Professional shogi players, Yoshiharu Habu and Akira Watanabe, in 2014 with women's professional player Aya Fujita as timekeeper and (former) apprentice professional Naoto Kawasaki as game recorder
Professional shogi players at a human shogi exhibition match in Himeji, Japan in 2018. From left to right: Toshiaki Kubo, Keita Inoue, Masakazu Wakamatsu, Tetsurō Itodani, Akira Inaba, Shinobu Iwane, and Rei Takedomi.

A professional shogi player (将棋棋士 shōgi kishi or プロ棋士 puro kishi "professional player") is a shogi player who is usually a member of a professional guild of shogi players.

There are two categories of professional players: regular professional and women's professional. All regular professional shogi players are members of the Japan Shogi Association (JSA). However, only regular professional players, who are all male, are considered to be full-fledged members. Women's professional players belong to groups distinct from regular professional players. In Japanese, the term 棋士 kishi only refers to regular professional players to the exclusion of women's professionals, who are termed 女流棋士 joryū kishi.

History

During the Edo period (1603-1868), shogi followed an iemoto system centered around three families (schools): the Ōhashi (main), the Ōhashi (branch) and the Itō.[1] Titles such as Meijin were hereditary and could only be held by members of these three families. These three schools were supported by the Tokugawa shogunate and thus controlled the professional shogi world up until 1868 when the Meiji Restoration took place.[2] By the time Sōin Itō, the eighth and last head of the Itō school and the 11th Hereditary Meijin, died in 1893, the influence of the families had decreased to such an extent that they had no real power at all.[3]

The earliest form of the JSA was founded on September 8, 1924, as the Tokyo Shogi Federation (東京将棋連盟, tōkyō shōgi renmei) later renamed as the Japan Shogi Association (日本将棋連盟, nihon shōgi renmei).[4]

Ranking

All shogi players are ranked by a dan system. In the current system, apprentice players become professional when they achieve the rank of 4-dan. Apprentice players aspiring to become professionals are ranked from 6-kyū to 3-dan.[5] Amateur and professional dan ranks are not equivalent with amateur 3- to 5-dan being roughly equivalent to apprentice professional 6-kyū and amateur 2- to 4-dan being roughly equivalent to women's professional 2-kyū.[6]

Unlike western chess, shogi players do not have official Elo ratings although unofficial Elo scores may be calculated by shogi fans.[lower-alpha 1] Unlike Elo scores which may increase or decrease, players who achieve a certain dan are never demoted to a lower dan. Thus, the dan system may be thought as a performance milestone indicator or somewhat like the peak Elo rating that is used in western chess.

Apart from the dan system, players are also ranked according to their results in the Meijin ranking tournament. Their performance in the ranking tournament may also affect their ranking in the dan system. Unlike the dan system, a player may be demoted to a lower Meijin ranking tournament class (as well as promoted).

Professional players

Professional shogi players Hiroyuki Miura, Rieko Yauchi (Women's professional), Takeshi Fujii and Yoshiharu Habu (from left to right) in 2013.

JSA professional shogi players (正規棋士 seiki kishi or 棋士 kishi for short) are ranked from four to nine dan. Players receive a monthly salary according to their rank as well as game fees based upon performance, which historically have mostly come from media conglomerates in exchange for exclusive publishing rights.[7][8][9] In addition, popular players may also earn income from teaching, publishing, media appearances, etc. As of August 2019, there are 167 active professionals.[10]

The Professional Shogi Players Group is a voluntary organization operating with the JSA made up of all current regular professionals and some JSA women's professionals. It was founded in 2009 and helps organize events designed to further the spread of shogi as well as foster training and professionalism among shogi professionals.[11]

Training group system

The JSA offers official "training" or "study" groups (研修会 kenshūkai) in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, Sendai and Sapporo where promising young amateur players can play instructional games against shogi professionals as well as official ranking games against other players of similar strength. These groups are open to all amateur-dan-ranked male and female players aged 20 years (25 years for females wanting to become a women's professional. In this case a master is required) and under who can pass the entrance examination and pay the required tuition and other fees. Players are divided into seven groups from S to F according to playing strength: S is the top group, while the strength of a typical Group F player is generally considered to be amateur 2-dan. Each group is further divided into two sub-groups, 1 and 2, with promotion and demotion from one group or sub-group to another being determined by actual game results. Players who perform at high levels in the top groups can qualify for entry into the Apprentice School (for Group S or A2, depending upon age) or provisional women's professional status (for Group C1) if they satisfy certain other conditions.[12]

Apprenticeship

Strong amateurs wishing to become professional must be accepted into the JSA's Apprentice School (新進棋士奨励会 shinshin kishi shōreikai). Apprentice professionals are initially ranked from 6-kyū to 3-dan based upon their results on the apprentice school entry exam or performance in certain amateur tournaments.[13] Apprentices are guided through the system by their master (師匠 shishō)—a currently active professional who acts as their sponsor and teacher—and are promoted or demoted in rank based upon performance.[7]

Players who successfully move up the ranks to 3-dan participate in the 3-dan League (三段リーグ san-dan riigu). This league is held twice yearly and the two top finishers of each league are promoted to 4-dan, thus gaining professional status.[14] The 3-dan League was established in 1987 with an initial limit of four players qualifying for 4-dan promotion in response to a concern that the average of five to six new professionals every year was diluting the professional pool.[15]

Amateurs of either gender can apply for entry into the apprentice school, but they must be promoted to 1-dan by age 21[5] and 4-dan by age 26[16] and those who are not must leave the school.[17] Those newly promoted to 3-dan are given at least five chances to obtain promotion to professional status in the 3-dan League, with anyone under age 29 who can maintain a win rate over 50% in 3-dan League being allowed to stay. Anyone over age 21 who drops from 1-dan to 1-kyū must achieve promotion to 1-dan again in six months or leave the school.

In August 2019, the JSA clarified its position on current women's professional shogi players who obtain "regular" professional status via the apprentice school system. The JSA stated that women's professional shogi players who qualify for "regular" shogi professional status through the 3-dan league will be given the option of retaining their women's professional status and continuing to participate in women-only tournaments as long as they request to do so within two weeks of the date they are officially awarded regular professional status.[18]

Professional Admission Test

There is an alternative way for amateurs to obtain professional status called the Professional Admission Test (プロ編入試験 puro henyū shiken) which was established by the JSA in 2006 in response to a former apprentice school 3-dan's successful attempt to become a professional.[19] Shōji Segawa was unable to gain promotion to 4-dan professional before turning 26 in 1996, and thus was required to withdraw from the JSA's apprentice school. Segawa continued to play shogi as an amateur and won a number of national amateur tournaments which allowed him to qualify for tournaments involving professionals. Segawa's record of 17 wins and 5 losses against professionals in these tournaments led him to request that the JSA grant him another opportunity to become a professional. In response, the JSA made an ad hoc arrangement of six games for Segawa to play against a variety of opponents and stated that he would be granted 4-dan professional status if he won three games. Segawa's opponents included four professional players, one women's professional player, and one apprentice school 3-dan.[20] The games were held from July to November 2005, and Segawa achieved his third win by winning game 5 on November 6, 2005, and was granted professional status by the JSA on the same day.[16] Decades before Segawa, Motoji Hanamura also passed an ad hoc test to gain professional status.[21] In 2014, the JSA announced the qualifications for those wishing to apply for the Professional Admission Test.[22] In July 2014, the JSA announced that it had accepted the application submitted by amateur Kenji Imaizumi, a 41-year-old former apprentice school 3-dan.[23] Imaizumi became the first amateur to successfully obtain professional status under the new system in December 2014.[24] On February 25, 2020, Shōgo Orita, a former 3-dan apprentice school player who has a popular YouTube channel, became the second person under the new system and the fourth amateur overall to obtain professional status.[25][26]

In August 2019, the JSA clarified its position on the test as it pertains to current women's professional shogi players. The JSA stated that women's professional shogi players who successfully pass the test to obtain "regular" shogi professional status will retain their women's professional status and can continue to participate in women-only tournaments.[18]

Women's professionals

Women's professionals Momoko Katō 3-dan (left) and Sae Itō 2-dan (right)
Karolina Styczyńska became the first non-Japanese professional shogi player in 2017

Women's professional players are in groups distinct from regular professional players. Currently, no female has yet qualified to become a regular professional although over the years there have been 20 female apprentice professionals competing to obtain such status. As of April 2021, Nanami Naka is the only female apprentice participating in the 3-dan League.[27][28]

There are two guilds of women's professionals: the Japan Shogi Association guild and the Ladies Professional Shogi-players' Association of Japan guild. Before the creation of the guilds, women were historically not allowed to become professional players.[29]: 23 

JSA

The JSA has a separate system for women's professionals (女流棋士 Joryū Kishi) and ranks them from 3-kyū to 6-dan.[30] Women's professionals are ranked and promoted differently than professionals (kishi) by the JSA.[31] As of August 2019, there are 58 active JSA women's professionals.[32] Strong women's professionals are able to participate in some tournaments with men, but most professional tournaments are restricted to regular professionals. However, there are also major title matches and other tournaments for women only. Many of the women's tournaments are also open to the public for amateur female players who are not members of the JSA or LPSA. Until the 1990s, the strongest women's professionals were considered to be roughly equivalent to 1- or 2-dan apprentices in playing strength.[7] Now, the strongest women's professionals are close to professional level, playing equivalent to 3-dan apprentices.

Strong female amateur players aged 25 or under who wish to become a women's professional must be accepted into the JSA's Kenshūkai (研修会 "training group"). Female amateurs who are promoted to Class C1 are granted the rank of provisional women's professional 3-kyū.[33] Those achieving the provisional rank of 3-kyū have two years to gain promotion to the rank of 2-kyū and thus obtain regular women's professional status.[34]

Prior to 1984, women's professionals were determined by their performance in national tournaments. From 1984 until March 2009, amateurs aspiring to become women professionals competed against each other in the Women's Professional Apprentice League (女流育成会 Joryū Ikuseikai), a system similar to the 3-dan League of the Professional Apprentice School. The winner of the league was promoted to women's professional 2-kyū. In April 2009, the JSA disbanded this system and merged it into the training group system.[35]

Akiko Takojima joined the JSA in 1974 becoming the first women's professional. She was also the first female to join the Apprentice School and reached 1-dan before withdrawing.[36][lower-alpha 2] She later left the JSA to join the LPSA.

Naoko Hayashiba became the first women's professional to defeat a regular professional in 1991, but it was in an unofficial game.[39][lower-alpha 3] Hiroe Nakai became the first women's professional to defeat a regular professional in an official game in 1993.[29]: 25 

In February 2017, Karolina Styczyńska became the first non-Japanese to be awarded full professional status when she was promoted to the rank of women's professional 2-kyū.[40][41][42]

JSA women's professionals have their own voluntary association operating within the JSA called the Ladies Professional Players Group. The association was founded in 1989 and helps organize events involving JSA women's professionals designed to further the spread of shogi.[43]

LPSA

Other women's professional players are members of the Ladies Professional Shogi-players' Association of Japan (LPSA), which is a professional guild of women's professionals separate from the JSA. The LPSA was formed in 2007 due to disagreements between women's professionals and the JSA over money and governance.

Promotion

Regular professionals (kishi) are ranked from 4- to 9-dan.[6] All new professionals start at 4-dan and are subsequently promoted based upon criteria established by the JSA. A similar system exists for women's professionals who have their own separate ranking system from 2-kyū to 6-dan.[6] Satisfying one of the required criteria is sufficient for promotion. The JSA board of directors may also promote active professionals for exemplary results, etc. when deemed appropriate, and upon their official retirement in consideration of the number of years active, etc.[44]

Regular professional status

The promotion criteria for regular professionals are as follows.[44]

RankStatusCriteria
4-danApprentice professionals
AmateursPass the Professional Admission Test
5-dan4-dan players
6-dan5-dan players
  • Win 120 official games since promotion to 5-dan
  • Win tournament open to all professionals since promotion to 5-dan
  • Become official challenger for a major title since promotion to 5-dan
  • Be promoted consecutive times in Ryūō tournament ranking games or win three Ryūō ranking groups overall since promotion to 5-dan
  • Be promoted to Meijin Class B2
  • Be promoted to Ryūō ranking group 2
7-dan6-dan players
  • Win 150 official games since promotion to 6-dan
  • Win tournament open to all professionals since promotion to 6-dan
  • Win major title
  • Be promoted to Meijin Class B1
  • Become challenger for Ryūō title
  • Be promoted consecutive times in Ryūō tournament ranking games or win three Ryūō ranking groups overall since promotion to 6-dan
  • Be promoted to Ryūō ranking group 1
8-dan7-dan players
  • Win 190 official games since promotion to 7-dan
  • Win two major titles[lower-alpha 5]
  • Be promoted to Meijin Class A
  • Win the Ryūō title
9-dan8-dan players
  • Win 250 official games since promotion to 8-dan
  • Win three major titles[lower-alpha 6]
  • Win the Meijin title
  • Win the Ryūō title twice

Women's professional status

The promotion criteria for women's professionals are as follows.[44]

RankStatusCriteria
3-kyūAmateursProvisional women's professional status based upon results achieved in training group play. A player who has been promoted to Group C1 and has played at least 48 official games can apply for provisional professional status and the rank of 3-kyū; however, they must achieve one of the promotion criteria for 2-kyū or above within a two-year period or their provisional status will be revoked. A player who loses her provisional status can return to Group C2.[48] Female amateurs under the age of 27 who reach the quarterfinals of an official women's tournament may also apply for provisional professional status; however, they must do so within two weeks of the result or lose the right to do so. They can, however, repeat the process up to three times. Players still considered to be minors need to have the consent of their parent or guardian to apply. Players who belong to the JSA are required to have a professional player as their sponsor; those without sponsors will be granted a grace period of six months before losing the right to apply for provisional status.[49]
2-kyū3-kyū players
  • Achieve a number of wins equal to the number of official tournaments participated in a one-year period
  • Achieve a winning percentage of 75% or more in official women's tournaments over a two-year period
  • Advance to the semifinals of the Women's Yamada Challenge Cup
  • Satisfy the criteria for Women's professional 1-kyū
Amateurs
  • Be promoted to training group B2
  • Be accepted into training group B2 or above
  • Win the Women's Yamada Challenge Cup
  • Advance to the quarterfinals of the Kurashiki Tōka Cup
  • Advance to the quarterfinals of the Women's Ōza main tournament
  • Advance to the quarterfinals of the Mynavi Women's Open main tournament
  • Advance to the quarterfinals of the Women's Ōshō tournament
1-kyū2-kyū players
  • Win 30 official games since promotion to 2-kyū
  • Win at least 50% (7 or more wins) of total official games played in a one-year period since promotion to 2-kyū
  • Advance to the final of the Women's Yamada Challenge Cup
  • Advance to the quarter-finals of the Kurashiki Tōka Cup
  • Be promoted to the Women's Ōshō League
  • Be promoted to Women's Ōi League
  • Advance to the finals of the Women's Meijin League preliminary tournament
  • Advance to the Women's Ōza main tournament
  • Advance to the Mynavi Women's Open main tournament
1-dan1-kyū players
  • Win 50 official games since promotion to 1-kyū
  • Win at least 50% (7 or more wins) of total official games played in a one-year period since promotion to 1-kyū
  • Win the Women's Yamada Challenge Cup
  • Advance to the semi-finals of the Kurashiki Tōka Cup
  • Advance to the semi-finals of the Women's Ōshō tournament
  • Avoid demotion from the Women's Ōi League
  • Be promoted to the Women's Meijin League
  • Advance to the semi-finals of the Women's Ōza tournament
  • Advance to the semi-finals of the Mynavi Women's Open main tournament
2-dan1-dan players
  • Win 60 official games since promotion to 1-dan
  • Become challenger for a major women's title
3-dan2-dan players
  • Win 90 official games since promotion to 2-dan
  • Win a major women's title
4-dan3-dan players
  • Win 120 official games since promotion to 3-dan
  • Win three major titles
5-dan4-dan players
  • Win 150 official games since promotion to 4-dan
  • Win seven major titles
6-dan (and above)5-dan playersReserved for women's professionals who have achieved exemplary results over their career as determined by the JSA board of directors

Tournaments

Professional players compete in a number of title tournaments as well as non-title tournaments. The two most prestigious are the tournaments for the Meijin title and the Ryūō title.[50]

Titles

There are eight major title tournaments and several non-title tournaments held yearly for regular professionals. Some of these tournaments are also open to qualifying women's professionals and amateur players.[51] The oldest is the Meijin, which is historically connected to the hereditary title system established in the 17th century during the time of the Tokugawa shogunate and later became a tournament title in 1937. The newest title tournament is the Eiō, which became a title tournament in 2017.[52]

Title tournaments

Below are the names of the title tournaments along with the current titleholders.[51]

Titles
Title nameJapanese nameTitleholder
Eiō叡王Sōta Fujii
Kiō棋王Sōta Fujii
Kisei棋聖Sōta Fujii
Meijin名人Sōta Fujii
Ōi王位Sōta Fujii
Ōshō王将Sōta Fujii
Ōza王座Sōta Fujii
Ryūō竜王Sōta Fujii

Non-title tournaments

The following are the current non-title tournaments.[51]

Non-title tournaments
NameJapanese nameDefending champion
Asahi Cup Open朝日杯将棋オープン戦Sōta Fujii
Ginga銀河戦Sōta Fujii
NHK CupNHK杯テレビ将棋トーナメントSōta Fujii
JT Nihon SeriesJT将棋日本シリーズSōta Fujii
Shinjin-Ō新人王戦Hirotoshi Ueno
Yamada Challenge CupYAMADAチャレンジ杯Keita Kadokura
Kakogawa Seiryū Tournament加古川青流戦Nagisa Fujimoto
Tatsujin Tournament達人戦Yoshiharu Habu

Women's tournaments

There are eight major title tournaments as well as several non-title tournament held for women's professionals, and some of these are open to female amateur players.[53] The oldest title tournament is the Women's Meijin tournament (established in 1974) and the newest is the Hakurei tournament (established in 2020).[54]

Title tournaments

Below are the names of the title tournaments along with the current titleholders.[53]

Title nameJapanese nameTitleholder
Women's Meijin女流名人Tomoka Nishiyama
Women's Ōshō女流王将Tomoka Nishiyama
Women's Ōi女流王位Kana Fukuma
Kurashiki Tōka倉敷藤花Kana Fukuma
Queen女王Tomoka Nishiyama
Women's Ōza女流王座Kana Fukuma
Seirei清麗Kana Fukuma
Hakurei白玲Tomoka Nishiyama

Non-title tournaments

The following are the current non-title tournaments.[53]

NameJapanese nameDefending champion
Yamada Women's Challenge CupYAMADA女流チャレンジ杯Yuria Katō
Shirataki Ayumi Cup白瀧あゆみ杯争奪戦Hana Wada
Sedagaya Hanamizuki Women's Open世田谷区花みず木女流オープン戦Aki Wada

Computer shogi

Human versus computer

In October 2005, professional players were instructed that they were banned from playing public games against computers without the permission of the JSA. The JSA said the reason for doing this was due to the increasing strength of shogi software programs and concerns that even a single professional player losing to a computer could give the public the impression that professionals "are weaker than the software". It was also believed that the JSA wanted to have more control over any future commercial opportunities associated with such games,[55] and was asking "organizers pay a sponsorship fee of at least ¥100 million per game".[56] Kunio Yonenaga, the JSA president who instituted the ban, later elaborated on the reasons for the ban in a 2011 interview by saying, "If a professional shogi player wins a match against a computer, it's no news. But when a pro loses, it turns into a big deal".[56]

A number of official games between professionals and computers have taken place since the ban went into effect. In March 2007, reigning Ryūō titleholder Akira Watanabe defeated the program "Bonanza" in the first official game since the ban was instituted,[57] but women's professional Ichiyo Shimizu became the first professional, man or woman, to lose to a computer in an official game when she lost to "Akara 2010" in October 2010.[58] In January 2012, the program "Bonkras" defeated then JSA president and retired former Meijin Yonenaga.[55][59] Shin'ichi Satō became the first active male professional to lose to a computer when he lost to the program "Ponanza" in March 2013,[60] and Hiroyuki Miura became the first active "Class A" professional to lose to a computer when he lost to the program "GPS Shogi" in April 2013. Miura was participating in a match between five active male professionals and five computer programs held in March and April 2013. The match was won by the computers with a score of three wins, one draw and one loss.[61] A second team match was held in March and April 2014 with the computers winning four out of the five games played. A third team match was held in March and April 2015 with the professionals winning three games and losing two.

In June 2015, it was decided that the team match format was to be replaced by a two-game match (two days per game) between the winners of respective human and computer qualifying tournaments sponsored by the JSA and telecommunications company Dwango.[62] Takayuki Yamasaki and the program "Ponanza" started the best-of-two game 1st Denō Match in April 2016,[63] and Yamasaki lost the match 2–0.[64]

On February 22, 2017, the JSA announced that the "Denou Sen" matches between computers and professional players sponsored by Dwango would end in 2017. According to the chairman of Dwango, "These serious battles between humans and software have completed their historic role".[65] On April 1, 2017, Meijin Amahiko Satō became the first reigning major titleholder to lose an official game to a computer when he lost Game 1 of the 2nd Denō Match to the computer representative Ponanza.[66]

Human versus human

In October 2016, the JSA announced new rules which require players to keep their smartphones or other electronic devices in their lockers during official match games. Players will also be banned from leaving the JSA buildings in Tokyo and Osaka during official games. The JSA said the new rules were needed to prevent "high-tech cheating" by players using shogi apps installed on the devices themselves or from using the devices remotely access off-site personal computers for assistance during games. The move was made in response to the increasing strength of computer software in recent years, including a number of results where computers have beaten professional players in official games. As computer shogi programs have gotten stronger, the number of players using them for match preparation and post-game analysis has increased, giving rise to concerns about the possibility of cheating during games. The new rules took effect in December 2016.[67]

On February 10, 2017, the JSA announced that two professional players were the first to be fined for leaving the playing site during official games under the new rules. The two players were spotted by others leaving the playing site during their meal breaks for official games held on February 7 and February 8, 2016, respectively. The JSA fined each player 50% of the amount they were to receive as a game fee and strongly warned them to avoid making the same mistake again.[68][69]

List of professional players

The following are lists of current JSA regular and women's professionals, and LPSA professionals. The lists do not include the names of deceased, retired or former professionals

JSA

Regular professionals

The following is list of active JSA regular professionals as of November 2023.[70] The players are listed in the order of their JSA badge number. The names of deceased, retired and former regular professionals are not included in the list.

Women's professionals

The following is list of active JSA women's professionals as of November 2023.[71] The players are listed in the order of their women's JSA badge number. All ranks are women's professional ranks.

LPSA

The following is list of active LPSA women's professionals as of November 2023.[72] The players are listed in the order of their LPSA badge number. All ranks are women's professional ranks.

Table
no.		Badge
no.		NameRank
112Hiromi Nakakura2-dan
213Saori Shimai2-dan
316Kaori Uekawa2-dan
419Mana Watanabe3-dan
520Ayano Hori1-kyū
621Maho Isotani1-dan
722Saki Tanaka1-kyū
823Yui Isoya1-kyū

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ For instance: http://kishi.a.la9.jp/ranking/2018.html or http://shogidata.info/list/rateranking.html
  2. ↑ Takojima obtained promotion under the old apprentice school system and special promotion criteria different from those for male players were established by the JSA once she had reached the rank of apprentice professional 5-kyū to make it easier for her to obtain further promotion.[37] The first female to obtain the rank of 1-dan under the current apprentice school system was Kana Satomi.[38]
  3. ↑ "Unofficial" games are typically played as part of some exhibition, local event or sponsor-held tournament; they do not count as part of a player's official win–loss record.
  4. ↑ Promotion points (次点 (Jiten)) are awarded to apprentice professionals who finish in third place in 3-dan league play. Obtaining two promotion points gives an apprentice professional the option of obtaining full-professional status as a "free-class" player.[45]
  5. ↑ New criterion announced by JSA on May 22, 2018. Effective as of June 1, 2018.[46]
  6. ↑ A player who wins three major titles while ranked lower than 8-dan, however, cannot be directly promoted to 9-dan; they must first satisfy the criteria for promotion to 8-dan.[47]

References

  1. ↑ Hosking, Tony (1997). The Art of Shogi. Stratford-upon-Avon, England: The Shogi Foundation. p. 4. ISBN 978-0953108909.
  2. ↑ Hosking 1997, p. 5.
  3. ↑ "Sōritsu - Enkaku" 創立・沿革 [Establishment/History] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2015-05-24.
  4. ↑ Hodges, George, ed. (1983). "Nihon Shogi Renmei". Shogi (41): 20.
  5. 1 2 "Shōreikai Gaiyō" 奨励会概要 [Outline of Apprentice School] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 "Dan to Kyū" 段と級 [Dan and Kyū] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 Hosking 1997, p. 6.
  8. ↑ "「棋譜」に著作権はある？ 「無断中継」なぜNg？ 朝日新聞に聞いた".
  9. ↑ "将棋実況YouTuberに朝日新聞「権利侵害なので中止を」、何の権利侵害なのか？".
  10. ↑ "Geneki Kishi Ichiran" 現役棋士一覧 [List of active professionals] (in Japanese). Japanese Shogi Association. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  11. ↑ "Shinkishikai Hassoku ni Tsuite" 新棋士会発足について [About the start of the new Shogi Professional Players' Association] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. April 6, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  12. ↑ "Kenshūkai" 研修会 [Training groups system] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
  13. ↑ "Shōreikaishiken Gaiyō" 奨励会試験概要 [Apprentice School Test Overview] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  14. ↑ "'Yaru kara ni wa Kanarazu Yondan ni' Satomi Joryū Sankan Ichimon Ittō" ｢やるからには必ず四段に｣ 里見女流三冠一問一答 [Q & A with Satomi Women's 3 Crown, "I will definitely make 4 dan"]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan. December 23, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2014. プロと認められる四段まで、最終関門の「三段リーグ」を残すのみだ。約40人の三段が全員参加する三段リーグは半年間で18局指し、原則、上位1位と2位がプロ棋士になる「狭き門」だ。
  15. ↑ Hodges, George, ed. (1987). "Japanese shogi scene". Shogi (69): 2.
  16. 1 2 Nakamura, Akemi (December 29, 2005). "Newest 'shogi' pro followed unlikely path". The Japan Times. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Satomi Joryū Sankan, Shōreikai Sandan ni, Josei Hatsu no Kishi e Saishū Sekimon" 里見女流三冠、奨励会三段に 女性初の棋士へ最終関門 [Satomi Women's 3 Crown, Promoted to Apprentice Professional 3 Dan, Last Barrier Before Becoming First Woman "Regular" Shogi Professional]. Asashi Shimbun (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan. December 23, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2014. 棋士になるには奨励会を勝ち抜いて、原則として26歳までに四段に上がらなければならない。(...) 制限された年齢を超えた場合、退会となる。
  18. 1 2 Maruyama, Susumu (August 8, 2019). "Shogi Renmei ga Shikitei Puro Kishi to Joryu Kishi no Kenmu Mitomeru" 将棋連盟が新規定 プロ棋士と女流棋士の兼務認める [Japan Shogi Association announces new rule permitting women's shogi professionals to retain status if they also qualify as "regular" shogi professionals]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  19. ↑ "Henyū Seido Tōshisho A" 編入制度答申書 A [Admission Test System Report A] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. May 26, 2006. Archived from the original on January 14, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Segawa Shōji-shi no Puro Iri ni Tsuite" 瀬川晶司氏のプロ入りについて [Regarding Shōji Segawa Becoming a Professional] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. June 19, 2005. Archived from the original on June 19, 2005. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  21. ↑ Morishita, Taku (November 28, 2016). "Morishita Taku Kudan ni Intabyū: Shishō Hanamura Motoji Kudan no Shirazaru Miryoku ni tsuite Kittemita (2)" 森下卓九段にインタビュー.師匠花村元司九段の知られざる魅力について聞いてみた (2) [Interview with Taku Morishita 9-dan (part 2): Asking about the unknown appeal of shogi mentor Motoji Hanamura 9-dan.] (Interview) (in Japanese). Interviewed by Shūji Sagasaki. Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Puro Hennyūshiken ni tsuite no Oshirase" プロ編入試験についてのお知らせ [Announcement regarding the Professional Admission Test] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. April 18, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  23. ↑ "Amachua no Imaizumi Kenji-san, Puro Hennyūshiken Jūken e" アマチュアの今泉健司さん,プロ編入試験受験へ (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. July 24, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  24. ↑ Wada, Chitose (December 8, 2014). 今泉健司さん, プロ棋士に合格「可能性にふたをしないかぎり, 年齢は関係ない」 [Kenji Imaizumi becomes shogi professional: "Age is not a factor as long as the possibility to do so is not taken away"]. The Huffington Post Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Shōgi YouTuber ｢Ageage-san｣ Orita Shōgo Ama, Higan no Puro Iri Kettei! Hennyūshiken Goban Shōbu de Sanshō Ippai Shijō Yonninme no Kaikyo" 将棋YouTuber｢アゲアゲさん｣ 折田翔吾アマ, 悲願のプロ入り決定! 編入試験五番勝負で3勝1敗 史上4人目の快挙 [Shogi Youtuber Shōgo Orita achieves long-time dream of becoming a professional shogi player. Becomes the 4th amateur in history to become a professional shogi player by passing the best-of-five game professional admission test with a score of 3 wins and 1 loss.]. Abema Times (in Japanese). February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Shōgi･Orita Ama ga Hennyūshiken Gōkaku Shigatsu kara Puro...Genkō Seido de wa Nininme" 将棋･折田アマが編入試験合格 4月からプロ...現行制度では2人目 [Shogō Orita becomes the second amateur to pass professional shogi admission test under the current system; he will obtain full professional status as of April 2020]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  27. ↑ "Naka Nanami Shōreikain, Shōreikai Sandan ni" 中七海奨励会員, 奨励会三段に [Apprentice professional Nanami Naka promoted to apprentice professional 3-dan] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. September 24, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  28. ↑ Yamamura, Hideki (April 1, 2021). "Shōgi Nishiyama Tomoka Sandan ga Shōreikai wo Taikai Joryōkishi ni Tenkō" 将棋 西山朋佳三段が奨励会を退会 女流棋士に転向 [Tomoka Nishiyama 3d leaves apprentice school to become women's professional shogi player]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  29. 1 2 Furukawa, Tetsuo, ed. (September 2014). "Joryū Kikai no Yonjū Shūnen" 女流棋界の40周年 [40 years of Women's Professional Shogi]. Shogi World (in Japanese). MyNabi Publishing/Japan Shogi Association. pp. 22–29 – via Google Books.
  30. ↑ "Puro Kisen no Kitei ni Kansuru Goshitsumon: Naze, Dansei wa "Kishi" na noni, Josei wa "Joryū Kishi" to Naru no Desuka" プロ棋戦の規定に関するご質問: なぜ, 男性は "棋士" なのに, 女性は "女流棋士"となるのですか。 [Question about professional shogi rules: Why are men "kishi", but women "joryū kishi"] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Joryū Kishi Shōdan Kitei" 女流棋士昇段規定 [Women's professional promotion requirements] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Geneki Joryū Kishi Ichiran" 現役女流棋士一覧 [List of active women's professionals] (in Japanese). Japanese Shogi Association. Archived from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  33. ↑ "Kenshūkai no Goannai" 研修会のご案内 [Information about the Kenshūkai] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  34. ↑ Osumi, Magdelena (June 29, 2015). "Polish woman becomes shogi queen in rare move for foreigner". The Japan Times. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  35. ↑ Murakami, Koji (July 29, 2010). "Joryū Puro Shōkaku, Atsui Kabe: Shōgi Renmai Shiseido, Ichi-nen Amari de Hitori dake" 女流プロ昇格, 厚い壁 将棋連盟新制度,１年余で１人だけ [High barriers to becoming a women's professional: Only one woman has achieved professional status in a little over a year since the JSA instituted new system]. Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  36. ↑ Hodges, George, ed. (1980). "Life at the top is too tough for the ladies". Shogi (25): 9.
  37. ↑ Takojima, Akiko (July 25, 2019). "Joryū Kishi Daiichigō･Takojima Akiko Joryū Rokudan ga Kataru ｢Shōreikai de Tatta Hitori no Josei datta Seishun Jidai" 女流棋士第一号･蛸島彰子女流六段が語る ｢奨励会でたった一人の女性だった青春時代｣ [Women's professional Akiko Takojima talks about becoming the first women's professional shogi player and spending her youth as being the only female in the shogi apprentice school]. Bunshun Online (Interview) (in Japanese). Interviewed by Taeko Ishii [in Japanese]. Bungeishunjū. p. 3. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  38. ↑ "｢Jo-Ō｣ Katō-san, Sanninme no Shōreikai Shodan" ｢女王｣ 加藤さん, 3人目の奨励会初段. The Nikkei (in Japanese). May 11, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2019.
  39. ↑ "Ginga no Nijūyonnen no Rekishi" 銀河の24年の歴史 [24 year history of the Ginga Tournament]. Shogi World (in Japanese). MyNabi Publishing/Japan Shogi Association. October 2014. pp. 103–104. Retrieved August 27, 2019 – via Google Books. ｢元女流棋士の林葉直子がプロ棋士に初めて勝った。ただ非公式戦だったので、参考記録になった｣ (tr. Former Women's professional Naoko Hayashiba was the first to be a Shogi professional. The result, however, is only really used for reference because the game was played in an unofficial tournament)
  40. ↑ "Polish woman becomes 1st non-Japanese shogi pro". NHK World. February 20, 2017. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  41. ↑ "Polish woman becomes first foreign female pro 'shogi' player in Japan". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  42. ↑ Murase, Shinya (February 21, 2017). "Polish woman, 25, becomes first foreign 'shogi' professional". Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  43. ↑ "Joryūkishikai ni Tsuite" 女流棋士会について [About the Women's Professionals Association] (in Japanese). Women's Shogi Professionals Association. Retrieved August 28, 2019.
  44. 1 2 3 "Shōdan Kitei" 昇段規定 [Promotion rules] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  45. ↑ "Jun'isen ni tsuite Furīkurasu" 順位戦について: フリークラス [Meijin league play: free class players] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  46. ↑ "Shōdan Kitei Kaitei no Oshirase (Hachidan Shōdan no Kaitei)" 昇段規定改定のお知らせ (八段昇段の改定) [Revised promotion criteria announced (revision to 8-dan promotion criteria)] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. May 22, 2018. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  47. ↑ Satō, Tomoyasu (February 1, 2017). "Puro Kishi Shōdan ni wa Itsutsu no Hōhō ga Atta. Igai to Shirareteinai, Sono Shikumi to wa?" プロ棋士昇段には5つの方法があった. 意外と知られていない,その仕組みとは? [The five ways professionals are promoted. The process is unexpectedly not very well known.] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  48. ↑ "Yamane Konomi Kenshūkaiin ga Joryūkishi Sankyū no Shikaku wo Kakutoku" 山根ことみ研修会員が女流棋士3級の資格を取得 [Training group member Kotomi Yamane obtains rank of women's professional 3-kyū] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. September 10, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  49. ↑ "Joryū Kishi Karikaiin (Joryū Sankyū) Shikaku Fuyo Kitei" 女流棋士(女流3級) 資格付与規程 [Provisions for obtaining provisional women's professional status (women's professional 3-kyū)] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. October 2, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  50. ↑ Matsumoto, Hirofumi [in Japanese] (June 11, 2019). "Habu Yoshiharu Kudan wa Rokui Fujii Sōta Shichidan Kyūjūsan'i Shōgikai no Jiseki wa Donoyō ni Shite Kimaruka" 羽生善治九段は6位 藤井聡太七段は93位 将棋界の席次はどのようにして決まるか [Yoshiharu Habu is ranked sixth and Sota Fujii is ranked 93rd in terms of player seating priority: How does the professional shogi world determine player seating arrangements for official games]. Yahoo! Japan News (in Japanese). Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  51. 1 2 3 "Kisen Ichiran" 棋戦一覧 [List of professional tournaments] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
  52. ↑ "Parity takes over 'shogi' world as major titles all in different hands". Asahi Shimbun. July 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  53. 1 2 3 "Joryū Kisen Ichiran" 女流棋戦一覧 [List of Women's professional tournaments] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  54. ↑ "Shōgi ｢Hakureisen｣ Shinsetsu Joryū Taitorusen no Saikōhō" 将棋 ｢白玲戦｣ 新設 女流タイトル戦の最高峰に [A new women's title match, the Hakurei, is established; it is the top of the women's title matches]. Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). Kyodo News. October 6, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  55. 1 2 "Shogi pros warned not to play computers". The Japan Times. October 16, 2005. Retrieved December 12, 2016. Professional shogi players have been told not to compete against computer programs in public without permission from their association in the face of emerging competitive software, association officials said Saturday. The Japan Shogi Association says it will respond discreetly if such a match offer is made.
  56. 1 2 Otake, Tomoko (November 2, 2011). "Shōgi showdown for supercomputer". The Japan Times. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  57. ↑ "Computer no match for the king of 'shogi'". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. March 22, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  58. ↑ "Shogi computer beats female champ Shimizu". Mainichi Shimbun. October 12, 2010. Archived from the original on October 13, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  59. ↑ "Fujitsu's Shogi Software Tops Former Shogi Champion Kunio Yonenaga" (Press release). Fujitsu. January 16, 2012. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  60. ↑ "Computer beats active 'shogi' pro for first time". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. March 31, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  61. ↑ "Pro shogi players defeated by computer programs". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. April 22, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  62. ↑ "Dowango - Nihon Shōgi Renmei Shusai Shinkisenmei wa "Eiōsen" ni Kettei, Hyaku Gojūyonmei no Puro Kishi ga Entorī" ドワンゴ・日本将棋連盟主催 新棋戦名は ｢叡王戦｣ に決定, 154名のプロ棋士がエントリー [New tournament sponsored by the JSA and Dwango to be called the "Eioh-sen": 154 professional male players will participate] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. June 18, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  63. ↑ Fukamatsu, Shinji (April 11, 2016). "AI beats top shogi player in first match of tournament final". Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  64. ↑ Yamamura, Hideki (May 22, 2016). "Shōgi Sofuto Rensho Hyaku Jūhachite de Yamasaki Hachidan Kudasu" 将棋ソフトが連勝 118手で山崎八段降す [Shogi software wins consecutive games, defeats Yamasaki 8d in 118 moves]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved December 19, 2016.
  65. ↑ "Human vs. computer shogi series to end this year". Mainichi Shimbun. February 23, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
  66. ↑ Yamamura, Hideki (April 1, 2017). "Satō Meijin, Sofuto ni Yabureru Denōsen Daiikkyoku" 佐藤名人, ソフトに敗れる 電王戦第1局 [Meijin Satō defeated by computer in Game 1 of the Denō Match]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  67. ↑ Murase, Shinya (October 13, 2016). "Shogi body checks potential cheats with ban on smartphones". Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  68. ↑ Yamamura, Hideki (February 10, 2017). "Nihon Shogi Renmei: Gaishūtsu Kinshi de Kishi Futari wo Bakkin Shobun" 日本将棋連盟: 外出禁止で棋士2人を罰金処分 [Japan Shogi Association: Two professionals fined for violating ban on leaving playing site]. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  69. ↑ "Kishi Futari ga Gaishūtsu Kinshi Kitei Ihan, Shōgi Renmei kara Genchūi to Bakkin Shobun" 棋士2人が外出禁止規定違反, 将棋連盟から厳重注意と罰金処分 [Two players violate rule on leaving playing site strongly warned and fined by the JSA]. Sports Hochi (in Japanese). February 10, 2017. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
  70. ↑ "Kishi Dēta Bēsu Geneki Kishi" 棋士データベース: 現役棋士 [Professional player data base: Current regular professionals] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  71. ↑ "Kishi Dēta Bēsu: Geneki Joryū Kishi Ichiran" 棋士データベース: 現役女流棋士一覧 [Professional player data base: List of current women's professionals] (in Japanese). Japan Shogi Association. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
  72. ↑ "Geneki Joryū Kishi" 現役女流棋士 [Active women's professionals] (in Japanese). Ladies Professional Shogi Players' Association. Retrieved November 29, 2023.
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