China is the world's largest consumer of electricity, and its demand is expected to double by the next decade , and triple by 2035. In 2010, 70 percent of the country's electricity generation came from coal-fired power plants, but the Chinese government is investing heavily in renewable energy technologies. As of 2013, 21 percent of China's electricity generation comes from renewable sources.[1] This represents only 9 percent of overall primary energy consumption in the country. China's latest goal is to increase renewable energy to 9.5 percent of overall primary energy use by 2015. To implement China's new clean energy capacity into the national power grid, and to improve the reliability of the country's existing infrastructure, requires significant upgrades and ultimately, a smart grid.[2]

Electricity production in China till 2005

A smart grid differs from a conventional power grid in that it includes a system of information and communication technologies to bidirectionally transmit and distribute electricity more efficiently and reliably. Additionally, this technology allows consumers to manage their power usage and make choices for economically efficient products and services. China's national utility, the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), is responsible for the oversight of these upgrades.

History

China's national utility, the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), announced plans to invest $250 billion in electric power infrastructure upgrades over the next five years, of which $45 billion is earmarked for smart grid technologies. Another $240 billion between 2016 and 2020 will be added to complete the smart grid project. .[3]

5-year plan

2009–2010 –Phase 1 – Planning and Pilot Projects Phase

• Set technical and management standards

• Develop technology and equipment

• Set development plans and initiate pilot projects

• Specifically, in 2010, China plans

to start construction on the "Two Vertical, Two Horizontal" plan and reach interregional transmission capability of 12.9 GW by the end of the year.

2011–2015– Phase 2 – Comprehensive Construction Phase

• Construct UHV grid and urban-rural distribution grid

• Construct smart grid operation/control and interactive service system

• Key technological breakthroughs and their applications

• By 2015, UHV and other intra-regional transmission capacity will be 240 GW. Distribution and power provision will reach a reliability rate of 99.915% or higher in the cities and 99.73% or higher in rural areas. Smart meters will be in widespread use and EV charging stations will have been deployed in numbers that will satisfy demand

2016–2020– Phase 3 – Leadership Phase

• Complete a strong, smart grid

• Become world leaders in management, technology and equipment

• By 2020, UHV and other intra-regional transmission capacity will reach 400 GW, enough to connect all planned coal, hydro, nuclear and wind power to areas with high demand

Technology

Smart meters

During 2011 SGCC took bids for 44 million smart meter units. In total, 65 companies received bids for smart meters from SGCC. The total smart meter market in China is estimated to be 330 million smart meter units worth approximately US$7.7 billion. By 2011, SGCC had deployed 45 million smart meter units. All SGCC users are expected to be equipped with smart meters by 2014.[4]

Top 10 smart meter bid winners in the first four biddings of SGCC, 2011[5]

  1. Jiangsu Linyang Electronics Co., Ltd 6.48%
  2. Waision Group Holdings Limited 6.07%
  3. Shenzhen Clou Electronics Co., Ltd. 5.95%
  4. Nigbo Sanxing Electric Co., Ltd. 5.54%
  5. Holley Metering Limited 4.14%
  6. Ningxia LGG Instrument Co., Ltd. 3.89%
  7. Hangzhou Hexing Electrical Co., Ltd. 3.85%
  8. Shenzhen Haoningda Meters Co., Ltd. 3.70%
  9. Shenzhen Kaifa Technology Co., Ltd. 3.63%
  10. Shenzhen Techrise Electronics Co., Ltd. 3.12%

Battery energy storage station

In December 2011 construction on battery energy storage station residing in Zhangbei, Hebei Province was completed by BYD and SGCC. The storage station is capable of storing 36 MWh of energy in a series of lithium iron-phosphate batteries approximately the size of a football field. Designed to be implemented in conjunction with a 140 MW expansion of renewable energy (solar and wind), this project is worth over US$500 million.[6][7]

Digital substations

The first digital substation was built in China in 2006. By 2009 China had implemented more than 70 digital substations.[8] The implementation of digital substations is critical to the smart grid because of it allows for processing of energy generated from conventional and renewable sources, protects the grid from attack, and communicates with the rest of the grid.

Flexible power transmission

For flexible power transmission in the grid, substantial infrastructure upgrades must be made to the existing power grid. This is primarily being done by upgrading the existing power grid to a system capable of transmitting ultra high voltage AC and ultra high voltage DC power. Over half of China's investment in flexible power transmission is in the form of static VAR compensators or SVCs. In 2009, SGCC announced its plan to invest approximately 88 billion dollars in ultra high voltage equipment.[8][9]

Electric vehicle charging equipment

In August 2009 SGCC established its first commercially available electric vehicle charging station, the Caoxi Electrical Vehicle Charging Station. As of 2010,

76 electric vehicle charging stations have been built in 41 Chinese cities. Continued investment in electric car infrastructure reflects the country's goal of having 500,000 electric, hybrid and fuel-cell vehicles on the road by 2015 and 5 million by 2020,.[8][10]

Charging Stations by City as of 2010[11]
CityCharging StationsCityCharging Stations
Shanghai6Changchung1
Beijing5Hangzhou1
Tianjin5Suzhou1
Jinan5Wuxi1
Nanjing5Xiamen1
Dalian4Changsha1
Hefei4Zhengzhou1
Xi'an4Guangzhou1
Harbin3Chongqing1
Chengdu3Kunming1
Nanchang2Lanzhou1
Wuhan2Taiyuan1
Shenzhen2Yinchuan1

Deployments

In September 2011, SGCC announced plans to invest $250 billion in electric power infrastructure upgrades over the next five years, of which $45 billion is earmarked for smart grid technologies. Another $240 billion between 2016 and 2020 will be added to complete the smart grid project.[12]

Pilot Programs

Automated Demand Response (ADR) Diagram

In 2012, China's Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA) signed an agreement with the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) to deploy its first demand response pilot project.[13] Honeywell was selected in 2011 to develop the smart grid project and implement its automated demand response (ADR) technology to temporarily decrease energy use in commercial and industrial facilities. The reduction is triggered when citywide consumption peaks and threatens to outpace the ability to produce power, which creates instability, and the potential for brownouts and blackouts. The project is part of a grant agreement between the State Grid Electric Power Research Institute (SGEPRI), a subsidiary of State Grid Corporation of China, and the USTDA.

Auto DR looks at energy use as a dynamic variable in balancing supply and demand. Implementation of the Honeywell pilot project gave SGCC the latest technologies and perspective on how to realize the benefits of demand response. China is the World's largest Transmission and Distribution market with capital expenditures on power lines growing at an annual rate of 15 to 20 percent until 2018.[14] With this level of investment, US companies can test and commercialize the technology in China at a faster and larger scale than in other parts of the World, including developed countries.

The agencies involved in the ADR pilot deemed it a success and the technology is now being implemented in other parts of China, including Shanghai. The results of the program showed that "the industrial site’s load reduction varied with the production schedule. The site saw a reduction of 7.7 percent during full production periods. When not operating at full production, the site’s demand response shed capacity increased more than 30 percent. The two commercial buildings provided a more stable and consistent load shed response, shedding between 15 and 20 percent."[15]

Other Deployments

According to the Chinese authorities a strong and robust smart grid market would total $20 billion annually by 2015. Rolling out Ultra-High Voltage (UHV) transmission systems would account for more than 60% of that market, while smart meters and wind power connectivity could reach $2 billion and $800 million annually respectively.

SGCC has implemented these smart grid technologies in areas such as Liangjiang, with the project there passing inspection in Q3 of 2014.[16] It currently comprises one 220 kV substation and seven 110 kV substations. SGCC also launched the first UHV power grid in Tianjin in November 2014. The project calls for 290 transmission towers to be built, with 22 of those already constructed. Tianjin currently imports 20 percent of its electricity, and this project will increase that total to 30 percent with an estimated additional capacity of 5 million KW. Tianjin's maximum voltage will also double, from 500 kV to 1000 kV, all while reducing coal consumption by 9 million tons, as well as reducing carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide emissions.[17]

In March 2014, the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP) approached SGCC for a technical partnership and expertise to help the Philippines in their smart grid pilot project in Antipolo.[18]

References

  1. ↑ "China: International energy data and analysis". US Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ↑ "China's Energy Consumption Rises the Wall Street Journal". Wall Street Journal. 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  3. ↑ "China Pours Money into Smart Grid Technology". Center for American Progress. 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  4. ↑ "China's smart meter market potential – 330m meters, $7.7bn". Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  5. ↑ "China Smart Meter Industry Report, 2011–2012". Research in China. 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  6. ↑ "Massive battery energy storage station kicks off in China". Gigaom. 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  7. ↑ "China & BYD Launch Largest Battery Energy Storage Station in World". CleanTechnica.com. 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 "Marketing Information". smart grid tec – china. 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  9. ↑ Li, Jerry (2009), From Strong to Smart: the Chinese Smart Grid and its relation with the Globe, AEPN, Article No. 0018602. Available at Researchgate or the author's personal page
  10. ↑ "China's largest electric car charging station opens in Beijing". xinhuannet. 2012. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  11. ↑ "China Electric Vehicle Charging Station Market Report,2010". Research in China. 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  12. ↑ Hart, Melanie (24 October 2011). "China Pours Money into Smart Grid Technology". Center for American Progress. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  13. ↑ "How a Chinese City Saved Millions in Energy Costs" (PDF).
  14. ↑ "Can the smart grid live up to its expectations?". Mckinsey news. 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  15. ↑ "How a Chinese City Saved Millions in Energy Costs" (PDF). paulsoninstitute.org. October 2014.
  16. ↑ "Liangjiang smart grid construction passes State Grid's inspection". China Daily. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  17. ↑ "First ultra-high voltage power grid launches in Tianjin". China Daily. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  18. ↑ Miraflor, Madelaine (25 March 2014). "China to help PH build smart grid". McClatchy - Tribune Business News. ProQuest 1509437587.
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