Sir Joseph Banks Group
Stickney Island
Sir Joseph Banks Group is located in South Australia
Sir Joseph Banks Group
Sir Joseph Banks Group
Geography
LocationSpencer Gulf
Coordinates34°35′38″S 136°17′57″E / 34.59389°S 136.29917°E / -34.59389; 136.29917
Total islands21
Major islandsDangerous Reef, Reevesby Island, Spilsby Island
Administration
Australia

The Sir Joseph Banks Group is an archipelago in the Australian state of South Australia located in Spencer Gulf about 20 kilometres (12 mi) off the eastern coast of the Eyre Peninsula. It consists of 21 islands of which eighteen are in the Sir Joseph Banks Group Conservation Park while the surrounding waters are in the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park. It is considered to be an important seabird breeding site.

Description

The islands are low-lying, with the highest point on Spilsby of about 50 metres (160 feet) They consist mainly of a granite base beneath limestone and are usually capped with calcrete or sandy soil. Reevesby and Spilsby are the largest islands in the group. Spilsby Island is privately owned and continues to be grazed by sheep, as well as holding a few holiday cottages.[1]

Islands

The group consists of the following islands:[2][3]

One of the islands was known by the alternative name, Milne Island, in the 19th century.[4]

Access

Visits to the islands are only possible by boat, with the closest mainland access point being the coastal town of Tumby Bay, 22 kilometres (14 miles) to the north-west. Some islands are not open to the general public because of their environmental sensitivity.

History

There is no evidence to indicate usage by Indigenous Australians in prehistoric times.[5] It is unknown if anyone ever set foot on the islands prior to the first confirmed European discovery in 1802.[5] The islands were named by Matthew Flinders on 23 February 1802 on his voyage of exploration in HMS Investigator. The group is named after Sir Joseph Banks, who was a sponsor of the Investigator voyage.[6] Many islands in the group are named after places in Flinders and Banks' home county of Lincolnshire, England. The name of Reevesby Island allegedly honors Banks' country residence, Revesby Abbey,[7] though the spelling is inconsistent. Kirkby Island is named after the then president of the Royal Society.[8] The nearest major population centre to the islands is Port Lincoln, the name of which also refers to Flinders and Banks' Lincolnshire connection.

Some of the group's islands were grazed in the 1800s, including Spilsby Island, where a man called J. Sawyer, his wife and children lived with about 800 sheep.[9] In 1869, leases on islands in the group were offered for a seven year term.[10] Sawyer held leases on multiple islands from 1871 until 1884.[11] The lease was later held by the Scruby family, who also leased Stickney Island. In 1885, leases were offered on Langton, Spilsby, Sibsey and Stickney islands.[12] Sawyer secured the leases on Langton and Stickney islands, while Spilsby Island was let to two men: Bishop and Wetherstone, and Sibsey Island was let to C. A. Oldham.[13]

In the early 20th century, guano was quarried at Marum Island by the Spencer Gulf Fertilizer Company. The company also quarried guano from the Bicker Isles in Boston Bay.[14]

Two-way radio communications with Reevesby Island were made possible in 1941. At this time, Reevesby Island was owned by Mr C. Darling and its administration was left to Mrs. R. Adams.[15]

In 1949, Reevesby Island and several other islands in the Sir Joseph Banks Group were listed for private sale. The lot represented 2,000 acres of property in total, spread over the group.[16]

Blyth Island, Boucaut Island, Duffield Island, English Island and Sibsey Island obtained protected area status as fauna conservation reserves declared under the Crown Lands Act 1929-1966 on 16 March 1967.[17]

Shipwrecks and groundings

In 1847, the Governor Gawler was shipwrecked at the group[18] after striking a submerged rock. The crew made it to Reevesby Island, and items of value were salvaged from the vessel before it sank.[19] She lies south-southwest of Hareby Island.[18]

In 1891, the iron-hulled ship Theophane ran aground on one of the islands.[20] All twenty-six people aboard were saved. The ship had departed from Port Pirie and was bound for Newcastle.[21] Theophane was towed to Port Lincoln several days later with a piece of rock stuck in her hull.[22]

The fishing cutter Edith was wrecked near Spilsby Island in 1897. There were no deaths.[23] She lies off Spilsby Island's south-western shore.[24]

In 1899, a vessel ran aground or was wrecked on Buffalo Reef.[25]

In September 1903, the fishing cutter Jessica was wrecked and its crew found a week later on Stickney Island. They had survived on fish and no other provisions.[26]

In 1920 the ketch Ina was stranded at Sibsey Island.[27]

The ketch Eleanor ran aground on reef near Kirkby Island in 1930 and was abandoned there. It was carrying a cargo of wheat from Port Neill enroute for Port Lincoln at the time.[28]

Flora and fauna

Lithographic illustration of a white-faced storm petrel standing
The group is an important breeding site for white-faced storm petrels…
Cape Barren goose standing
…and Cape Barren geese.

Most islands are vegetated with low shrubland dominated by nitre bush or African boxthorn. Some support tall shrubland dominated by coastal boobialla or coastal daisybush. Areas of sandy loam may support marsh saltbush. The larger islands retain patches of woodland. Islands previously used for grazing sheep have introduced grasses and burr medick.[1]

As well as the native death adders, tiger snakes, and several species of lizard including goannas, many of the islands have introduced mammals such as feral cats, house mice or chinchilla rabbits. The archipelago has Australian sea lion breeding colonies. Greater stick-nest rats were reintroduced to Reevesby Island in 1990/91,[1] and black tiger snakes were abundant there in 1937.[29] Chinchilla rabbits were introduced to Spilsby Island as a business venture which failed and was then abandoned.[30]

A 1940 account of wildlife of the island group states:

"There are... many penguins, quail, fairy-terns and other sea-birds on the islands. Cape Barren geese breed there in great numbers and the majority of Cape Barren geese in the Adelaide Zoo came from these islands. Along the beaches I found many beautiful shells, some no bigger than a threepenny bit, and others as large as a small dinner plate, and many varieties of seaweed spread over the seafloor."[31]

During a 1941 demonstration of the two-way radio system which allowed conversations between Reevesby Island and the mainland for the first time, resident Mrs R. Adams described hundreds of Cape Barren geese nesting on the island, swimming with a seal and said that there was a large penguin burrow under a windmill. She also recounted an occasion when saw a group of five whales at once from the island.[15]

In 1926, Spilsby Island supported thousands of terns and "numbers of" little penguins. The observers noted the southern end of Reevesby Island was a roost for mutton-birds and rock parrots.

In 1926, English Island was described as "teeming" with seals and thousands of breeding cormorants. Each nest contained one, two or three pale greenish eggs.[32] Australian sealions were present at Kirby Island as observed by Matthew Flinders in 1802[8] and by others at English Island in 1935,[33] 1937.[29] and 1940.[31]

In 1937, the McCoy Society made an expedition to the Sir Joseph Banks group, collecting specimens, taking photographs and making film recordings. A large colony of terns was discovered on Kirkby Island and a "huge colony" of fairy terns on Langton Island.[29] The Kirby Island observation was of a "very numerous colony" of the Caspian tern. Motion-picture film recordings of the tern colony were made.[34]

Little penguin colonies

Penguins were noted by Robert Cock on a visit to the islands in 1839. He noted "plenty" of little penguin, Cape Barren geese and other birds.[35]

A holiday-maker visiting the Sir Joseph Banks group in 1923 noted the presence of little penguins, commenting that "On every island there are hundreds of nests,or rather roosts, of the fairy penguins, with their meek faces poking up under the barest shelter."[36] Little penguins were also observed by field naturalists of the McCoy Society who visited the islands in 1936.[37] In 1939 an observer noted that the penguins were not as numerous in the Banks Group as they were on some islands outside of Spencer Gulf.[38]

Coarse mapping of breeding sites of Little penguins occurred during a 1996 survey of South Australia's offshore islands. It suggested that sites were widely distributed around the Group, potentially occurring on all islands.[39]

As of 2011, several penguin colonies in the group are believed to be in decline.[40]

Spilsby Island

As of June 2011, the colony of little penguins on Spilsby Island is believed to be in decline.[40] "Numbers of" little penguins were present on the island in 1926.[32] In 1935, the population was described by a visitor: "All around the shores of Spilsby the quaint, pretty little fairy penguins have their burrows. Sitting bolt upright, their short, hair-like plumage dark blue, with white fronts, they look at human beings with eyes which hold no fear, only a mild wonder at the appearance of the intruder. You can walk among them: they do not move, except to follow you with their eyes."[41] In 2006, the Spilsby Island population was estimated at 2000-3000 birds. In 2010 the population was estimated to be less than 100 birds. In 2011, the population was described as "few". Landholders and conservation groups report that numbers in Spencer Gulf have crashed since the early 2000s.[40]

Reevesby Island

Little penguins have been recorded on Reevesby Island. In 1907, the colony was mentioned by Douglas Mawson from the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: "The cavities in the limestone, which have been hollowed out by the sea, were found to contain a very large number of penguins."[42] A little penguin burrow had been dug under a windmill on Reevesby Island in 1941.[15] In 2009 the population was estimated to be 1,857 breeding birds. The colony is believed to be in decline, based on unpublished data and declining results of pitfall trap surveys.[40]

Sibsey Island

In 1916, three men became marooned on Sibsey Island. They survived for twelve days on a diet of penguins and penguin eggs.[43] In 2004, there were "few" penguins recorded on Sibsey Island.[40]

Protected area status

Statutory reserves

Eighteen of the islands within the group are in the Sir Joseph Banks Group Conservation Park with the waters surrounding the islands are protected by the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park.

Non-statutory arrangements

Important Bird Area

The archipelago has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) known as the Sir Joseph Banks Group Important Bird Area because it supports over 1% of the world populations of white-faced storm petrels (with up to about 180,000 breeding pairs), Cape Barren geese (up to about 1200 individuals), black-faced cormorants (from 3000 to 5000 breeding pairs), and, probably, of Pacific gulls.[44] Other seabirds which breed in the archipelago include little penguins, silver gulls and greater crested terns. Fairy terns, eastern reef egrets,[1] rock parrots and muttonbirds have also been recorded.[32]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Important Bird Areas factsheet: Sir Joseph Banks Islands (sic)". BirdLife International. 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
  2. ↑ Robinson, A. C.; Canty, P.; Mooney, T.; Rudduck, P. (1996). "South Australia's offshore islands" (PDF). Australian Heritage Commission. pp. 253–272. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  3. ↑ South Australia. Department of Marine and Harbors (1985), The Waters of South Australia a series of charts, sailing notes and coastal photographs, Dept. of Marine and Harbors, South Australia, pp. Chart 31, ISBN 978-0-7243-7603-2
  4. ↑ "GOVERNMENT LAND SALES". South Australian Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1858 - 1889). 31 January 1885. p. 6. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  5. 1 2 Robinson, Tony; Canty, Peter; Mooney, Trish; Rudduck, Penny (1996). South Australia's Offshore Islands (PDF). South Australia: Commonwealth of Australia and Department of Environment and Natural Resources South Australia. ISBN 0-644-35011-3. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  6. ↑ Flinders, Matthew (1966) [1814]. A Voyage to Terra Australis : undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner; with an account of the shipwreck of the Porpoise, arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island (Facsimile ed.). Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia. p. 234. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
  7. ↑ "THE SCIENCE CONGRESS". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931). 11 January 1907. p. 7. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  8. 1 2 "THE DISCOVERERS OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA". South Australian Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1858 - 1889). 18 August 1885. p. 5. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  9. ↑ "MISCELLANEOUS". South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900). 24 March 1877. p. 5. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  10. ↑ "THE NEW PASTORAL LEASES". South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900). 19 November 1869. p. 2. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  11. ↑ "The Meek". South Australian Weekly Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1881 - 1889). 15 September 1888. p. 11. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  12. ↑ "Agriculture, &c". South Australian Weekly Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1881 - 1889). 10 January 1885. p. 13. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  13. ↑ "GOVERNMENT LAND SALES". Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904). 31 January 1885. p. 32. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  14. ↑ "GUANO ISLANDS IN SPENCER GULF". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931). 21 July 1909. p. 5. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  15. 1 2 3 "Wireless Telephony". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 10 July 1941. p. 2. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  16. ↑ "Advertising". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 20 October 1949. p. 4. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  17. ↑ "CROWN LANDS ACT, 1929-1966: FAUNA CONSERVATION RESERVES DEDICATED" (PDF). THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT GAZETTE. Government of South Australia. 16 March 1967. pp. 961–962. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  18. 1 2 "SOUTH-EASTERN NOTES.—No. I." Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904). 8 April 1871. p. 10. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  19. ↑ "Local News". South Australian (Adelaide, SA : 1844 - 1851). 17 August 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  20. ↑ "WRECK OF THE THEOPHANE". Evening Journal (Adelaide, SA : 1869 - 1912). 3 August 1891. p. 3. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  21. ↑ "WRECK OF THE THEOPHANE". South Australian Register (Adelaide, SA : 1839 - 1900). 3 August 1891. p. 5. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  22. ↑ "THEOPHANE AFLOAT". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate (NSW : 1876 - 1954). 22 August 1891. p. 4. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  23. ↑ "A Marine Casualty". Evening Journal (Adelaide, SA : 1869 - 1912). 11 August 1897. p. 2. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  24. ↑ "SAPPA the South Australian Property and Planning Atlas". sappa.plan.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  25. ↑ "WRECK NEAR PORT LINCOLN". Adelaide Observer (SA : 1843 - 1904). 16 September 1899. p. 31. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  26. ↑ "THE MISSING PORT LINCOLN BOAT". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889 - 1931). 9 September 1903. p. 7. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  27. ↑ "A WRECK RECORD". Observer (Adelaide, SA : 1905 - 1931). 3 January 1920. p. 31. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  28. ↑ "Ketch Eleanor Stranded on Reef". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 21 February 1930. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  29. 1 2 3 "SIR JOSEPH BANKS ISLANDS". Sydney Mail (NSW : 1912 - 1938). 10 March 1937. p. 41. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  30. ↑ "A CRUISE AMONG THE ISLANDS OF LOWER SPENCER GULF". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 30 January 1936. p. 51. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  31. 1 2 "Among The Quail And "Fairy Terns" Near Port Lincoln". Chronicle (Adelaide, SA : 1895 - 1954). 14 March 1940. p. 62. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  32. 1 2 3 "ANOTHER HOLIDAY CRUISE". Saturday Journal (Adelaide, SA : 1923 - 1929). 27 February 1926. p. 5. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  33. ↑ "Seeing The Islands Of the S.A. Coast". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954). 13 April 1935. p. 9. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  34. ↑ "RARE FILMS OF BIRD LIFE". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954). 1 January 1937. p. 11. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  35. ↑ "ROBERT COCK'S". Eyre's Peninsula Tribune (Cowell, SA : 1910 - 1950). 20 May 1937. p. 3. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  36. ↑ "Victorian's Discovery. Attractions in South Australia. Spencer's Gulf for a Holiday." The Register, South Australia (1923-02-27).
  37. ↑ "26 Dec 1936, Page 15 - The Age at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  38. ↑ "Port Lincoln's Islands—Sir Joseph Bank's Group". Port Lincoln Times (SA : 1927 - 1954). 24 February 1939. p. 7. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  39. ↑ Robinson, Tony; Canty, Peter; Mooney, Trish; Rudduck, Penny (1996). South Australia's Offshore Islands (PDF). South Australia: Resource Management Branch, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, South Australia. ISBN 0-644-35011-3.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 Wiebken, Annelise "Conservation management priorities for little penguin populations in Gulf St Vincent" Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine SARDI (2011-06). Retrieved 2014-02-12.
  41. ↑ Lindsay, H. A. "Seeing the islands of the SA coast" The Advertiser, South Australia (1935-04-13)
  42. ↑ "A Scientific Cruise. Return of the Governor Musgrave. A week among the islands." The Advertiser, South Australia (1907-01-19). Retrieved 2014-03-14.
  43. ↑ "Marooned for 12 Days: Three Men on an Island". The Advertiser. Vol. LIX, no. 18, 028. South Australia. 25 July 1916. p. 8. Retrieved 5 May 2022 – via National Library of Australia.
  44. ↑ "IBA: Sir Joseph Banks Islands". Birdata. Birds Australia. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
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