Beyond that, the structure is tens, “and”, and the unit. This is similar to Arabic counting. Livestock counting presents a special case that deviates from Arabic, instead using an ancient Bedouin system. Beyond 13, the noun used is either plural or singular.

References

  1. ↑ Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude (7 February 2010). "Mehri and Hobyot spoken in Oman and in Yemen". Langage, Langues et Cultures d'Afrique Noire.
  2. ↑ Shehri at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  3. ↑ Rubin, A.D. (2014). The Jibbali (Shaḥri) Language of Oman: Grammar and Texts. Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics. Brill. p. 9. ISBN 978-90-04-26285-0. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  4. ↑ Rubin 2014.

Further reading

  • Fradkin, Robert (1985). "Review of Jibbāli Lexicon". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 19 (1): 103–104. doi:10.1017/S0026318400015200. JSTOR 23057846.
  • Hayward, K. M.; Hayward, R. J.; Al-Tabūki, Sālim Bakhīt (1988). "Vowels in Jibbāli Verbs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 51 (2): 240–250. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00114557. JSTOR 618210. S2CID 123019925.
  • Marie-Claude Simeone-Simelle. 1997. The Modern South Arabian Languages. In Robert Hetzron (ed.), The Semitic Languages, 378–423. London &New York: Routledge.
  • Moseley, C. (2010). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. London: Routledge. Middle East and North Africa
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