"Space cakes" redirects here. For the Alanis Morissette EP, see Space Cakes. "Hash brownies" redirects here. Not to be confused with Hash browns. "Magic cake" redirects here. For the French cake, see Gâteau magique.
Three hash cakes made with cannabis. Such cakes are often referred to as "space cakes".

A cannabis edible, also known as a cannabis-infused food or simply an edible, is a food item (either homemade or produced commercially) that contains decarboxylated cannabinoids (cannabinoid acids converted to their orally bioactive form) from cannabis extract as an active ingredient.[1] Although edible may refer to either a food or a drink, a cannabis-infused drink may be referred to more specifically as a liquid edible or drinkable. Edibles are a way to consume cannabis.[1] Unlike smoking, in which cannabinoids are inhaled into the lungs and pass rapidly into the bloodstream, peaking in about ten minutes and wearing off in a couple of hours, cannabis edibles may take hours to digest, and their effects may peak two to three hours after consumption and persist for around six hours. The food or drink used may affect both the timing and potency of the dose ingested.[2][3]

Most edibles contain a significant amount of THC, which can induce a wide range of effects, including: heightened sensory perception, relaxation, sleepiness, dizziness, dry mouth, euphoria, depersonalization and/or derealization, hallucinations, paranoia, and decreased or increased anxiety.[4] THC-dominant edibles are consumed for recreational and medical purposes.[5] Some edibles contain a negligible amount of THC and are instead dominant in other cannabinoids, most commonly cannabidiol (CBD).[6] The main characteristic of cannabis edibles is that they take longer to affect users compared to smoked cannabis.[3]

Foods and beverages made from non-psychoactive cannabis products are known as hemp foods.[7]

History

Eastern

Bhang eaters from India c. 1790. Bhang is an edible preparation of cannabis native to the Indian subcontinent. It has been used in food and drink as early as 1000 BC by Hindus in ancient India.[8]

The earliest mention of cannabis-infused food was as far back as 2000 B.C. in India.[9] Known as one of the oldest cannabis traditions, Bhang – a cannabis infused drink made with yogurt, nuts, spices, rose water – is an official drink of Holi, highly celebrated and revered festivals celebrated by the people of Hindu community in India revering Shiva or Kali.[10][11] The oil-solubility of cannabis extracts was also known to ancient Indians, with Sanskrit recipes requiring cannabis to be sautéed in ghee before mixing it with other ingredients.[12]: 7 [13]

Majoun (cannabis jam) is another early type of edible first created by the nomadic Berber tribes of North Africa sometime around the 11th century.[14] The traditional Majoun recipe calls for cannabis extract, datura seeds, honey, nuts, kif (a mixture of kief), and sometimes dates and figs.[14]

Western

Modern interest in edibles is attributed to Alice B. Toklas and her eponymous 1954 cookbook.

The first mention of edibles in Europe appeared in a cookbook titled De honesta voluptate et valetudine, which translates to "On Honorable Pleasure and Health" written by Bartolomeo Platina in 1465.[15]

The first cannabis edible recipe appeared in the United States in the early 1960s in a cookbook called The Alice B. Toklas Cook Book written by Alice B. Toklas.[16] The recipe is called "Hashish Fudge" and was actually contributed by Alice's good friend, Brion Gysin.[16] Although it was omitted from the first American editions, Toklas' name and her "brownies" became synonymous with cannabis in the growing 1960s counterculture.[16]

In some U.S. states that have legalized cannabis, edibles have experienced a dramatic rise in sales.[17] Some are concerned about the danger edibles pose to children and inexperienced cannabis consumers.[18][19] Calls to poison control have dramatically increased since 2008 due to dogs ingesting edibles.[20] In Canada, cannabis-infused food products were legalized in October 2018, but regulatory restrictions and reduced consumer interest may inhibit innovation.[21][22]

Chemistry

Effects

Ingesting cannabis may produce effects that last longer and can be more intense than inhaling cannabis.[2][3] Different edible formats of cannabinoids may affect the rate of cannabinoid digestion and metabolism, which vary among people.[2][23][24] Generally, edible cannabis products are digested more slowly than occurs for aerosol products.[24] Oral administration generally leads to two peaks of concentration, due to enterohepatic circulation.[24] Common side effects of ingesting edibles include increased appetite, dry mouth, and bloodshot eyes.

Possible health effects

Cannabis edibles contain both delta 9 THC, which is responsible for the psychotropic properties of feeling relaxed and euphoric, and CBD, which may have effects without the psychoactive properties.[25] Such effects may include analgesia, decreased inflammation, decreased spasticity, and anti-seizure effects.[26] Cannabis edibles with CBD can decrease symptoms of psychosis and anxiety.[25] Edible oils, tinctures, pills, and gummies have been prescribed to people with cancer to potentially improve poor appetite, pain, or weight loss.[27] Cannabis edibles may be effective for muscle spasms and pain.[28]

Side effects

Some users of cannabis have reported adverse effects, such as confusion, hallucinations, panic attacks, paranoia, and intense psychotic effects.[25] Cannabis may cause short-term impairments in cognition, memory, alertness, coordination, and balance which can increase risk of falls, especially in older people, and make driving a car dangerous.[25]

Overdoses may occur because the dosage of THC in edibles is impossible to determine without specialized lab equipment and it varies from product to product.[28] Some or all legalized U.S. states require packaged edibles to have dosage on the label;[29] for instance California AB266 requires labeling to include "THC and other cannabinoid amount in milligrams per serving, servings per package, and the THC and other cannabinoid amount in milligrams for the package total",[30][31] and states have required the recall of incorrectly labeled products.[32] Overdoses can cause behavioral impairments, such as paranoia, impaired mobility, and nausea.[28] Other risks, as a result of regular long-term cannabis use, include harmful effects to brain development, heart function, memory and cognition, and psychiatric health.[28]

Long-term recreational marijuana use can cause cognitive impairments and also lead to cannabis use disorder (CUD).[25] Symptoms of CUD include lack of motivation, decreased concentration, and loss of interest in other activities, tolerance, and dependence.[25]

Types

Edible infusions

Food

THC infused gummies suitable for sublingual administration. These are 5 milligrams each.

The important base to all food edibles is that it has fat that has been infused with THC.[33] In other words, any food that contains butter, oil, milk, or any fatty substance can be turned into an edible.[34] Examples of cannabis-infused foods include baked goods, candy, potato chips, and more.[34][33] One may not be able to distinguish between regular baked goods and those containing cannabinoids. A mild grassy or cannabis flavor might be detectable if sufficient cannabis quantities are used.[12]: 7 

Cannabis-infused brownies contain cocoa solids which forms a polysubstance combination.

Drink

A cannabis-infused drink is a drink infused with THC and can be as potent as a cannabis-infused food.[33]

Jamie Evans, author of Cannabis Drinks, holds a cannabis-infused cocktail.

In U.S. states that have legalized cannabis for recreational use, drinks were about 4% of the cannabis market in 2014 but had fallen to around 1.5% of the market in 2016.[35][36] Cannabis infused drinks can come in the form of coffee, tea, soda, and alcohol.[33][34]

Tincture

According to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) cannabis tinctures (tincturea) are a type of liquid cannabis extract obtained using ethanol, water, glycerol, propylene glycol and fatty oils as extraction solvents, depending on the type of tincture (and also on the solvent used) it can have a specific mass/volume ratio or a specific therapeutic agents content.[37] Tinctures are potent, alcohol-based cannabis extracts.[34] The solubility of THC in ethanol is greater than 1 g/mL.[38] They are considered edibles as they are meant to be absorbed through the mouth and tongue.[34] Tinctures are generally placed under the tongue using a dropper to allow it to be absorbed into the bloodstream.[34] Tinctures can be added to any food or drink and provides more control over the cannabis dosage compared to cannabis-infused foods or drinks.[34]

Dissolvable cannabinoid powder

Dissolvable cannabinoid powder is tasteless and odorless, and may elicit effects typical of oral cannabis products.[34] Powders are water-soluble and can be mixed into foods and drinks.[34] Unlike traditional edibles which can take some 90 minutes to take effect, cannabinoid powder may produce effects within 20 minutes due to solubility and uptake of the powder constituents via the digestive tract, allowing rapid effects, especially of THC.

CBD edibles

Cannabidiol (CBD) edibles are non-psychoactive and non-intoxicating, and contain varying amounts of THC, according to the manufacturer.[34] These edibles provide the effects of cannabis without the psychoactive response to THC.[34]

Capsule

Cannabis capsules are considered edibles as they are also metabolized in the gut.[33] Capsules can contain either THC or CBD and are an easier, more convenient way of administering products.

Ingredients

Oil

Cannabis oil, or canna-oil, is a product that combines oil with THC. This combination is achieved through a process of infusion, where the THC is extracted from the flowers or concentrates and then added to the oil. The resulting product is a liquid that can be consumed orally, used as a cooking ingredient, or applied topically. Coconut oil is a commonly used oil for infusion, but other options are olive, avocado, and walnut oil.

Butter

Cannabis butter, or cannabutter, is unsalted butter blended with cannabis and water. Cleaned and dried buds are steeped in melted butter or oil in preparation for consumption.[39] Cannabutter can be added to any baking recipe.

Legalization

In the United States

Medicinal

In 1996, California became the first state to legalize medicinal cannabis use.[1] As of 2022, cannabis has been legalized for medical use in 37 states as well as the District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the US Virgin Islands.[40] Because cannabis remains under preliminary research for its potential to reduce chronic pain, it may be an alternative to opioids.[41] Studies have shown that legalization of medical cannabis is associated with less opioid overdose deaths; however, further studies are needed to determine the nature of this relationship.[41]

In 1970, the Controlled Substances Act classified marijuana as a Schedule I substance meaning that it is not currently accepted for medicinal use, has high potential for abuse, and has lack of accepted safety for use of the drug.[41] Usually, this would mean cannabis cannot be dispensed or prescribed; however, state laws allow for cannabis use despite these regulations.[41]

Recreational

As of 2022, the following states in the U.S. have legalized recreational marijuana: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington,[42] with legalization in Maryland slated for July 1, 2023.[43] Most states require some sort of labeling of the potential harmful effects of cannabis use and the nutrition facts of edible products.[1]

Elsewhere

On 17 October 2018, Canada became the first G7 nation to legalize recreational/adult-use cannabis with the Cannabis Act (the Act).[22] That same day cannabis was removed from the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.[22] The Act regulates retail cannabis, medical cannabis, and industrial hemp in Canada.[22]

Safety

Physical

The adverse effects on health are most important when it is used in excessive quantities or with heavy frequency. A study funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse entitled "Tasty THC: Promises and Challenges of Cannabis Edibles" found that heavy, long-term cannabis use appeared to worsen brain development, and psychiatric and heart health.[1] On the other hand, the study also discovered that cannabis edibles did not appear to affect pulmonary function nor increase risk for cancer which is one reason people choose cannabis edibles over smoking cannabis.[1] The study concedes that over-consuming cannabis is not lethal; to date, there has never been a death related to the actual toxicity of cannabis.[1] However, there has been one death involving cannabis edibles.[1]

A safety concern with regards to cannabis edibles is overconsumption which is usually caused by the delayed effects of ingested cannabis.[1] Because users do not feel the effects of cannabis edibles right away, users often eat more to compensate and end up consuming too much THC.[1] As a result, cannabis edibles have caused the most healthcare visits as compared to other forms of cannabis consumption.[1] Additionally, the amount of cannabis in any individual product can be highly variable which is another contributing factor to overconsumption.[1] In addition, people can have very different responses to the same amount of THC with 2.5 mg being enough for some people to begin to feel effects while, for others, 50 mg is required.[1]

Psychological

High concentrations of THC have been shown to cause hallucinations, delusions, and anxiety in some people; for most, these symptoms only last as long as that person is intoxicated, but some people can be affected for several days.[1] Cannabis use has been connected with increased use of other drugs, although this connection has never been shown to be causal.[1]

Children

Many edible cannabis products are packaged in a way which could appeal to children (gummies, etc.), though laws requiring a minimum age to purchase recreational cannabis are universal in jurisdictions that have fully legalized its use, similar to age restrictions on alcohol. As with alcohol and prescription medicines, basic care should be taken to prevent children from having access to the product, as cannabis edibles have been the main cause of a number of health care visits relating to accidental cannabis consumption by children, although none resulted in death.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Barrus DG, Capogrossi KL, Cates SC, Gourdet CK, Peiper NC, Novak SP, et al. (November 2016). "Tasty THC: Promises and Challenges of Cannabis Edibles". Methods Report. 2016. doi:10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611. PMC 5260817. PMID 28127591.
  2. 1 2 3 Gaines, James (26 May 2021). "Building a better edible". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-052221-4. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 "7 Things You Need to Know about Edible Cannabis | Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction". Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. 2019. Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  4. ↑ "What are marijuana effects?". DrugAbuse.gov. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  5. ↑ Crombie N (2 June 2016). "Oregon's recreational marijuana market expands to edibles and extracts starting Thursday". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  6. ↑ Terps T. "10 Little-Known Uses for CBD Oil". HighTimes.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  7. ↑ Bouloc P (16 September 2013). Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses. CABI. pp. 229–. ISBN 978-1-84593-793-5. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  8. ↑ Staelens S. "The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva". Vice (magazine). Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  9. ↑ "History of Cannabis in India | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  10. ↑ "Significance of Holi – Importance Cultural And Social Significance of Holi". holifestival.org. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  11. ↑ "The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva". Vice (magazine). Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  12. 1 2 Gottlieb A (1993). Cooking with Cannabis: The Most Effective Methods of Preparing Food and Drink with Marijuana, Hashish, and Hash Oil. Ronin Publishing. ISBN 0-914171-55-0.
  13. ↑ Drake B (2002). The Marijuana Food Handbook. Ronin Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 0-914171-99-2.
  14. 1 2 Bowles P, Caponi-Tabery G (1993). Conversations with Paul Bowles. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-0-87805-650-7.
  15. ↑ Lightner J (16 May 2013). "Honorable Pleasure". Edible Seattle. Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
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  19. ↑ "Edible marijuana: What we need to know". TheConversation.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  20. ↑ Mahadevan T (25 February 2019). "People Keep Calling Poison Control After Their Dogs Eat Edibles". Complex. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  21. ↑ Davie E (9 May 2019). "Canadians' enthusiasm wanes for legal pot and edibles, study finds". CBC News. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Watts M, Austin M, Newell S, Putyra M (18 December 2018). "Canada first G7 country to legalize retail cannabis". Osler. Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  23. ↑ House, Hemp. "How Long Does CBD Oil Take to Work for Anxiety?". Hemp House. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  24. 1 2 3 Huestis MA (2005). "Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of the Plant Cannabinoids, Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannibinol, Cannabidiol and Cannabinol". Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the plant cannabinoids, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 168. pp. 657–90. doi:10.1007/3-540-26573-2_23. ISBN 3-540-22565-X. PMID 16596792.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ciccone CD (February 2017). "Medical Marijuana: Just the Beginning of a Long, Strange Trip?". Physical Therapy. 97 (2): 239–248. doi:10.2522/ptj.20160367. PMID 27660328.
  26. ↑ Fasinu PS, Phillips S, ElSohly MA, Walker LA (July 2016). "Current Status and Prospects for Cannabidiol Preparations as New Therapeutic Agents". Pharmacotherapy. 36 (7): 781–96. doi:10.1002/phar.1780. PMID 27285147. S2CID 4880700.
  27. ↑ Maida V, Daeninck PJ (December 2016). "A user's guide to cannabinoid therapies in oncology". Current Oncology. 23 (6): 398–406. doi:10.3747/co.23.3487. PMC 5176373. PMID 28050136.
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  29. ↑ Lewis B, Fleeger T, Judge B, Riley B, Jones JS (2021). "Acute toxicity associated with cannabis edibles following decriminalization of marijuana in Michigan". American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 46: 732–735. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.077. PMID 33036859. S2CID 222257151. all [legalized] states require labeling
  30. ↑ Tsutaoka, Araya-Rodriguez; Durrani (2018), "Edible marijuana labeling and packaging", Clinical Pediatrics, 57 (2): 227–230, doi:10.1177/0009922817691824, PMID 28952346, S2CID 43148336
  31. ↑ California AB266, section 19347 Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, California Legislature official website. Retrieved 21 April 2022
  32. ↑ Mitchell, Thomas (11 February 2021), "Weed edibles recalled for being too strong", Westword, Denver, archived from the original on 28 October 2021, retrieved 21 April 2022
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  36. ↑ "Company Introduces Marijuana Soda". ABC News. 29 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  37. ↑ "Compilation of terms and definitions for Cannabis-derived medicinal products" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 22 September 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  38. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  39. ↑ Carter N (20 April 2018). "Happy 4/20! Celebrate with homemade canna-butter". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  40. ↑ Avery, Dan (21 April 2022). "Where Marijuana is Legal in the US". CNET. Archived from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Bachhuber MA, Saloner B, Cunningham CO, Barry CL (October 2014). "Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999–2010". JAMA Internal Medicine. 174 (10): 1668–73. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4005. PMC 4392651. PMID 25154332.
  42. ↑ "Legalization". NORML. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  43. ↑ "Maryland Legalization". NORML. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
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