Toponymy

Recorded in the Domesday Book as Sudcote,^[1] Southcote has also been referred to as Sutcot, Sudcot, Sukote, Suthcot, Suthcote, Suthcotes,^[2] and Southcoat,^[3] with the present spelling entering usage in the 15th century.^[2] Alternative spellings of Southcot^[4] and Southcott^[5] have also been used.

The name "Southcote", comparable to that of neighbouring Norcot, originates from the Old English "suth cote",^[6] meaning "south[ern] cottage".^[7][8] It is likely that Circuit Lane, one of the primary roads into Southcote, derives its name from "Circourt Lane", a corruption of "Southcote Lane".^[7] A similar development of names occurred at Circourt Manor near Denchworth, Oxfordshire.^[7]

Early history

Lower Paleolithic and Palaeolithic materials have been recovered in various excavations in the Southcote area.^[9] An Iron Age occupation was located when houses were constructed in the 20th century.^[9] A Saxon urn was found in Southcote in 1924.^[10] The urn contained ashes and bone fragments, and was given to the Museum of Reading.^[11] A polished stone celt was also found in Southcote in 1926.^[12] An excavation of Southcote Manor in the 1960s uncovered many Roman, Romano-British and medieval artefacts such as sherds and pottery; a sample of the latter was discovered to have originated in Oxford in the 2nd century.^[13] Similarly, a Pannonian brooch and samian ware have been found in the area,^[14] and Roman pottery was found in the vicinity of the clay pits at Prospect Park Brick Works.^[10] Later inhabitation of Southcote was discovered at Anslow's Cottages south of the Kennet, where excavation suggests that a Bronze Age waterfront was made on a branch of the river.^[15] A 1991 report by the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England—now known as English Heritage—detailed the discovery of fragments of twined basketry at Anslow's Cottages, showing that eel or fish traps were used on the river near Southcote.^[16] Archaeological findings of timber structures adjacent to the trap suggest that it dated from the eight or ninth century.^[17] Later discoveries, made in the 1980s during gravel extraction in the area, also uncovered evidence of a landing stage or jetty on the river channel.^[18]

11th–15th century

The settlement of Southcote grew largely around the medieval house at Southcote Manor.^[19] Before the Norman Conquest, Southcote was held by Brictward—a Saxon landowner and priest^[19][20]—under Edward the Confessor.^[13] The settlement was documented in the Domesday Book as Sudcote with a total population of 13 households, consisting of five villagers and eight smallholders, though a manor house is not mentioned.^[1] At this time Southcote was mostly ploughlands, but had a mill and a fishery, and was valued at £5.^[1] The Lord of the Manor at the time was William de Braose, 1st Lord of Bramber.^[1] In the early 1200s a house was built and Southcote was owned by Henry Belet. This house had two moats, supplied with water by a channel from the nearby Holy Brook.^[19] Upon Henry's death the estate was inherited by his son Michael, who was cup-bearer to Henry II.^[21] In 1337, a grant of free warren was made to the Belet family for the manor.^[22]

In 1365 the manor and 13th-century moated house^[23] passed into the Restwold family, and it passed through marriage to the Drew family of Seagry, Wiltshire, then the Sambourne family.^[22] Margaret Sambourne, the heir to the manor, died in 1494 and an inquisition the following year suggested that she held the manor (then valued at £20) as a trustee on behalf of Hugh Kenepy.^[24] Around this time a brick house was built to replace the earlier dwelling.^[23][25] After the death of Sambourne's son, Drew, an inquisition reported in contradiction that the manor was held by the Abbot of Reading; in their work on the Berkshire section of Victoria County History, Peter Ditchfield and William Henry Page write that at this point "the correct tenure had evidently been lost".^[22] Through Drew Sambourne's granddaughter, Margaret, the manor passed through marriage to William Windsor, 2nd Baron Windsor. William's grandson, Henry (5th Baron Windsor), sold the manor to Anthony Blagrave by the early 16th century.^[22]

16th–19th century

The Blagrave family were wealthy landowners around Reading, and the manor passed down through the family (which included mathematician John Blagrave, who built a new house at Southcote);^[25] a lease document dated from 1596 suggests that the manor was divided between three Blagrave brothers.^[26] Daniel Blagrave, a cousin of John, inherited the manor on the latter's death in 1611. At the time of the English Civil War, during the siege of Reading in 1643, the Blagraves allowed Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex to use the manor as his headquarters.^[19] The Blagrave family, who were sympathetic to the Roundheads, are said to have hosted Oliver Cromwell, John Hampden and Robert Blake for a council of war in one of the house's oak panelled rooms.^[19][22] In January 1649, Daniel was one of the signatories of Charles I's death warrant.^[19][22]

In 1665 Elias Ashmole wrote to Mervyn Tuchet, 4th Earl of Castlehaven at "Southcote neere Redding".^[27] At some point that century the manor house was largely rebuilt and modernised; the existing 15th century guardhouse and vaulted well were retained.^[19] Come the Restoration in 1660 after the end of the war, Daniel fled from England and died in Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668.^[22] Southcote saw development with the opening of the Kennet Navigation in the 1720s, where the River Kennet was made navigable by vessels as far upstream as Newbury; industrialisation along the canal continued for the next century.

Throughout the 18th century the manor continued to pass through the Blagrave family, including John Blagrave MP. In 1778, Frances Blagrave married John Blagrave of Watchfield (Ditchfield and Page suggest that the couple were not related before marriage^[22]). In 1813, Daniel and Samuel Lysons wrote that the manor and mansion house were unoccupied but remained the property of the Blagrave family, who at that point resided at nearby Calcot Park.^[25] The same year, Calvespit House (near Calvespit Farm to the west of Southcote Manor) was renamed Southcott Lodge and incorporated into the estate.^[28] Between 1828 and 1850 the house was let to Charles and Frances Lutyens, whose son Charles was born at the house and who later fathered the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens.^[19]

Southcote was mentioned in Samuel Lewis's 1835 Topographical Dictionary of England. It was described as a tything within the parish of St Mary's, Reading, and had a population of 84.^[29]

Southcote Water Works (pictured in the 1970s) was built in the mid-19th century to pump water into Reading

In 1847, the Reading to Taunton branch of the Great Western Main Line was built through Southcote.^[30] The following year the Reading to Basingstoke line opened to the east of Southcote; the railways diverging at Southcote Junction. Two years later, in 1850, a water pumping station was built alongside the Kennet and Avon Canal at Southcote Lock.^[31] The facility, owned by the Reading Corporation, was connected to the Bath Road Reservoir (1.1 miles (1.8 km) north-east) and provided Reading with a source of water that originated upstream of any pollutants from the town.^[32][33][34]

In 1860 the occupant was Louisa Mundy, widow of Lieutenant Governor of Jersey Godfrey Mundy. Louisa was the niece of Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon, and lived at Southcote with her sons Herbert and Cyril.^[19] By this time, Southcote had expanded to a population of 87, with 14 houses. In his Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales, John Marius Wilson stated that the real property of Southcote was valued at £608.^[35]

After the Mundys' tenure, Southcote Manor was let to the Brisco (or Briscoe) family, who had made their money in slave trading and plantation ownership.^[23] The family were relatives of Hastings MP Musgrave Brisco and inheritors of the Pryce baronetcy. Along with one of his labourers, James Wastel^{[nb 1]} Brisco was taken to court in Reading in 1874, charged with the "assault with intent to ravish" a 13-year-old servant girl.^[36] During the trial, the Reading Observer reported that "several rumours were in circulation that a person connected with the case had committed suicide".^[23] Brisco supposedly used his wealth and social status to dissuade witnesses from testifying and the case was apparently abandoned.^[23]

Brisco was eccentric and wealthy, and added a ballroom to the building in 1891,^[37] replacing a timber chapel.^[19] He also began construction of the house's distinctive tower the same year but died before it was complete and building work was abandoned.^[19]

20th century

Southcote Park Estate, a private road community, was established in the 1930s

The manor of Southcote remained in the Blagrave family until the early 20th century, when it was owned by Henry Barry Blagrave. Henry died in 1927, though the manor house was demolished in 1921^[13][19][38] after lying empty following the death of Wastel Brisco and his wife Sarah in 1891 and 1901 respectively.^[23][39] In 1920 the house had been purchased by a contractor with intentions to demolish the site, though the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings organised a committee to attempt to raise money to save the house.^[40] The Sphere reported that the bricks and oak panelling were in demand and were likely removed for re-use before the building's demolition.^[41]

In 1908 Reading Central Goods railway station was opened on the Coley branch line diverting at Southcote Junction.^[42] During the first few decades of the 20th century, however, most of Southcote remained rural and undeveloped. An Ordnance Survey map of 1914 shows the majority of land as agricultural (farms and nurseries) with a number of gravel pits and smithies.^[31] The 1930s saw the construction of the Southcote Park Estate,^[43] a housing estate built on land inherited after the death of William Berkeley Monck of Coley Park.^[43][44] An Ordnance Survey map of 1938 shows greater provision for the population (as opposed to industry); some of the gravel pits no longer existed and Presentation College, a boys' school, had opened in two large Victorian buildings—Rotherfield Grange and Oakland Hall, the latter a suburban villa built in the 1870s.^[10][45][46] By the advent of World War II, Southcote had begun to experience urban sprawl from Reading and the land bordering the Great Western Railway had begun to be used for housing. Following the war, Denton's Field on the Bath Road^[47] in Southcote was used for celebratory events; Battle of Britain commemorative fêtes were held in September 1949 and 1950,^[47][48] and featured a performance by three Alsatians—Rocky, Lindy and Irma—to recognise their work in the war.^[48] Denton's Field gained reputation as a location for outdoor community events, and was comparable to places such as Caversham Park and Palmer Park.^[49]

In the 1950s, a huge building project centred around Coronation Square (named for the 1953 Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II^[50]) with hundreds of council houses^[51] built to satisfy post-war demand.^[52] The residents of many of these had moved from houses in central and east Reading that fell short of sanitation requirements of the Public Health Act 1875, were compulsorily purchased and later demolished.^[51][53]

The gatehouse at Southcote Manor stood until the 1960s, when a fire broke out.^[54] It was demolished by 1964 to make way for housing.^[13][19][55] Reading Central Goods station was closed in 1983, and with it the branch line from Southcote ceased to operate.^[42] Two years later the track bed and sleepers were removed.^[42]

The same decade a campaign was started to raise £1 million to save the decaying mansion in Prospect Park;^[56][57] in 1986 the building was described as "crumbling" and "likely to be demolished",^[58] though plans existed to convert the building into offices.^[59] In the 1990s, however, the building was renovated and re-opened as a restaurant.^[60]

In 2004, Presentation College went into administration.^[61] It was taken over by the Society of Licensed Victuallers and renamed The Elvian School.^[45] The school closed in 2010.^[45] Following its closure, Taylor Wimpey applied to build 193 new homes on the site, competing with a proposal by a community group (the West Reading Education Network) to reopen the site as a free school known as the WREN.^[62] The housing plan was rejected, but Taylor Wimpey then appealed to Reading Borough Council and submitted a revised plan for 120 homes, which left room for the school.^[62] The appeal was taken to the High Court, which ruled that the site should be used solely for education;^[63] the school opened for Year Seven pupils on 7 September 2015.^[64][65]

Local elections

Southcote forms an electoral ward of the Reading West constituency, and has three seats on Reading Borough Council. It is seen as a safe seat for the Labour Party; the Conservative Party last won a council seat in Southcote in 1987.^[66] The current three councillors are Debs Edwards, John Ennis and Matt Lawrence.^[67] The most recent election was held in 2016, which saw Edwards re-elected.^[68] The ward has seen three by-elections: in 2006, in 2014 when Lawrence was elected following Pete Ruhemann's death,^[69] and in 2016 when Lawrence resigned from councillorship.^[70][71] The seat, which was contested by candidates from Labour, the Liberal Democrats, the Green Party and the Conservatives,^[72] was held by the Labour party who gained 63.7% of votes.^[73]

Like all wards in Reading, the boundaries of Southcote ward were redrawn in 2004.^[74] The ward holds elections by thirds—three seats are available, and in three years in every four, one seat comes up for election.^[75]

Community government

Southcote has a number of action groups, including the Southcote Residents' Association (for general residents' interests),^[87] the Southcote Neighbourhood Action Group (for a police and council relations),^[88] and Southcote Globe (for environmental issues).^[89] Southcote Park Estate, a large area of semi-detached housing on unadopted roads built in 1933, has an elected volunteer committee.^[43]

Topography

Southcote is bordered to the south by the Holy Brook and the River Kennet; as such much of the land in the south of the area is floodplain.^[93] The proximity of Southcote to the river has led to flooding of roads and residences, particularly during the 2013–2014 United Kingdom winter floods.^[94] Flooding is exacerbated by the routes of the Holy Brook and railway line; the railway crosses the stream by bridges and culverts and in some locations the embankment acts as a bund, inhibiting the dissipation of floodwater.^[95] Similarly, a report by West Berkshire Council found that during the 2013–14 floods the single track road between the Holy Brook and the Kennet at Southcote Mill "acted as a barrier until the rising waters backing up in the flood plain fields finally breached".^[96] Network Rail's plans for electrification of the Great Western Main Line include provision for flood defences where the line is in proximity to the Holy Brook.^[97]

The elevation of Southcote ranges from almost 100 metres (330 ft) in the north-west extreme of the ward (SRTM data records this as 94 metres (308 ft), Ordnance Survey as 92 metres (302 ft)) to approximately 37 metres (121 ft) in the floodplains north and south of the Kennet.^[98][99]

Geology

The geology of Southcote includes the Reading Formation—rock strata in the Lambeth Group consisting of clay, silt and sand formed in the Palaeogene period.^[100] Bedrock in Southcote is also formed of chalk, with geological surveys also finding flint samples.^[101] A map produced by the Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1860 identifies the area as being predominantly Plastic Clay (now known as the Lambeth Group) and chalk north of the river, with flint and gravel samples typical of the Bagshot Formation south of the Kennet.^[102] More specifically, the 2000 survey showed different types of gravel, including Winter Hill (variably clayey and sandy),^[103] Lynch Hill (sand and gravel with lenses of silt, clay or peat),^[104] and head (a polymict deposit usually formed by periglacial solifluction or gelifluction).^[105][106] The survey also identified that much of the land south of the Kennet is "infilled" or "worked" ground;^[106] this area was formerly gravel pits and now used for leisure.^[107] The British Geological Survey defines infilled ground as "areas where the ground has been cut away then wholly or partially backfilled" and worked ground as "areas where the ground has been cut away such as quarries and road cuttings".^[108]

Built environment

Semi-detached and short terraced properties make up much of Southcote's housing

The settlement is concentrated to the south of the Bath Road (A4). Southcote consists substantially of planned post-war housing, much of which is Wates-constructed prefabricated housing.^[109][110] The majority of dwellings are semi-detached, which account for 37.7% of all residences.^[111] 29.1% of dwellings are flats, and 23.5% are terraces.^[111] Reading's first high-rise dwellings—three eight-storey tower blocks—were built in Southcote in the late 1950s.^[112][113] Home ownership in Southcote is 58.3%, which is average for the Reading area. Use of social housing is above the local average at 29.2%.^[111]

Southcote's main thoroughfare is Southcote Lane which runs east–west through the area, connecting Southcote to Fords Farm (to the west) and Coley (to the east). Southcote is centred around Coronation Square, an area of open grassland surrounded by community facilities and commercial premises. To the north of the Bath Road is Prospect Park, a large urban park surrounding the Mansion House. Development to the south of Southcote is restricted by the Holy Brook and the Great Western Main Line, and although the land is used for recreation,^[114] proposals are occasionally put forward to build housing on the floodplains.^[115] The land south of the railway line is subject to a Tree Preservation Order (TPO).^[116] This land is defined by Reading Borough Council as Southcote Meadows, and stretches from the Burghfield Road (near to the western boundary of Southcote) to Milkmaid's Bridge at the foot of Southcote Lock.^[117] Other parts of Southcote are subject to similar restrictions, including areas adjacent to (but north of) the railway embankment, trees lining the Kennet and Avon Canal west of Southcote Lock, and various individual sites.^[117]

Parks and open spaces

Prospect Park, one of the largest open spaces in Reading, is in Southcote Ward.^[90] Smaller parks such as Linear Park^[118] and Southcote Farm Lane playground^[119] are in the community. Coronation Square is a designated green space in the centre of Southcote.^[120]

Bordering Prospect Park is Devil's Dip, a former gravel and clay pit.^[121] The site is recognised by Reading Borough Council as an area of wildlife and historical interest,^[121] and examples of elm, walnut, ash, horse chestnut and sycamore trees grow there. Other flora found at the site include nettle, bramble and elder, with flowers such as lesser celandine, bluebells and Queen Anne's lace appearing in the spring.^[122] Peacock butterflies and various species of woodland bird are prevalent in the area.^[122]

Public services

Southcote is within Thames Valley Police's catchment, and is grouped as a neighbourhood with Norcot.^[151] Residents identified nuisance and illegal parking and excessive speed as of concern in the area, as well as the antisocial use of mini motos, quad bikes and motorcycles on the Kennet towpath.^[151][152] Measures to alleviate nuisance parking were introduced in early 2015 with a ban on parking on the road verge.^[153] In June 2015, signs were installed on the lane to Southcote Mill to warn motorcycle users of their prohibition on that right of way.^[154]

The majority of reported crime in Southcote is categorised as either violent or sexual attacks, where 46 incidents of this nature were reported in June 2015 within a 1-mile (1.6 km) radius of Coronation Square.^[155] The highest concentration of crime occurs near the service station on the A4 road.^[155] Neighbourhood liaison sessions (known as "Have Your Say" meetings) are held in Coronation Square.^[156]

A surgery, operated by the Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, is located at the junction of Circuit Lane and Southcote Lane. In late 2014 the practice was the subject of significant local media coverage when all five of the surgery's general practitioners resigned.^[157][158] Other NHS facilities in Southcote include Prospect Park Hospital (catering for in-patient mental health and psychiatric intensive care)^[159] and the Dutchess of Kent Hospice, which is also part of the Sue Ryder group.^[160] The NHS's North and West Reading Clinical Commissioning Group's headquarters is located in Southcote on the Bath Road.^[161]

Southcote has a number of council-funded community facilities, including a library,^[162] a community centre,^[163] and a children's centre.^[164] A number of community organisations, such as an elderly residents' social club,^[165] litter picking groups,^[89] and allotments^[166] are in existence in the area. Reading's RESCUE (Rivers and Environmental Spaces Clean-Up Event), a rural litter-picking initiative, operates periodically in the parks and along the tracks and towpaths in Southcote.^[167]

References