South American cougar
Cougar at Rio Doce State Park, Brazil

Near Threatened  (IUCN 3.1)[1] (Brazilian, Argentinian, Colombian and Peruvian population)

Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1)[2] (Chilean population)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Subfamily: Felinae
Genus: Puma
Species:
P. concolor
Subspecies:
P. c. concolor
Trinomial name
Puma concolor concolor
(Linnaeus, 1771)
Synonyms[3]
  • P. c. anthonyi (Nelson and Goldman, 1931)
  • P. c. acrocodia (Goldman, 1943)
  • P. c. araucanus (Osgood, 1943)
  • P. c. bangsi (Merriam, 1901)
  • P. c. borbensis (Nelson and Goldman, 1933)
  • P. c. cabrerae (Pocock, 1940)
  • P. c. capricornensis (Goldman, 1946)
  • P. c. greeni (Nelson and Goldman, 1931)
  • P. c. hudsonii (Marcelli, 1922; Cabrera, 1958)
  • P. c. incarum (Nelson and Goldman, 1929)
  • P. c. nigra (Jardine, 1834)
  • P. c. osgoodi (Nelson and Goldman, 1929)
  • P. c. patagonica (Merriam, 1901)
  • P. c. pearsoni (Thomas, 1901; Trouessart, 1904)
  • P. c. puma (Marcelli, 1922; Molina, 1782; Trouessart, 1904)
  • P. c. soasoaranna (Lesson, 1842)
  • P. c. sussuarana
  • P. c. soderstromii (Lönnberg, 1913)
  • P. c. suçuaçuara (Liais, 1872)
  • P. c. wavula (Lesson, 1842)

The South American cougar (Puma concolor concolor), also known as the Andean mountain lion[4] or puma,[5] is a cougar subspecies occurring in northern and western South America, from Colombia and Venezuela to Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.[6]

Taxonomy

Felis concolor was proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1771 for the cougar type specimen, which originated in French Guiana.[7] Since then, several cougar specimens from South America were described:[6]

As of 2017, these specimens are considered synonyms of P. c. concolor, the cougar subspecies occurring in South America.[6]

Behavior and ecology

A cougar in the Sierras Blancas, Argentina
A family with two cubs near the Salto Grande Waterfall on Lago Pehoé, in Torres del Paine National Park, the Magallenean-Patagonian part of Chile

The cougar preys on a variety of species based on its location, from birds, primates, vicuña, guanaco, deer, tapir, sloths, capybara, agouti, mara and other rodents, frogs, lizards, and the occasional domestic livestock, such as goats, poultry, cattle, llama and alpaca.[11] In the west and northwestern regions of South America, cougar will sometimes prey on spectacled bear cubs.[12] In San Guillermo National Park, the vicuña[5] is the cougar's main prey species, and constitutes about 80% of its diet. It also preys on guanaco, mice and hares, in the more southern extremes of its range.[13] It abandons kills when harassed by Andean condors, which causes them to kill 50% more prey than North American cougars.[14]

Cultural significance

Like the jaguar,[4] the cougar holds historical cultural significance amongst many South American indigenous people.[15] People in the Andes regard the puma as being either a snatcher of souls, or as a helper of people.[4] The cougar's name was used for Incan regions and people. The Chankas, who were enemies of the Incas, had the cougar as their deity.[16]

References

  1. ↑ "Puma concolor". iucnredlist.org.
  2. ↑ "Puma concolor". iucnredlist.org.
  3. ↑ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Subspecies Puma concolor concolor". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. 1 2 3 Strong, Mary (2012-05-01). "2: Andean Thinking". Art, Nature, and Religion in the Central Andes: Themes and Variations from Prehistory to the Present. Austin, Texas, the USA: The University of Texas Press. pp. 67–91. ISBN 978-0-2927-3571-2.
  5. 1 2 Lee, Jane J. (2014-12-06), Andean Pumas Bring National Park in Argentina Back to Life, The National Geographic, archived from the original on November 26, 2020, retrieved 2020-03-31
  6. 1 2 3 Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 33–34.
  7. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1771). "Felis concolor". Mantissa plantarum altera. Generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II. Regni animalis appendix. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 522.
  8. ↑ Molina G. I. (1782). Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chilli. Bologna: Stamperia di S. Tommaso d’Aquino.
  9. ↑ Pocock R. I. (1940). "Description of a new race of puma (Puma concolor), with a note on an abnormal tooth growth in the genus". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 11. 6: 307–313. doi:10.1080/03745481.1940.9723683.
  10. ↑ Goldman, E. A. (1946). "Classification of the races of the puma". In Young, S. P.; Goldman, E. A. (eds.). The Puma. Mysterious American cat. Washington D.C.: The American Wildlife Institute. pp. 175–302.
  11. ↑ Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Puma, Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771)" (PDF). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 131–137. ISBN 2-8317-0045-0.
  12. ↑ Servheen, C.; Herrero, S. & Peyton, B. (1999). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). Missoula, Montana: IUCN/SSC Bear Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0462-3.
  13. ↑ "The Study Subjects: Vicunas and Pumas Wildlife Ecology in San Guillermo National Park". University of Wyoming. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
  14. ↑ Elbroch, L. M.; Wittmer, H. U. (2013). "Nuisance Ecology: Do Scavenging Condors Exact Foraging Costs on Pumas in Patagonia?". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e53595. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...853595E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053595. PMC 3536754. PMID 23301093.
  15. ↑ Tarmo, K. "On the role of Creation and Origin Myths in the Development of Inca State and Religion". Electronic Journal of Folklore. Kait Realo (translator). Estonian Folklore Institute. Archived from the original on June 30, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  16. ↑ Berrin, K. (1997). The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson.


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