Soyuz-2 (2.1a / 2.1b / ST-A / ST-B)
A MetOp spacecraft ready for the launch atop a Soyuz-2.1a rocket.
FunctionOrbital launch vehicle
ManufacturerTsSKB-Progress (Samara) and Chemical Automatics Design Bureau (Voronezh) [1]
Country of originRussia
Cost per launchUS$80 million (Arianespace) US$35-48.5 million (Roscosmos) [2][3]
Size
Height46.3 m (152 ft) [4]
Diameter2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Mass312,000 kg (688,000 lb)
Stages2 or 3
Capacity
Payload to LEO[lower-alpha 1]
Mass2.1a: 7,020 kg (15,480 lb)
2.1b: 8,200 kg (18,100 lb) [4]
Payload to SSO[lower-alpha 2]
MassST-A: 4,230 kg (9,330 lb)
ST-B: 4,900 kg (10,800 lb) [5]
Payload to GTO[lower-alpha 3]
MassST-A: 2,810 kg (6,190 lb)
ST-B: 3,250 kg (7,170 lb) [5]
Payload to TLI [lower-alpha 4]
MassST-B: 2,350 kg (5,180 lb) [6]
Payload to GSO [lower-alpha 5]
MassST-B: 1,360 kg (3,000 lb) [6]
Associated rockets
FamilyR-7 (Soyuz)
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sites
Total launches170 (+1 suborbital) (2.1a: 72 (+1 suborbital), 2.1b: 87, 2.1v: 11)
Success(es)163 (+1 suborbital) (2.1a: 69 (+1 suborbital), 2.1b: 84, 2.1v: 10)
Failure(s)4 (2.1a: 2, 2.1b: 2, 2.1v: 0)
Partial failure(s)3 (2.1a: 1, 2.1b: 1, 2.1v: 1)
First flight
  • 2.1a: 8 November 2004
  • 2.1b: 27 December 2006
  • 2.1v: 28 December 2013
Last flight
  • 2.1a: Active
  • 2.1b: Active
  • 2.1v: Active
Type of passengers/cargo
Boosters – Blok-B, V, G, D [7]
No. boosters4
Height19.6 m (64 ft)
Diameter2.68 m (8 ft 10 in)
Empty mass3,784 kg (8,342 lb)
Gross mass44,413 kg (97,914 lb)
Propellant mass39,160 kg (86,330 lb)
Powered byRD-107A
Maximum thrustSea level: 839.48 kN (188,720 lbf)
Vacuum: 1,019.93 kN (229,290 lbf)
Specific impulseSea level: 263.3 s (2.582 km/s)
Vacuum: 320.2 s (3.140 km/s)
Burn time118 seconds
PropellantLOX / RP-1
First stage – Blok-A [7]
Height27.10 m (88.9 ft)
Diameter2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Empty mass6,545 kg (14,429 lb)
Gross mass99,765 kg (219,944 lb)
Propellant mass90,100 kg (198,600 lb)
Powered byRD-108A
Maximum thrustSea level: 792.41 kN (178,140 lbf)
Vacuum: 921.86 kN (207,240 lbf)
Specific impulseSea level: 257.7 s (2.527 km/s)
Vacuum: 320.6 s (3.144 km/s)
Burn time286 seconds
PropellantLOX / RP-1
Second stage – Blok-I [7]
Height6.70 m (22.0 ft)
Diameter2.66 m (8 ft 9 in)
Empty mass2,355 kg (5,192 lb)
Gross mass27,755 kg (61,189 lb)
Propellant mass25,400 kg (56,000 lb)
Powered by2.1a / STA: RD-0110
2.1b / STB: RD-0124
Maximum thrustRD-0110: 298 kN (67,000 lbf)
RD-0124: 294.3 kN (66,200 lbf)
Specific impulseRD-0110: 326 seconds
RD-0124: 359 seconds
Burn time270 seconds
PropellantLOX / RP-1
Upper stage (optional) – Fregat / Fregat-M / Fregat-MT [8]
Height1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
DiameterFregat / Fregat-M: 3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Fregat-MT: 3.80 m (12.5 ft)
Empty massFregat: 930 kg (2,050 lb)
Fregat-M: 980 kg (2,160 lb)
Fregat-MT: 1,050 kg (2,310 lb)
Propellant massFregat: 5,250 kg (11,570 lb)
Fregat-M: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb)
Fregat-MT: 7,100 kg (15,700 lb)
Powered byS5.92
Maximum thrust19.85 kN (4,460 lbf)
Specific impulse333.2 seconds
Burn time1100 seconds
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH
Upper stage (optional) – Volga[9]
Height1.025 m (3 ft 4.4 in)
Diameter3.2 m (10 ft)
Empty mass840 kg (1,850 lb)
Propellant mass300–900 kg (660–1,980 lb)
Powered by17D64[10]
Maximum thrust2.94 kN (660 lbf)
Specific impulse307 seconds
PropellantN2O4 / UDMH

Soyuz-2 (Russian: Союз-2, lit. 'Union-2c') (GRAU index 14A14) is a modernised version of the Soviet Soyuz rocket. In its basic form, it is a three-stage launch vehicle for placing payloads into low Earth orbit. Compared to the previous versions of the Soyuz, the first-stage boosters and two core stages feature uprated engines with improved injection systems. Digital flight control and telemetry systems allow the rocket to be launched from a fixed launch platform, whereas the launch platforms for earlier Soyuz rockets had to be rotated as the rocket could not perform a roll to change its heading in flight.

Soyuz-2 is often flown with an upper stage, which allows it to lift payloads into higher orbits, such as Molniya and geosynchronous orbits. The upper stage is equipped with independent flight control and telemetry systems from those used in the rest of the rocket. The NPO Lavochkin manufactured Fregat is the most commonly used upper stage.

Soyuz-2 rockets were first launched from Site 31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and Site 43 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, launch facilities shared with earlier R-7 derived rockets including the Soyuz-U and Molniya. Commercial Soyuz-2 flights are contracted by Starsem and have launched from Site 31 at Baikonur Cosmodrome and Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz (ELS), which has been built at the Centre Spatial Guyanais on the northern coast of South America. The Soyuz-2 version ST-B can deliver 3,250 kg (7,170 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) from this equatorial site.[5] In 2016, the new Vostochny Cosmodrome started operating Soyuz-2 flights as well, from its first launch pad called Vostochny Cosmodrome Site 1S.

The Soyuz-2 has replaced the Molniya-M, Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG since 2010, 2017 and 2019 respectively.[11][12][13] TsSKB-Progress halted production of Soyuz-U in April 2015; the final flight of a Soyuz-U rocket took place on 22 February 2017, carrying Progress MS-05 to the International Space Station (ISS). According to CNES officials interviewed in May 2018, launches of Soyuz from Centre Spatial Guyanais may be replaced by the Ariane 6 medium-lift version A62 in 2021,[14] but later moved back to 2022 or later.[15]

Variants

The Soyuz-2 family includes 2.1a, 2.1b, and 2.1v. The first two variants are modifications to the Soyuz-U launcher. The latter is a "light" version without side boosters. When launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais site, Soyuz-2 is always mated with the ST-type fairing; this version is called Soyuz-ST or Soyuz-STK, where additional "K" indicates special measures taken for preparing and launching the rocket in hot and humid conditions.

Soyuz-2.1a

The 2.1a version includes conversion from analog to digital flight control system, upgraded engines on the booster and a first stage with improved injection systems. The new digital flight control and telemetry systems allow the rocket to launch from a fixed rather than angled launch platform and adjust its heading in flight. A digital control system also enables the launch of larger commercial satellites with wider and longer payload fairings such as the ST-type fairing. These fairings introduce too much aerodynamic instability for the old analog system to handle. This stage continues to use the RD-0110 engine. The 2.1a/ST version is sometimes called Soyuz ST-A. The first launch, from Guiana, (17 December 2011 for Pléiades-HR 1A, SSOT, ELISA (4 satellites)) was a success.

Soyuz-2.1b

The 2.1b version adds an upgraded engine (RD-0124) which greatly increases the specific impulse of the upper stage (326 seconds to 359 seconds), and hence improves payload capability from 7 tonnes to 8.2 tonnes. First launch took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with a classified military payload.[16] The 2.1b/ST version is sometimes called Soyuz ST-B. The first launch, from Centre Spatial Guyanais, was a success (21 October 2011), for the first two Galileo IOV satellites.

Soyuz-2.1v

The first flight vehicle of the 2.1v version was finished in 2009. It is a "light" version of the Soyuz-2 without the side boosters (blocks B, V, G and D ). The Block A engine was replaced by the more powerful NK-33-1, which as of 2009, was to eventually be replaced with the RD-193. The new launcher version was able to deliver up to 2.8 tonnes in low Earth orbit.[17]

Modifications for various launch sites

The Soyuz-2.1a/1b versions launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome and the Centre Spatial Guyanais have a series of modifications over the stock units. Some of these might later be implemented on all the Soyuz-2, while some are particular requirements to the space port design.

Modifications for the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) version includes:

  • First use of a mobile service tower at the ELS that enabled vertical payload integration.[7]
  • European supplied payload adapters.[7]
  • European supplied KSE (French: Kit de Sauvegarde Européenne, lit. 'European Safeguard Kit'), a system to locate and transmit a flight termination signal.[7] It would activate the engine shutdown command and leave the vehicle in a ballistic trajectory.[18]
  • Adaptation of the S-Band telemetry system on all stages from the 5 TM bands available at Baikonur, and Plesetsk to the 3 allowed at the CSG range.[7]
  • Adaptation of the S-Band telemetry coding and frequency to the IRIG standard used at CSG.[7]
  • Adaptation of the oxygen purge system for directing to the outside the mobile gantry.[7]
  • Adaptation to the tropical CSG climate including the adaptation of the air conditioning system to local specifications and protective measures to avoid icing.[7] All holes and cavities were studied and certified to be adequately protected against intrusion of insects and rodents.[18]
  • The four boosters and the core stage were upgraded with pyrotechnic devices to breach the fuel tanks to assure that they would sink in the ocean. The other stages were shown to lose structural integrity on impact and thus proven to sink.[18]
  • At least initially, the boosters and core stage would use the pyrotechnically ignited 14D22 (RD-107A) and 14D23 (RD-108A) rather than the chemically ignited 14D22KhZ and 14D23KhZ used on the rest of the Soyuz-2.[18]

Modifications for the Vostochny Cosmodrome version includes:[19]

  • New and upgraded computer, N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika's Malachite-7, with six times more performance, better obsolescence protection, reduced weight.[20][21][22]
  • The new computer enabled a significant reduction on the cable network complexity thanks to multiplexing lines and using common buses.[19][22][23]
  • New nickel-cadmium batteries that eliminate the need for a dedicated battery charging station.[20]
  • The inclusion of on-board video system, that will enable real-time views of the launch.[20]
  • Since the launch pad at Vostochny also has a mobile gantry for vertical payload integration, similar to the ELS at Guiana, it has the necessary piping to direct the oxygen purges outside the gantry.[19]

On 1 October 2015, it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome were designed for a different modification of the rocket and are too small, so that the planned first launch in December 2015 was under question.[24] The first launch occurred on 28 April 2016 at 02:01:21 UTC.[25]

Notable missions

Suborbital test flight

On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 UTC, the first Soyuz-2 carrier rocket, in the Soyuz-2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a sub-orbital trajectory, with the third stage and boilerplate payload re-entering over the Pacific Ocean.

Maiden launch

The first attempt at launching a Soyuz-2 to orbit, with the MetOp-A satellite, occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence, after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and on-board preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad, for the next attempt on 18 July 2006. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October 2006.

First crewed mission

First crewed launch of Soyuz-2 took place at 9 April 2020, carrying Soyuz MS-16 to the ISS.

Naphthyl fuel

Following successful ground testing, a naphthyl fueled Soyuz-2.1b launch took place on 22 October 2022 at Vostochny. Naphthyl is an environmentally safe hydrocarbon fuel with fewer aromatic compounds than kerosene, that also slightly improves engine performance. There are only minor differences in thermal properties, viscosity, and surface tension, so this did not require significant engine changes.[26]

Launch statistics

Since 2006, Soyuz-2 rockets have accumulated a total of 170 launches, 163 of which were successful, yielding a 95.9% success rate.

Launch outcomes

5
10
15
20
25
30
2006
2010
2015
2020
  •   Failure
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success
  •   Scheduled

Launch sites

5
10
15
20
25
30
2006
2010
2015
2020

List of launches

# Launch date
Time (UTC)		 Configuration Spaceport Result Payload Remarks
— 8 November 2004
18:30		 Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk,
Site 43		 Success Zenit-8 (boilerplate) Suborbital test flight
1 19 October 2006
16:28		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Success MetOp-A Weather satellite
2 24 December 2006
08:34		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Meridian 1 Military communications satellite
3 27 December 2006
14:28		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Success CoRoT Astronomy satellite
4 26 July 2008
18:31		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success[27] Kosmos 2441 (Persona No.1) Reconnaissance satellite
Launch was successful but satellite failed after a few months of operations due to an electrical fault.
5 21 May 2009
21:53		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Failure [28] Meridian 2 Military communications satellite
Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation; satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt.
6 17 September 2009
15:55		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Meteor-M No.1
 Weather satellite
+ 6 piggyback satellites
7 19 October 2010
17:11		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
8 2 November 2010
00:59		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Meridian 3 Military communications satellite
9 26 February 2011
03:07		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2471 (GLONASS-K 11L) Navigation satellite
10 4 May 2011
17:41		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Meridian 4 Military communications satellite
11 13 July 2011
02:27		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
12 2 October 2011
20:15		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2474 (GLONASS-M 742) Navigation satellite
13 21 October 2011
10:30		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-M		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [29] Galileo IOV-1/2 Navigation satellite
First launch from Kourou
14 28 November 2011
08:25		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [30] Kosmos 2478 (GLONASS-M 746) Navigation satellite
15 17 December 2011
02:03		 Soyuz ST-A
Fregat-M		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [31] Pléiades 1A
SSOT
ELISA 1/2/3/4		 Remote sensing satellite
Earth observation satellite for Chile
Signals intelligence satellite
16 23 December 2011
12:08		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Failure [32] Meridian 5 Military communications satellite
Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course; satellite not deployed.
17 28 December 2011
17:09		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Success [33] Globalstar-2 F3 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
18 17 September 2012
16:28		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Success MetOp-B Weather satellite
19 12 October 2012
18:15		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [34] Galileo IOV-3/4 Navigation satellite
20 14 November 2012
11:42		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Meridian 6 Military communications satellite
21 2 December 2012
02:02		 Soyuz ST-A
Fregat		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [35] Pléiades 1B Remote sensing satellite
22 6 February 2013
16:04:24		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Globalstar-2 F4 (6 satellites) Communications satellite
23 19 April 2013
10:00:00		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Bion-M No.1
 Biological science satellite
+ 5 piggyback satellites
24 26 April 2013
05:23:46		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [36] Kosmos 2485 (GLONASS-M 747) Navigation satellite
25 7 June 2013
18:37:59		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success[37] Kosmos 2486 (Persona No.2) Reconnaissance satellite
26 25 June 2013
17:28:48		 Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur
Site 31		 Success [38] Resurs-P No.1 Earth observation satellite
27 25 June 2013
19:27:03		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [39] O3b-1/2/3/4 Communications satellites
28 19 December 2013
09:12:19		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [40] Gaia Space telescope
29 28 December 2013
12:30		 Soyuz-2.1v
Volga		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Aist 1, SKRL-756 #1/2 Maiden flight of Soyuz-2.1v
30 23 March 2014
22:54:03		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [41] Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M 754) Navigation satellite
31 3 April 2014
21:02:26		 Soyuz ST-A
Fregat-M		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [42] Sentinel-1A Earth observation satellite
32 6 May 2014
13:49:35		 Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [43] Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M) Reconnaissance satellite
33 14 June 2014
17:16:48		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [44] Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M 755) Navigation satellite
34 8 July 2014
15:58:28		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Success [45] Meteor-M No.2
  • AISSat-2
  • DX-1
  • Relek (MKA-FKI (PN2))
  • SkySat 2
  • TechDemoSat-1
  • UKube-1
 Weather satellite
+ 6 piggyback satellites
35 10 July 2014
18:55:56		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [46] O3b-5/6/7/8 Communications satellites
36 18 July 2014
20:50:00		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur,
Site 31		 Success Foton-M No.4 Microgravity and biology research satellite
37 22 August 2014
12:27:11		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Partial success [47] Galileo FOC-1/2 Navigation satellite
Fregat upper stage guidance problem left the satellites in an incorrect elliptical orbit. Traced to a flaw in the Fregat thermal design with a heat bridge from the coolant line to fuel line causing freezing of fuel line.
38 29 October 2014
07:09:43		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Progress M-25M ISS cargo spacecraft. This was the first time Soyuz 2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch.
39 30 October 2014
01:42:52		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Meridian 7 Military communications satellite
40 30 November 2014
21:52:26		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K 12L) Navigation satellite
41 18 December 2014
18:37:00		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success O3b-9/10/11/12 Communications satellite
Although the mission successfully placed the O3b constellation into the correct orbit, the telemetry system ceased to send telemetry data to ground controllers moments before third Fregat burn. Mission control afterwards directly relied to the satellites to confirm their condition and their position.[48]
42 25 December 2014
03:01:13		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2502 (Lotos-S1 No.1) ELINT
43 26 December 2014
18:55:50		 Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Resurs-P No.2 Earth observation satellite
44 27 February 2015
11:01:35		 Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M 1L) Reconnaissance
45 27 March 2015
21:46:18		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success Galileo FOC-3/4 Navigation
46 28 April 2015
07:09:50		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Failure Progress M-27M ISS logistics
Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.[49] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.[50] Mission declared a total loss.[51]
47 5 June 2015
15:23:54		 Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2505 (Kobalt-M) Reconnaissance
48 23 June 2015
16:44:00		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2506 (Persona No.3) Reconnaissance
49 11 September 2015
02:08:10		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success[52] Galileo FOC-5/6 Navigation
50 17 November 2015
06:33:41		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2510
(EKS)		 Missile early warning
51 5 December 2015
14:09:00		 Soyuz-2.1v
Volga		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Partial success [53] Kanopus-ST 1 (Kosmos 2511)
KYuA 1 (Kosmos 2512)		 Earth observation
Radar calibration
Soyuz-2.1v booster performed properly, however Kanopus-ST 1 satellite failed to detach from the satellite carrier atop the Volga upper stage. The KYuA-1 radar calibration sphere was mounted in the side of the satellite carrier and was able to successfully deploy.
52 17 December 2015
11:51:56		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [54] Galileo FOC-8/9 Navigation
53 21 December 2015
08:44:39		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Progress MS-01 ISS logistics
54 7 February 2016
00:21:07		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M 751) Navigation
55 13 March 2016
18:56:00		 Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Resurs-P No.3 Earth observation
56 24 March 2016
09:42		 Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M 2L) Reconnaissance
57 31 March 2016
16:23:57		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Progress MS-02 ISS logistics
58 25 April 2016
21:02:13		 Soyuz ST-A
Fregat-M		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [55] Sentinel-1B[56]
MICROSCOPE[57]
 Earth observation
Astrophysics research
Technology
59 28 April 2016
02:01:21		 Soyuz-2.1a
Volga		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success [25] Mikhailo Lomonosov [58]
  • Aist-2D [59]
  • SamSat 218
 Gamma-ray astronomy
Technology demonstrations
60 24 May 2016
08:48:43		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [60] Galileo FOC-10/11 Navigation
61 29 May 2016
08:44:37		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [61] Kosmos 2516 (GLONASS-M 760) Navigation
Third stage shut down prematurely during the launch. Fregat upper stage detected the problem and compensated with an extended firing, delivering the satellite to the correct orbit.[62]
62 28 January 2017
01:03:34		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [63] Hispasat 36W-1 a.k.a. Hispasat AG1
Small GEO		 Communications
63 18 May 2017
11:54:53		 Soyuz ST-A
Fregat-M		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [64] SES-15[65] Communications
64 25 May 2017
06:33		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [66] EKS-2 Missile early warning
65 14 June 2017
09:20		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Progress MS-06 ISS logistics
66 23 June 2017
18:04		 Soyuz-2.1v
Volga		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [67] Kosmos 2519 Military satellite, possibly geodesy project Nivelir-ZU
67 14 July 2017
06:36:49		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Partial success Kanopus-V-IK
Many cubesats		 Earth observation
Heliophysics
At least 9 of the 72 cubesats were reported to have failed, possibly due to an issue with the Fregat upper stage.[68] Glavkosmos, the cubesat launch provider, has later confirmed upper stage anomaly.[69]
68 22 September 2017
00:02:32		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2522 (GLONASS-M 752) Navigation
69 14 October 2017
08:46:53		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success Progress MS-07 ISS logistics
70 28 November 2017
05:41:46		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Vostochny
Site 1S[70]		 Failure [71] Meteor-M No.2-1
Ionosfera
Baumanets
Several cubesats		 Weather
Ionospheric research
The orbital insertion burn was conducted while upper stage was oriented in the wrong direction sending it back in to the atmosphere. Roscosmos investigation found 20 years earlier Baikonur co-ordinates had mistakenly been hardcoded in a Fregat subroutine, and the mistake only manifested itself for the first time due to launching from Vostochny. The Russian Government and independent experts however consider the conclusion as a way of escaping individual blame.[72]
71 2 December 2017
10:43:26		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [73] Kosmos 2524 (Lotos S1 No.2) ELINT
72 1 February 2018
02:07:18 [74]		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Vostochny
Site 1S[70]		 Success [75][76] Kanopus-V No.3, No.4
Lemur-2 74, 75, 76, 77
S-Net 1, 2, 3, 4
D-Star One v.1.1 [77]		 Earth observation
Technology demonstrations
73 13 February 2018
08:13:33		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success [78] Progress MS-08 ISS logistics
74 9 March 2018
17:10:06		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success O3b-13/14/15/16 Communications
75 28 March 2018
17:38:42		 Soyuz-2.1v Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [79] Kosmos 2525 (EMKA) Military satellite
76 16 June 2018
21:30		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success Kosmos 2527 (GLONASS-M 756) Navigation
77 9 July 2018
21:51		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success[80] Progress MS-09 ISS logistics
78 25 October 2018
00:15		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [81] Kosmos 2528 (Lotos-S1 No.3) ELINT
79 3 November 2018
20:17		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success[82] Kosmos 2529 (GLONASS-M 757) Navigation
80 7 November 2018
00:47:27		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-M		 Kourou
ELS		 Success MetOp-C Weather
81 19 December 2018
13:37		 Soyuz ST-A
Fregat-M		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [83] CSO 1 Reconnaissance
for the French Armed Forces
82 27 December 2018
02:07		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success [83] Kanopus-V No.5 and Kanopus-V No.6
Dove Flock-w × 12		 Earth observation satellites.
83 21 February 2019
19:47		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31		 Success [84] EgyptSat A Earth observation
84 27 February 2019
21:37		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success [85] OneWeb-1 (6 satellites) + mockups × 4
(pilot flight) [86]		 Communications
85 4 April 2019
11:01		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success [87] Progress MS-11 ISS logistics
86 4 April 2019
17:03:37		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 ELS
Kourou		 Success O3b (x4) Low Earth orbit communication satellites
87 27 May 2019
09:23		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [88] GLONASS-M 758 Navigation. A lightning struck the rocket 14 seconds after start, without affecting its performance.[88]
88 5 July 2019
05:41		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success [89] Meteor-M No.2-2 Microsputnik Weather
89 10 July 2019
17:14 [90]		 Soyuz-2.1v
Volga		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success 14F150 No.2 / Nivelir-L [91] Geodesy
Launch of four classified military satellites, designated Kosmos 2535–2538, speculated to be part of the Nivelir series of Russian surveillance satellites.
90 30 July 2019
05:56		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success[92] Meridian 8 Communications
91 31 July 2019
12:10		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success [93] Progress MS-12 ISS logistics
92 22 August 2019
03:38		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Success [94] Soyuz MS-14 (uncrewed flight test) ISS crew transport
93 26 September 2019
07:46		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success [95] Kosmos 2541 Military reconnaissance
94 25 November 2019
17:52		 Soyuz-2.1v
Volga		 Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success [96] Kosmos 2542 Satellite inspection [97]
95 6 December 2019
09:34		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-13 / 74P ISS logistics
96 11 December 2019 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success GLONASS-M 759 Navigation
97 18 December 2019 Soyuz ST-A
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success CHEOPS
COSMO-SkyMed (CSG 1)
OPS-SAT		 Space telescope
Earth observation (radar)
Technical demonstration
98 6 February 2020
21:42:41		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success OneWeb-2 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 1)[86]		 Communications
99 20 February 2020
08:24:54		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43/3		 Success Meridian M-9 (19L) Military comsat[98]
100 16 March 2020
18:28:00		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43/3		 Success [71] GLONASS-M No.760
(Kosmos 2545)		 Navigation
101 21 March 2020
17:06:58		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success [71][99] OneWeb-3 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 2)		 Communications
102 9 April 2020
08:05:06		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success[71] Soyuz MS-16 ISS crew transport
103 25 April 2020
01:51:41		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success [100] Progress MS-14 ISS logistics
104 22 May 2020
06:45[101]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Success EKS-4 (Tundra 14L)[102] Early warning
105 23 July 2020
14:26:22		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-15 ISS logistics
106 28 September 2020
11:20:00		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Gonets-M (17/18/19)
GEN-1 (Antilles and Amidala) (Canada), Lemur-2 (4) (United States), MeznSat (United Arab Emirates), SALSAT (Germany), NetSat-1 to 4 (Germany), ICEYE-X6 and X7 (Finland), LacunaSat-3 (Lithuania), Yarilo-1 and 2 (Russia), Norbi (Russia) and Dekart (Descartes) (Russia) [103]		 Communications
107 14 October 2020
05:45:04 [104]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Soyuz MS-17 ISS crew transport
108 25 October 2020
19:08:42 [105]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2547 (GLONASS-K 15L) Navigation
109 2 December 2020
01:33:28 [106]		 Soyuz ST-A
Fregat-M		 Kourou
ELS		 Success FalconEye 2 Reconnaissance
110 3 December 2020
01:14 [107]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43/3		 Success Gonets-M 20/21/22
ERA-1 (Kosmos-2548) (nanosatellite)		 Communication
Technology - Russian Ministry of Defense
111 18 December 2020
12:26:26 [108]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success OneWeb-4 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 1)		 Communications
112 20 December 2020
16:42:07 [109]		 Soyuz ST-A
Fregat-M		 Kourou
ELS		 Success CSO-2 Reconnaissance
113 2 February 2021
20:45:28 [110]		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2549 (Lotos-S1 No.4) ELINT
114 15 February 2021
04:45:05 [111]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-16 ISS logistics
115 28 February 2021
06:55:01 [112]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Arktika-M No.1 Weather satellite
116 22 March 2021
06:07:12 [113]		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success CAS500-1
A cluster of secondary commercial payloads (+37 satellites).		 Earth observation
117 25 March 2021
02:47:33[114]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success OneWeb-5 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 2)		 Communications
118 9 April 2021
07:42:40[115]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Soyuz MS-18 ISS crew transport
119 25 April 2021
22:14:08[116]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success OneWeb-6 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 3)		 Communications
120 28 May 2021
17:38:39[117]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success OneWeb-7 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 4)		 Communications
121 25 June 2021
19:50:00[118]		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2550 (Pion-NKS No.1) SIGINT
122 29 June 2021
23:27:20[119]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-17 ISS logistics
123 1 July 2021
12:48:33[120]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success OneWeb-8 (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 5)		 Communications
124 21 August 2021
22:13:40[121]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success OneWeb-9 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 3)		 Communications
125 9 September 2021
19:59:47[122]		 Soyuz-2.1v Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2551 (EMKA No.2) Reconnaissance
126 14 September 2021
18:07:19[123]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success OneWeb-10 (34 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 4)		 Communications
127 5 October 2021
08:55:02[124]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Soyuz MS-19 ISS crew transport
128 14 October 2021
09:40:10[125]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success OneWeb (36 satellites)
(Vostochny flight 6)		 Communications
129 28 October 2021
00:00:32[126]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-18 ISS logistics
130 24 November 2021
13:06:35[127]		 Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Prichal ISS assembly
131 25 November 2021
01:09:13[128]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2552 (EKS-5, Tundra 15L) Early warning
132 5 December 2021
00:19:20[129]		 Soyuz ST-B
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success Galileo FOC FM23
Galileo FOC FM24		 Navigation
133 8 December 2021
07:38:15[130]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Soyuz MS-20 ISS crew transport and space tourism
134 27 December 2021
13:10:37[131]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success OneWeb (36 satellites)
(Baikonur flight 5)		 Communications
135 5 February 2022
07:00:00[132]		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Neitron No.1 Reconnaissance
136 10 February 2022
18:09:37[133]		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat-MT		 Kourou
ELS		 Success OneWeb (34 satellites)
(Kourou flight 2)		 Communications
137 15 February 2022
04:25:39[134]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-19 ISS logistics
138 18 March 2022
15:55:18[135]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Soyuz MS-21 ISS crew transport
139 22 March 2022
12:48:22[136]		 Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Meridian-M 10 (20L) Military communications
140 7 April 2022
11:20:18[137]		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43/3		 Success Kosmos 2554 (Lotos-S1 No.5) ELINT
141 19 May 2022
08:03:32[138]		 Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2556 (Bars-M 3L) Reconnaissance
142 3 June 2022
09:32:16[139]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-20 ISS logistics
143 7 July 2022
09:18:06[140]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2557 (GLONASS-K 16L) Navigation
144 1 August 2022
20:25:48[141]		 Soyuz-2.1v
Volga		 Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2558 (Nivelir No.3) Surveillance
145 9 August 2022
05:52:38[142]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Khayyam
16 rideshare cubesats		 Earth observation
146 21 September 2022
13:54:49[143]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Soyuz MS-22 ISS crew transport
147 10 October 2022
02:52:32[144]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43/3		 Success Kosmos 2559 (GLONASS-K 17L) Navigation
148 21 October 2022
19:20:15[145]		 Soyuz-2.1v
Volga		 Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2561 & Kosmos 2562 Surveillance
149 22 October 2022
19:57:09[146]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success Gonets-M 23/24/25 (33L/34L/35L), Skif-D Communications
150 26 October 2022
00:20:09[147]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur Site 31/6 Success Progress MS-21 ISS logistics
151 2 November 2022
06:47:48[148]		 Soyuz-2.1b Fregat Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2563 (EKS-6, Tundra 16L) Early warning
152 28 November 2022
15:13:50[149]		 Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43/3		 Success Kosmos 2564 (GLONASS-M 761) Navigation
153 30 November 2022
21:10:25[150]		 Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2565 (Lotos-S1 No.6)
Kosmos 2566		 ELINT
154 9 February 2023
06:15:36[151]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-22 ISS logistics
155 24 February 2023
00:24:29[152]		 Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Soyuz MS-23 ISS crew transport
156 23 March 2023
06:40:11[153]		 Soyuz-2.1a Plesetsk
Site 43/3		 Success Kosmos 2567 (Bars-M 4L) Reconnaissance
157 29 March 2023 19:57:02[154] Soyuz-2.1v Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2568 (EO MKA No.4) Reconnaissance
158 24 May 2023 12:56:07[155] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-23 ISS logistics
159 26 May 2023 21:14:51[156] Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success Kondor-FKA No.1 Reconnaissance
160 27 June 2023 11:34:49[157] Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success Meteor-M No.2-3
42 rideshare satellites		 Weather
Various uses
161 7 August 2023 13:19:25[158] Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43/3		 Success Kosmos 2569 (GLONASS-K2 13L) Navigation
162 10 August 2023 23:10:57[159] Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Success Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander) Lunar exploration
163 23 August 2023 01:08:10[160] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-24 ISS logistics
164 15 September 2023 15:44:35[161] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Soyuz MS-24 ISS crew transport
165 27 October 2023 06:04:43[162] Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43/3		 Success Kosmos 2570 (Lotos-S1 No.7)
Kosmos 2571		 ELINT
166 25 November 2023 20:58:06[163] Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2572 (Razdan 1) Reconnaissance
167 1 December 2023 09:25:11[164] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Progress MS-25 ISS logistics
168 16 December 2023 09:17:48[165] Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat-M		 Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Success Arktika-M No.2 Meteorology
169 21 December 2023 08:48:39[166] Soyuz-2.1b Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2573 (Bars-M 5L) Reconnaissance
170 27 December 2023 07:03:44[167] Soyuz-2.1v Plesetsk
Site 43/4		 Success Kosmos 2574 (Razbeg No.1) Reconnaissance

Planned launches

Launch date
Time (UTC)		 Configuration Spaceport Result Payload Function Remark
15 February 2024[168] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Scheduled Progress MS-26 ISS logistics
29 February 2024[169] Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Meteor-M No.2-4 Weather
21 March 2024[170] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Planned Soyuz MS-25 ISS crew transport
30 March 2024[170] Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Scheduled Resurs-P No.4 Earth observation
May 2024[169] Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Ionosfera-M1 and Ionosfera-M2 Ionospheric research
3 June 2024[171] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Scheduled Progress MS-27 ISS logistics
8 June 2024[172] Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Kondor-FKA No.2 Reconnaissance
NLT August 2024[173] Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur
Site 31/6		 Planned Bion-M No.2 Biological science
11 September 2024[174] Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur
Site 31		 Planned Soyuz MS-26 ISS crew transport
2024[172] Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Ionosfera-M3 and Ionosfera-M4 Ionospheric research
2024[175] Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Meteor-M No.2-5 Weather
2024[176] Soyuz-2.1a Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Obzor-R №1 Earth observation
2024[177] Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Planned GLONASS-K2 No.2 (2xx) Navigation
2024[178] Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Planned Meridian-M 11 (21L) Communications
2024[179] Soyuz-2.1b Baikonur
Site 31		 Planned Resurs-P No.5 Earth observation
2024[172] Soyuz-2.1b Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Resurs-PM №1 Earth observation
2025[180][181] Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Kondor-FKA-M No.1 Reconnaissance
2025[175] Soyuz-2.1a
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Meteor-M No.2-6 Weather
2025[172] Soyuz-2.1b Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Resurs-PM №2 Earth observation
2027[182] Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Vostochny
Site 1S		 Planned Luna 26 Lunar orbiter
Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Planned GLONASS-K 18 Navigation
Soyuz-2.1b
Fregat		 Plesetsk
Site 43		 Planned GLONASS-K 19–23 Navigation

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 200 km (120 mi) circular LEO 51.8° inclination from Baikonur
  2. ↑ 820 km (510 mi) SSO with Fregat from Kourou
  3. ↑ 1,500 m/s (4,900 ft/s) Delta-V deficit GTO with Fregat from Kourou
  4. ↑ with Fregat from Baikonur
  5. ↑ with Fregat from Kourou

References

  1. ↑ "АО "Конструкторское Бюро Химавтоматики"".
  2. ↑ "Russian launch service provider reveals cost of Soyuz-2.1 rocket launch". Russian Aviation. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  3. ↑ "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  4. 1 2 "SOYUZ-2 Launch Vehicle/Power Characteristics". Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 "SOYUZ-ST Launch Vehicle / Power Characteristics". Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  6. 1 2 "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russianspaceweb.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre – User's manual" (PDF). Arianespace. March 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  8. ↑ Конструкция разгонного блока "Фрегат" (in Russian). NPO Lavochkin. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  9. ↑ "Volga upper stage". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  10. ↑ "Soyuz 2-1 launches maiden mission from Vostochny | NASASpaceFlight.com". nasaspaceflight.com. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  11. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (30 September 2010). "Last launch of the Molniya-M on 30 September 2010". RussianSpaceWeb.com.
  12. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (1 June 2011). "Soyuz-2 to replace its predecessors". RussianSpaceWeb.com.
  13. ↑ "Alexander Kirilin: "We are working on three rocket"". Volzkhskaya Kommuna. 1 June 2011.
  14. ↑ "Ariane 6 and beyond". 21 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  15. ↑ Parsonson, Andrew (29 October 2020). "ESA requests €230 million more for Ariane 6 as maiden flight slips to 2022". SpaceNews.
  16. ↑ Stephen Clark (26 July 2008). "Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
  17. ↑ "Rus/Souyz-2 launch vehicle (in Russian)".
  18. 1 2 3 4 Zak, Anatoly (23 August 2015). "Soyuz-2 launch vehicle (14A14)". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 В РКЦ «Прогресс» завершены испытания ракеты-носителя для первого запуска с «Восточного» [JSC SRC Progress completes testing on the launch vehicle for the first Vostochny launch] (in Russian). Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 Обновлённые «Союзы» для Восточного [Updated Soyuz for Vostochny] (in Russian). 4 November 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  21. ↑ «Союз-2» приспособят к запуску с «Восточного» [Soyuz-2 to be adapted to Vostochny] (in Russian). lenta.ru. 7 January 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  22. 1 2 Системы управления ракет-носителей Союз-2, Союз-СТ, Союз-2-1В [Control systems of launch vehicles Soyuz-2, Soyuz-ST, Soyuz 2-1V] (in Russian). N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  23. ↑ V. M. Antimirov; A. B. Umansky; L. N. Shalimov (2013). Бортовые цифровые вычислительные системы семейства «Малахит» для работы в экстремальных условиях [Onboard digital computer systems of the "Malachite" family for extreme conditions.]. Vestnik Samara State Aerospace University (in Russian) (4 (42) UDC 629.7.05:004.3): 1. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  24. ↑ Размещение ракеты-носителя «Союз-2» на космодроме „Восточный“ пока остается под вопросом [The placement of Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome remains under question] (in Russian). Radio Ekho Moskvy. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  25. 1 2 Zak, Anatoly. "Soyuz historic first mission from Vostochny". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  26. ↑ Clark, Stephen (22 October 2022). "Soyuz rocket launches with demo satellite for Russian internet constellation". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  27. ↑ "Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload". Spaceflight Now. 26 July 2008.
  28. ↑ Zak, Anatoly. "The Meridian satellite (14F112)". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  29. ↑ Soyuz flight VS01 Lifts Off From French Guiana.
  30. ↑ Glonass-M satellite launched into orbit. Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine(in Russian)
  31. ↑ Six defense satellites launched by Soyuz rocket
  32. ↑ Russian satellite crashes into Siberia after launch
  33. ↑ "Globalstar satellites "flawlessly" orbited by Soyuz". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  34. ↑ Soyuz ST-B launches Galileo twins successfully to orbit.
  35. ↑ "Soyuz VS-04 Pleiades 1B Launch Updates - SPACEFLIGHT101". Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  36. ↑ Third Soyuz launch in a week bolsters Glonass system
  37. ↑ Graham, William (7 June 2013). "Russian spy satellite launched via Soyuz 2-1B". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
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