SRTM Shaded Relief Anaglyph of Zagros Mountains.
The SRTM was flown on an 11-day mission of the Space Shuttle Endeavour in February 2000.[1]
This NASA image used Landsat data to texture-map the surface created using SRTM Elevation data. The Cape Peninsula and Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, are visible in the foreground.

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is an international research effort that obtained digital elevation models on a near-global scale from 56°S to 60°N,[2]: 4820  to generate the most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of Earth prior to the release of the ASTER GDEM in 2009. SRTM consisted of a specially modified radar system that flew on board the Space Shuttle Endeavour during the 11-day STS-99 mission in February 2000. The radar system was based on the older Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), previously used on the Shuttle in 1994. To acquire topographic data, the SRTM payload was outfitted with two radar antennas.[2] One antenna was located in the Shuttle's payload bay, the other – a critical change from the SIR-C/X-SAR, allowing single-pass interferometry – on the end of a 60-meter (200-foot) mast that extended from the payload bay once the Shuttle was in space.[2] The technique employed is known as interferometric synthetic aperture radar. Intermap Technologies was the prime contractor for processing the interferometric synthetic aperture radar data.

The elevation models are arranged into tiles, each covering one degree of latitude and one degree of longitude, named according to their south western corners. For example, "n45e006" stretches from 45°N 6°E to 46°N 7°E and "s45w006" from 45°S 6°W to 44°S 5°W. The resolution of the raw data is one arcsecond (30 m along the equator) and coverage includes Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Australia.[3] A derived one arcsecond dataset with trees and other non-terrain features removed covering Australia was made available in November 2011; the raw data are restricted for government use.[4] For the rest of the world, only three arcsecond (90 m along the equator) data are available.[2]: 4821  Each one arcsecond tile has 3,601 rows, each consisting of 3,601 16 bit bigendian cells. The dimensions of the three arcsecond tiles are 1201 x 1201. The original SRTM elevations were calculated relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid and then the EGM96 geoid separation values were added to convert to heights relative to the geoid for all the released products.[5]

The elevation models derived from the SRTM data are used in geographic information systems. They can be downloaded freely over the Internet, and their file format (.hgt) is widely supported.

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission is an international project spearheaded by the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), an agency of the U.S. Department of Defense, and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA transferred the SRTM payload to the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in 2003; the canister, mast, and antenna are now on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.[6]

Versions

The USGS SRTM data is based on NASA's SIR-C instrument. It is available in at the following versions:

  • Version 1 (2003-2004) is almost the raw data.[7]
  • Version 2.1 (~2005) is an edited version of v1. Artifacts are removed, but voids are not yet filled. There are 1-arcsecond data over the US.[8]
  • Version 3 (2013), also known as SRTM Plus, is void-filled with ASTER GDEM and USGS GMTED2010. This release is available in global 1-arcsecond (30 meter) resolution since 2014.

The SRTM also carries the X-SAR instrument operated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Italian Space Agency (ASI). The resulting dataset is usually called SRTM/X-SAR, or SRTMX for short. The grid resolution is high at 25 meters, but it has many gaps. The data was made public in May 2011.[9][10]

The terminology regarding versions and resolutions can be confusing. "SRTM1" and "SRTM3" refers to the resolutions in 1 and 3 arc-seconds, not the versions of the format. On the other hand, "SRTM4.1" refers to a specific filled version by CGIAR-CSI. It is recommended to add a "v" in front of the version number to disambiguate.

No-data areas

SRTM void filling with spline interpolation in GRASS GIS.

The elevation datasets are affected by mountain and desert no-data areas. These amount to no more than 0.2% of the total area surveyed,[11] but can be a problem in areas of very high relief. They affect all summits over 8,000 meters, most summits over 7,000 meters, many Alpine and similar summits and ridges, and many gorges and canyons. There are some SRTM data sources which have filled these data voids, but some of these have used only interpolation from surrounding data, and may therefore be very inaccurate. If the voids are large, or completely cover summit or ridge areas, no interpolation algorithms will give satisfactory results.

Void-filled SRTM datasets

Relief map of Sierra Nevada, Spain
Example of relief map from SRTM1 (central Nevada)

Groups of scientists have worked on algorithms to fill the voids of the original SRTM (v2.1) data. Three datasets offer global coverage void-filled SRTM data at full (3-arcsecond) resolution:

  • The CGIAR-CSI version 4 provides the best global coverage using interpolation.[12]
  • The USGS HydroSHEDS dataset was generated for hydrological applications and is suitable for consistent drainage and water flow information. References are provided[13] on the algorithms used and quality assessment.[14]
  • The void-filled SRTM data from Viewfinder Panoramas by Jonathan de Ferranti[15] are high quality at full SRTM resolution. The data is filled using local survey maps and photographs. The OpenTopoMap website uses this fill. It has been partially updated for the 1-arcsecond release in the US.

In November 2013, LP DAAC released[16] the NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Version 3.0 (SRTM Plus) Product collection with all voids eliminated. Voids were filled primarily from ASTER GDEM2, and secondarily from USGS GMTED2010 – or USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) for the United States (except Alaska) and northernmost Mexico according to the announcement.

Highest Resolution Global Release

1-arc second global digital elevation model (30 meters) is available from the United States Geological Survey web site.[17] The United States Government announced on September 23, 2014 over a United Nations Climate Summit that the highest possible resolution of global topographic data derived from the SRTM mission will be released to public.[18] Before the end of the same year, a 1-arc second global digital elevation model (30 meters) was released. Most parts of the world have been covered by this dataset ranging from 54°S to 60°N latitude except for the Middle East and North Africa area.[17] Missing coverage of the Middle East was completed in August 2015.[19]

Users

In early June 2011, there were 750,000 confirmed users of SRTM topography dataset. Users in 221 countries have accessed the site.[20]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Shuttle Radar Topography Mission: Mission to Map the World". Archived from the original on 2008-08-23. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Nikolakopoulos, K. G.; Kamaratakis, E. K; Chrysoulakis, N. (10 November 2006). "SRTM vs ASTER elevation products. Comparison for two regions in Crete, Greece" (PDF). International Journal of Remote Sensing. 27 (21): 4819–4838. Bibcode:2006IJRS...27.4819N. doi:10.1080/01431160600835853. ISSN 0143-1161. S2CID 1939968. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
  3. ↑ "NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Version 3.0 Global 1 arc second Data Released over Asia and Australia Version 1.0". Archived from the original on 2017-05-13.
  4. ↑ "SRTM-derived 1 Second Digital Elevation Models Version 1.0". Archived from the original on 2012-02-28.
  5. ↑ Hirt, C.; Filmer, M.S.; Featherstone, W.E. (2010). "Comparison and validation of recent freely-available ASTER-GDEM ver1, SRTM ver4.1 and GEODATA DEM-9S ver3 digital elevation models over Australia". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 57 (3): 337–347. Bibcode:2010AuJES..57..337H. doi:10.1080/08120091003677553. hdl:20.500.11937/43846. S2CID 140651372. Archived from the original on May 3, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Cannister/Mast, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Payload". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  7. ↑ "What's new". USGS Data Distribution Service. Archived from the original on 2016-12-30.
  8. ↑ Farr, Tom G.; Rosen, Paul A.; Caro, Edward; Crippen, Robert; Duren, Riley; Hensley, Scott; Kobrick, Michael; Paller, Mimi; Rodriguez, Ernesto; Roth, Ladislav; Seal, David; Shaffer, Scott; Shimada, Joanne; Umland, Jeffrey; Werner, Marian; Oskin, Michael; Burbank, Douglas; Alsdorf, Douglas (2007). "The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission". Reviews of Geophysics. 45 (2): RG2004. Bibcode:2007RvGeo..45.2004F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.102.9372. doi:10.1029/2005RG000183. S2CID 140735782.
  9. ↑ "SRTM X-SAR - Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 10° Mosaics - Global". European Data Portal. Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  10. ↑ "SRTM". DLR - Earth Observation Center. Archived from the original on 2018-05-20. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  11. ↑ Reuter H.I, A. Nelson, A. Jarvis, 2007, An evaluation of void filling interpolation methods for SRTM data, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21:9, 983–1008 – 'the ‘finished’ grade version of the data (also referred to as Version 2) still contains data voids (some 836,000 km^2)'; 836,000 is 0.164% of the Earth's 5.1×10^8 km^2 surface
  12. ↑ "SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Data". Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. 19 August 2008. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  13. ↑ "USGS HydroSHEDS References". United States Geological Survey. 5 September 2010. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  14. ↑ "USGS HydroSHEDS". United States Geological Survey. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  15. ↑ "DIGITAL ELEVATION DATA". Viewfinder Panoramas. Archived from the original on 10 December 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  16. ↑ "NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Version 3.0 (SRTM Plus) Product Release". United States Geological Survey. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  17. 1 2 "USGS Earth Explorer". USGS-EarthExplorer. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  18. ↑ "U.S. Releases Enhanced Shuttle Land Elevation Data". JPL-Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Archived from the original on 23 August 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  19. ↑ "NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Global 1 arc second Data Released Over the Middle East - LP DAAC :: NASA Land Data Products and Services". lpdaac.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-09-13.
  20. ↑ "DAPA's SRTM topography data reaches 750,000 users | DAPA". Archived from the original on 2011-08-19. Retrieved 2011-06-24.

References

Further reading

  • Li, P.; Li, Z.; Muller, J.-P.; Shi, C.; Liu, J. (November 2016). "A new quality validation of global digital elevation models freely available in China". Survey Review. 48 (351): 409–420. doi:10.1179/1752270615Y.0000000039. S2CID 129792781.
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