Student loans in the U.S.
Regulatory framework
Higher Education Act of 1965
U.S. Dept. of Education · FAFSA
Cost of attendance · Expected Family Contribution
Distribution channels
Federal Direct Student Loan Program
Federal Family Education Loan Program
Loan products
Perkins · Stafford
PLUS · Consolidation Loans
Private student loans
Debt in the United States

In the United States, student loans are a form of financial aid intended to help students access higher education. In 2018, 70 percent of higher education graduates had used loans to cover some or all of their expenses.[1] With notable exceptions, student loans must be repaid, in contrast to other forms of financial aid such as scholarships, which are not repaid, and grants, which rarely have to be repaid. Student loans may be discharged through bankruptcy, but this is difficult.[2] Research shows that access to student loans increases credit-constrained students' degree completion, later-life earnings, and student loan repayment while having no impact on overall debt.[3]

Student loan debt has proliferated since 2006, totaling $1.73 trillion by July 2021. In 2019, students who borrowed to complete a bachelor's degree had about $30,000 of debt upon graduation.[4]:1 [5] Almost half of all loans are for graduate school, typically in much higher amounts.[4]:1 [5] Loan amounts vary widely based on race, social class, age, institution type, and degree sought. As of 2017, student debt constituted the largest non-mortgage liability for US households.[6] Research indicates that increasing borrowing limits drives tuition increases.[7]

Student loan defaults are disproportionately common in the for-profit college sector.[8] Around 2010, about 10 percent of college students attended for-profit colleges, but almost 40 percent of all defaults on federal student loans were to for-profit attendees.[9] The schools whose students have the highest amount of debt are University of Phoenix, Walden University, Nova Southeastern University, Capella University, and Strayer University.[10] Except for Nova Southeastern, they are all for-profit. In 2018, the National Center for Education Statistics reported that the 12-year student loan default rate for for-profit colleges was 52 percent.[11]

The default rate for borrowers who do not complete their degree is three times the rate for those who did.[4]:1 A Brookings Institution study from 2023 revealed that when the government pauses repayment on student loans, it most often "...benefit[s] affluent borrowers the most..." primarily due to affluent borrowers holding the largest student debt balances.[12][13]

History

Federal student loans were first offered in 1958 under the National Defense Education Act (NDEA).[14] They were available only to select categories of students, such as those studying engineering, science, or education. The program was established in response to the Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite.[15] It addressed the widespread perception that the United States had fallen behind in science and technology. Student loans became more broadly available in the 1960s under the Higher Education Act of 1965, with the goal of encouraging greater social mobility and equal opportunity.[16][17]

In 1967, the publicly owned Bank of North Dakota made the first federally-insured student loan.[18][19]

The US first major government loan program was the Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae), formed in 1973.[20]

Before 2010, federal loans included:

  • loans originated and funded directly by the Department of Education (DOE)
  • government guaranteed loans originated and funded by private investors.

Direct-to-consumer private loans were the fastest-growing segment of education finance. The "percentage of undergraduates obtaining private loans from 2003–04 to 2007–08 rose from 5 percent to 14 percent" and was under legislative scrutiny due to the lack of school certification.[21][22]

The rules for disability discharge underwent major changes as a result of the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008. The regulations took effect July 1, 2010.[23] In June 2010, the amount of student loan debt held by Americans exceeded the amount of credit card debt held by Americans.[24] At that time, student loan debt totalled at least $830 billion, of which approximately 80% was federal and 20% was private. By the fourth quarter of 2015, total outstanding student loans owned and securitized had surpassed $1.3 trillion.[25]

Guaranteed loans were eliminated in 2010 through the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act and replaced with direct loans. The Obama administration claimed that guaranteed loans benefited private companies at taxpayer expense but did not reduce student costs.[16][17]

The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (HCERA) ended private-sector lending under the Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP) starting July 1, 2010; all subsidized and unsubsidized Stafford loans, PLUS loans, and Consolidation loans are under the Federal Direct Loan Program.[22]

As of July 1, 2013, borrowers determined to be disabled by the Social Security Administration would be accepted for loan discharge if the SSA placed the individual on a five- to seven-year review cycle.[26] As of January 1, 2018, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 established that debt discharged due to the death or disability of the borrower was no longer treated as taxable income.[27] (This provision is scheduled to sunset on December 31, 2025.)[28]

In an effort to improve the student loan market, LendKey, SoFi (Social Finance, Inc.) and CommonBond began offering student loans and refinancing at lower rates than traditional lenders, using an alumni-funded model.[29][30] According to a 2016 analysis by online student loan marketplace Credible, about 8 million borrowers could qualify for refinancing.[31]

The Federal Reserve Bank of New York's February 2017 Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit reported 11.2% of aggregate student loan debt was 90 or more days delinquent.[32]

On July 25, 2018, Education Secretary Betsy DeVos issued an order declaring that the Borrower Defense Program (enacted in November 2016),[33] would be replaced with a stricter repayment policy, effective July 1, 2019.[34] When a school closes for fraud before conferring degrees, students would have to prove that they were financially harmed.[35] As of 2018, 10% of borrowers were in default after three years and 16 percent after five years.[8]

In 2019, President Donald Trump ordered loan forgiveness for permanently disabled veterans, saving 25,000 veterans an average of $30,000 each.[36] The same year, Theresa Sweet and other student loan debtors filed a claim against the US Department of Education, arguing that they had been defrauded by their colleges. The debtors filed under a rule known as Borrower Defense to Repayment.[37]

In 2021, student loan servicers began dropping out of the federal student loan business, including FedLoan Servicing on July 8, Granite State Management and Resources on July 20, and Navient on September 28.[38] According to Sallie Mae, as of 2021, 1 in 8 families lenders are using private student loans when federal financing doesn't cover all college costs.[39]

In July 2021, the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that private student loans are dischargeable in bankruptcy,[40] following two other cases.[41]

In August 2021, the Biden administration announced it would use executive action to cancel $5.8 billion in student loans held by 323,000 people who are permanently disabled.[42]

Starting in March 2020, federal student loan borrowers received temporary relief from student loan payments during the COVID-19 pandemic.[43] This relief was subsequently extended multiple times, and is set to expire at the end of June 2023.[44] According to repayment data released by the Education Department, in December 2021, just 1.2 percent of borrowers were continuing to pay down their loans during the over two years of optional deferment.[45]

In November 2022, federal judge William Alsup ruled for immediate relief for about 200,000 student debtors and in April 2023 US Supreme Justice Elana Kagan declined to grant emergency relief to three for-profit colleges.[46]

In February 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Biden v. Nebraska concerning President Biden's order to cancel student loan debt for an estimated 40 million debtors.[47][48] In June 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Nebraska to block Biden's plan to forgive federal student loans.[49]

Overview

Student loan debt rose from $480.1 billion (3.5% GDP) in Q1 2006 to $1,683 billion (7.8% GDP) in Q1 2020.

Student loans play a significant role in U.S. higher education.[50] Nearly 20 million Americans attend college each year, of whom close to 12 million  or 60%  borrow annually to help cover costs.[51] As of 2021, approximately 45 million Americans held student debt, with an average balance of approximately $30,000.[52]

In Europe, higher education receives more government funding, making student loans less common.[53] In parts of Asia and Latin America government funding for post-secondary education is lower  usually limited to flagship universities, like UNAM in Mexico  and government programs under which students can borrow money are uncommon.[53]

In the United States, college is funded by government grants, scholarships, loans. The primary grant program is Pell grants.[53][16]

Student loans come in several varieties, but are basically either federal loans[54] or private student loans. Federal loans are either subsidized (the government pays the interest) and unsubsidized. Federal student loans are subsidized for undergraduates only. Subsidized loans generally defer payments and interest until some period (usually six months) after the student has left school.[55] Some states have their own loan programs, as do some colleges.[56] In almost all cases, these student loans have better conditions than private loans.[57]

Student loans may be used for college-related expenses, including tuition, room and board, books, computers, and transportation.

Demographics

Approximately 30% of all college students do not borrow.[1] In 2019, the average undergraduate who had taken on debt had a loan balance of about $30,000 upon graduation. Almost half of the student loans are for graduate education, and those loan amounts are typically much higher.[4]:1 [5]

Social class

According to the Saint Louis Federal Reserve Bank, "existing racial wealth disparities and soaring higher education costs may replicate racial wealth disparities across generations by driving racial disparities in student loan debt load and repayment."[58]

Low-income students often prefer grants and scholarships over loans because of their difficulty repaying them. In 2004, 88.5% of Pell Grant recipients who had bachelor's degrees graduated with student loan debt. After college, students struggle to break into a higher income bracket because of the loans they owe. Though, it's been shown that when it comes to student loan forgiveness and advocacy around this issue, lower-socioeconomic groups are the ones most motivated to contact their legislators about student loans. In 1995, 64 percent of students whose family incomes falling below $35,000 were contacting their legislators concerning student loans.[59]

Race and gender

According to the New York Times, "recent black graduates of four-year colleges owe, on average, $7,400 more than their white peers. Four years after graduation, they still owe an average of $53,000, almost twice as much as whites."[60]

According to an analysis by Demos, 12 years after entering college:

  • White men paid off 44 percent of their student-loan balance
  • White women paid off 28 percent
  • Black men saw their balances grow 11 percent
  • Black women saw their loan balances grow 13 percent[61]

Age

According to a CNBC analysis, the highest student debt balances are carried by adults aged 25–49, with the lowest debt loads held by those aged 62 and older.[62]

As of 2021, approximately 7.8 million Americans from 18 to 25 carry student loan debt, with an average balance of almost $15,000.[63] For adults between the ages of 35 and 49, the average individual balance owed exceeded $42,000. The average debt for adults between 50 and 61 is slightly lower. These balances include loans for their education and their children.[64]

Federal loans

Loans to students

Stafford and Perkins loans were federal loans made to students.[65] These loans did not consider credit history (most students have no credit history); approval was automatic if the student met program requirements. Nearly all students are eligible to receive federal loans.

Payment/discharge

The student makes no payments while enrolled at least half-time. If a student drops below half time or graduates, a six-month deferment begins. If the student returns to least half-time status, the loans are again deferred, but a second episode no longer qualifies and repayment must begin. All Perkins loans and some undergraduate Stafford loans are subsidized. Loan amounts are limited.

Many deferment and forbearance options are offered in the Federal Direct Student Loan program.[66]

Disabled borrowers have the possibility of discharge.[67][68] Other discharge provisions are available for teachers in specific critical subjects or in a school that has more than 30% of its students on reduced-price lunch. They qualify for discharge of Stafford, Perkins, and Federal Family Education Loan Program loans up to $77,500.[69]

Any person employed full-time by a 501(c)(3) non-profit group, or another qualifying public service organization, or serving in a full-time AmeriCorps or Peace Corps position,[70] qualifies for discharge after 120 qualifying payments.[71][72] However, loan discharge is considered taxable income.[73] Loans discharged that were not the result of long-term public service employment constitute taxable income.

Student loan borrowers may have their existing federal student loan debt removed if they can prove that their school misled them. The program is called Borrower Defense to Repayment or Borrower Defense.[74]

Subsidies are conditional depending on financial need. Pricing and loan limits are determined by Congress. Undergraduates typically receive lower interest rates, while graduate students typically can borrow more. Disregarding risk has been criticized as contributing to inefficiency.[16] Financial needs may vary from school to school. The government covers interest charges while the student is in college. For example, those who borrow $10,000 during college owe $10,000 upon graduation.

Terms

Loans are guaranteed by DOE, either directly or through guarantee agencies.

The dependent undergraduate limits are $5,500 per year for freshman undergraduates, $6,500 for sophomore undergraduates, and $7,500 per year for junior and senior undergraduates, as well as students enrolled in teacher certification or coursework preparatory for graduate programs.[75]

For independent undergraduates, the limits are $9,500 per year for freshmen, $10,500 for sophomores, and $12,500 per year for juniors and seniors, as well as students enrolled in teacher certification or preparatory coursework for graduate programs.

Unsubsidized loans are also guaranteed, but interest accrues during study.[76] Nearly all students are eligible for these loans regardless of financial need.[77] Those who borrow $10,000 during college owe $10,000 plus interest upon graduation. Accrued interest is added to the loan amount, and the borrower makes payments on the total. Students can make payments while studying.

Graduate students have higher limits: $8,500 for subsidized Stafford and $12,500 (varying by course of study) for unsubsidized Stafford. For graduate students, the Perkins limit is $6,000 per year.

Stafford loan aggregate limits

Stafford borrowers cannot exceed aggregate limits for subsidized and unsubsidized loans. For dependent undergraduates, the aggregate limit is $57,500, while subsidized loans are limited to $23,000.[78] Students who reach the maximum in subsidized loans may (based on grade level—undergraduate, graduate/professional, etc.) add a loan of less than or equal to the amount they would have been eligible for in subsidized loans. Once aggregate limits are met, the student is ineligible for additional Stafford loans until they pay back a portion of the borrowed funds. A student who has paid back some of these amounts regains eligibility up to the aggregate limits as before. Graduate students have a lifetime aggregate loan limit of $138,500.

Debt statistics

  • Direct loans ($1.15 trillion, 34.2 million borrowers)
  • FFEL loans ($281.8 billion, 13.5 million borrowers). The program ended in 2010.
  • Perkins loans ($7.1 billion, 2.3 million borrowers). The program ended in 2018.
  • Total ($1.4392 trillion, 42.9 million borrowers)

Loans to parents

PLUS loans are federal education loans made to parents.[79] These have much higher loan limits, usually enough to cover costs that exceed student financial aid. Payments start immediately after education ends, although prepayment is allowed. Credit history is considered; thus, approval is not automatic.

Interest accrues during the time the student is in school. PLUS interest rates as of 2017 were 7%.[80]

The parents are personally responsible for repayment. The parents sign the master promissory note and are accountable. Parents are advised to consider their monthly payments. Loan documents reflect the repayment schedule for a single year. Since most students borrow again each year, the ultimate payments are much higher. PLUS loans consider credit history, making it more difficult for low-income parents to qualify.

Graduate students are eligible to receive PLUS loans in their own names. Graduate PLUS loans have the same interest rates and terms as those to parents.

Federal Direct Student Loans, also known as Direct Loans or FDLP loans, originate with the United States Treasury. FDLP loans are distributed by the DOE, then to the college or university and then to the student.[81]

Debt levels

Distribution of student loan debt in the U.S.

Loan limits are below the cost of most four-year private institutions and most public universities. Students add private student loans to make up the difference.[17]

The maximum amount that any student can borrow is adjusted as federal policies change.

Defaults

Out of 100 students who ever attended a for-profit institution, 23 defaulted in the 1996 cohort compared to 43 in the 2004 cohort (compared to an increase from 8 to 11 among borrowers who never attended a for-profit).[82]

As of 2018 black BA graduates defaulted at five times the rate of white BA graduates (21 versus 4 percent), and were more likely to default than white dropouts.[82]

Private loans

Private loans are offered by banks or finance companies. They are not guaranteed by a government agency. Private loans cost more, offer less favorable terms, and are generally used only when students have exhausted the federal borrowing limit. They are not eligible for Income-Based Repayment plans, and frequently have less flexible payment terms, higher fees, and more penalties, than federal student loans.[16][17][83] Private loans may be difficult to discharge through bankruptcy.[84]

Private loans are made to students or parents. They have higher limits and no payments until after education, although interest starts to accrue immediately and the deferred interest is added to the principal. Interest rates are higher on federal loans, which are set by the United States Congress.[85]

The advantage of private student loans is that they do not include loan or total debt limits. They typically offer a no-payment grace period of six months (occasionally 12 months).

Most experts recommend private loans only as a last resort, because of the less favorable terms.[86][87]

Loan servicers

The U.S. Department of Education contracts with companies to manage, or service, the loans it owns. These companies are the primary point of contact for borrowers after they graduate and enter repayment.

As of July 2023, the four companies which service the majority of student loans are Aidvantage, EdFinancial Services, MOHELA (Higher Education Loan Authority of the State of Missouri) and Nelnet.[88] ECSI (Educational Computer Systems, Inc.) is the exclusive servicer for the remaining Perkins Loans. Borrowers who have defaulted on loans are assigned to the Department of Education’s Default Resolution Group for servicing.

Student loan asset-backed securities (SLABS)

FFELP and private loans are bundled, securitized, rated, then sold to institutional investors as student loan asset-backed securities (SLABS). Navient and Nelnet are two major private lenders.[89] Wells Fargo Bank, JP MorganChase, Goldman Sachs and other large banks package and sell SLABS in bundles. Moody's, Fitch Ratings, and Standard and Poor's rate SLAB quality.[90]

The Asset-Backed Security (ABS) industry received financial relief in 2008 and in 2020 through the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) program, which was created to preserve the flow of credit to consumers and businesses, including student loans.[91] In 2020, critics argued that the SLAB market was poorly regulated and could be headed toward a significant downturn, despite perceptions that it was low risk.[92]

Repayment and default

Metrics

The industry metrics are repayment rate[93] and default rate, such as the one-, three-,[94] five-,[8] and seven-year default rates.[95] DOE's College Scorecard includes the following repayment statuses:

  • Making Progress
  • Forbearance
  • Deferment
  • Not Making Progress
  • Delinquent
  • Defaulted
  • Paid In Full
  • Discharged

Repayment rate

The three-year repayment rate for each school that receives Title IV funding is available at DOE's College Scorecard.[95] This number may be a poor indicator of the overall default rate: some schools place loans into forbearance, deferring loans beyond the three-year window to present a low default rate.[96][97]

Default rate

The default rate for borrowers who did not complete their degree is three times as high as the rate for those who did.[4]:1

Standard repayment

Federal loans are initially designated as standard repayment.[98] Standard repayment borrowers have 10 years to repay. The loan servicer calculates the monthly payment amount that will pay off the original loan amount plus all accrued interest after 120 equal payments.

Payments cover interest and part of the principal. Some loan terms may be shorter than 10 years. The minimum monthly payment varies in amount, but is usually within the range of $50-100.

Income-based repayment

If loan debt is high but income is modest or zero, borrowers may qualify for an income-driven repayment (IDR) plan. Most major types of federal student loans—except for PLUS loans for parents—are eligible.[99] IDRs allow borrowers to cap their monthly payments at 10%, 15%, or 20% of disposable income for up to 20 or 25 years, after which the remaining balance is forgiven.[100]

Four IDRs are available:

  • Income-Based Repayment (IBR)
  • Pay As You Earn (PAYE)
  • Revised Pay As You Earn (REPAYE)
  • Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR)

Income share agreements

An income share agreement is an alternative to a traditional loan. The borrower agrees to pay a percentage of their salary to the educational institution after graduation.[101] Purdue University offers income share agreements.[102]

Defenses to repayment

Under some circumstances, debt can be cancelled. For example, students who attended a school when it closed or the student was enrolled based on false claims may be able to escape repayment.[103]

Leaving the country to evade repayment

Debt evasion is the intentional act of trying to avoid attempts by creditors to collect a debt. News accounts report that some individuals are departing the US to escape their debt. Emigration does not discharge the loan or stop interest and penalties from accruing.[104]

International addresses make it more difficult to find people, and collection companies would usually need to hire an international counsel or a third party collector to recoup the debt, cutting into their profits and reducing their incentive to go after a debtor. 'It increases our expenses to go overseas,' says Justin Berg of American Profit Recovery, a debt collection agency in Massachusetts. 'Our revenues are cut by more than half,' he says."

Nations may enter into agreements with the US to facilitate the collection of student loans.[105]

After default, co-signers remain liable for repayment.[106][107]

Bankruptcy

Federal loans and some private loans can be discharged in bankruptcy by demonstrating that the loan does not meet the requirements of section 523(a)(8)[108] of the bankruptcy code or by showing that repayment of the loan would constitute "undue hardship". While credit card debt often can be discharged through bankruptcy proceedings,[109][110] this option is not generally available for federally subsidize or insured student loans.[111][112] Unless the loan can be proven not to be an educational benefit,[113] those seeking to discharge their debt must initiate an adversary proceeding, a separate lawsuit within the bankruptcy case where they illustrate the required hardship.[114] Many borrowers cannot afford the costs to retain an attorney or litigation costs associated with an adversary proceeding, such as a bankruptcy case. The undue hardship standard varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but is generally difficult to meet. In most circuit courts discharge depends on meeting the three prongs in the Brunner test:[115]

As noted by the district court, there is very little appellate authority on the definition of "undue hardship" in the context of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8)(B). Based on legislative history and the decisions of other district and bankruptcy courts, the district court adopted a standard for "undue hardship" requiring a three-part showing: (1) that the debtor cannot maintain, based on current income and expenses, a "minimal" standard of living for herself and her dependents if forced to repay the loans; (2) that additional circumstances exist indicating that this state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period of the student loans; and (3) that the debtor has made good faith efforts to repay the loans. For the reasons set forth in the district court's order, we adopt this analysis. The first part of this test has been applied frequently as the minimum necessary to establish "undue hardship." See, e.g., Bryant v. Pennsylvania Higher Educ. Assistance Agency (In re Bryant), 72 B.R. 913, 915 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1987); North Dakota State Bd. of Higher Educ. v. Frech (In re Frech), 62 B.R. 235 (Bankr.D.Minn.1986); Marion v. Pennsylvania Higher Educ. Assistance Agency (In re Marion), 61 B.R. 815 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.1986). Requiring such a showing comports with common sense as well.[116]

Federal student loans may be eligible for administrative discharge. Those provisions do not apply to private loans, although private loans may be subject to discharge in bankruptcy.[84] One study found that a quarter million student debtors file for bankruptcy each year. Approximately 450 attempted to seek a discharge in 2017 by arguing that their loan was not an "educational benefit" as defined by section 523(a)(8), or they successfully argued for "undue hardship". Of the completed cases, more than 60% were able to discharge their debts or achieve a settlement.[117] The study concluded that the data showed:[118]

Creditors are settling unfavorable cases to avoid adverse precedent and litigating good cases to cultivate favorable precedent. Ultimately, this litigation strategy has distorted the law and cultivated the myth of nondischargeability.

The study found that debtors who obtain favorable outcomes do not possess unique characteristics differentiating them from those who do not seek discharge and estimates that 64,000 individuals who filed for bankruptcy in 2019 would have met the hardship standard. It concluded about half of all bankrupt debtors could obtain relief, except that they had become convinced that loans were not dischargeable.[118]

For disabled debtors the standard is whether "substantial gainful activity" (SGA) is still possible Borrowers determined to be disabled by the Social Security Administration, are eligible if the SSA placed the individual on a five- to seven-year review cycle.[26] Debt discharged due to death or total permanent disability is nontaxable.[27]

In three circuit court jurisdictions private student loans are dischargeable in bankruptcy.[40][41]

Criticisms

School effects

Some critics of financial aid in general claim that it allows schools to raise their fees, to accept unprepared students, and to produce too many graduates in some fields of study.[119]

In 1987, then-Secretary of Education William Bennett argued that “... increases in financial aid in recent years have enabled colleges and universities blithely to raise tuition, confident that Federal loan subsidies would help cushion the increase.”[120] This statement came to be known as the “Bennett Hypothesis”.

In July 2015, a Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report concluded that institutions more exposed to increases in student loan program maximums tended to respond with disproportionate tuition increases. Pell Grant, subsidized, and unsubsidized loans led to increases of about 40, 60, and 15 cents on the dollar, respectively. In the 20 years between 1987 and 2007, tuition costs rose 326%.[121] Public universities increased their fees by 27% over the five years ending in 2012, or 20% adjusted for inflation. Public university students paid an average of almost $8,400 annually for in-state tuition, while out-of-state students paid more than $19,000. For the two decades ending in 2013, college costs rose 1.6% more than inflation each year. By contrast, government funding per student fell 27% between 2007 and 2012.[122][123]

Many students cannot get loans or determine that the cost of going to school is not worth the debt, believing that they would still be unable to make enough income to pay it back.[124]

Some universities steered borrowers to preferred lenders that charged higher interest rates. Some of these lenders allegedly paid kick backs to university financial aid staff. After the behavior became public, many universities rebated fees to affected borrowers.[125][126]

Interest rates

The federal student loan program was criticized for not adjusting interest rates according to factors under students' control, such as the choice of academic major. Critics have contended that flat-rate pricing contributes to inefficiency and misallocation of resources in higher education and lower productivity in the labor market.[16] However, one study found that high debt and default levels do not burden society substantially.[127]

Bankruptcy

In 2009 student loans' non-dischargeability was claimed to provide a credit risk-free loan for the lender, averaging 7 percent a year.[128]

Long-term debt and default

About one-third of borrowers never pay off their loans. Those who default shift their burden to taxpayers.[119]

According to Harvard Business School researchers, "when student debt is erased, a huge burden is lifted and people take big steps to improve their lives: They seek higher-paying careers in new states, improve their education, get their other finances in order, and make more substantial contributions to the economy."[129]

A June 2023 report by the Jain Family Institute concluded that much of the outstanding 1.8 trillion in student loan debt will never be repaid, as more and more borrowers are unable to repay, and the cancelling of a large portion of outstanding student debt will be inevitable. The increased necessity of higher education to attain employment means more and more people are forced to take out loans. Stagnating wages, rising tuition, and the shrinking of government funding for higher education result in more and more borrowers being unable to repay and are forced to carry that debt burden well into the future, "impairing economic well-being for a widening and diversifying swath of the population, inhibiting savings, increasing precarity, and draining the very incomes the student debt was supposed to increase." The report says that, unless something changes, future generations will suffer the same consequences of student loan debt as millennials have, including "delayed marriages, reduced childbearing, less entrepreneurship, and decreased retirement security, among others."[130][131]

Sallie Mae and Nelnet

Sallie Mae and Nelnet are the largest lenders and are frequently defendants in lawsuits. The False Claims Suit was filed on behalf of the federal government by former DOE researcher Dr. Jon Oberg against Sallie Mae, Nelnet, and other lenders. Oberg argued that the lenders overcharged the United States Government and defrauded taxpayers of over $22 million. In August 2010, Nelnet settled and paid $55 million.[132] Ultimately seven lenders returned taxpayer funds as a result of his lawsuits.[133]

School quality

In April 2019, Brookings Institution fellow Adam Looney, a long-time analyst of student loans, claimed that:

"It is an outrage that the federal government offers loans to students at low-quality institutions even when we know those schools don’t boost their earnings and that those borrowers won’t be able to repay their loans. It is an outrage that we make parent PLUS loans to the poorest families when we know they almost surely will default and have their wages and social security benefits garnished and their tax refunds confiscated, as $2.8 billion was in 2017. It is an outrage that we saddled several million students with loans to enroll in untested online programs that seem to have offered no labor market value. It is an outrage that our lending programs encourage schools like USC to charge $107,484 (and students to blithely enroll) for a master’s degree in social work (220 percent more than the equivalent course at UCLA) in a field where the median wage is $47,980. It’s no wonder many borrowers feel their student loans led to economic catastrophe."[134]

Potential consequences of student loan debt

While college grads earn about 70% more than people with only a high school degree,[135] student loan debt has been associated with several social, economic, and psychological consequences, including:

  • having to choose less satisfying work that pays more
  • lower credit ratings from missed payments that may disqualify borrowers from work opportunities given poor payment history
  • reduced wealth accumulation
  • reduced housing access
  • delayed marriage
  • delayed childbirth
  • decreased retirement security[136]
  • increased anxiety[135][137][138][139][140][141]

Reform proposals

Organizations that advocate for student loan reform include the Debt Collective and Student Loan Justice.[142][143][144]

Some pundits proposed that colleges share liability on defaulted student loans.[145][146][147]

Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) and Rep. Pramila Jayapal (D-Wash.) introduced legislation in 2017 to "make public colleges and universities tuition-free for working families and to significantly reduce student debt." The policy would eliminate undergraduate tuition and fees at public colleges and universities, lower interest rates, and allow those with existing debt to refinance.[148][149] Sanders offered a new proposal in 2019 that would cancel $1.6 trillion of student loan, undergraduate and graduate debt for around 45 million Americans.[150]

Senator Brian Schatz (D-Hawaii) reintroduced the Debt Free College Act in 2019.[151][152]

In 2020, a majority of economists surveyed by the Initiative on Global Markets felt that forgiving all student loans would be more beneficial to higher income earners than lower income earners.[153]

During the 2020 presidential election, then-candidate Joe Biden said he planned to allow $10,000 in debt forgiveness to all student debtors. On August 24, 2022, Biden announced that he would forgive an amount of $10,000 for an estimated 43 million borrowers, and an additional $10,000 for Pell Grant recipients, with this relief limited to singles earning under $125,000 and married couples earning under $250,000,[154] including refunding payments during the forbearance period by any borrower who requests it.[155] This would reduce debt for an estimated 43 million borrowers and eliminate student loan debt for an estimated 20 million.[156] The Congressional Budget Office estimated that it would cost the government about $400 billion.[157][158][159] The administration also proposed a new income-driven repayment plan.[160] The U.S. Supreme Court ruled June 30, 2023 that Biden's plan required action by Congress and that the HEROES Act did not permit the administration to act on its own.[161]

Some borrowers still have loans issued under the Federal Family Education Loan Program which closed in 2010. The Biden forgiveness plan originally allowed these borrowers to receive forgiveness by consolidating into Direct Loans, but due to potential lawsuits stopped allowing this on September 29, 2022, potentially excluding 800,000 FFEL borrowers.[162][157]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Hess, Abigail Johnson (February 15, 2018). "Here's how much the average student loan borrower owes when they graduate". CNBC. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  2. Ahart, Alan M. (2021). "How the Courts Have Gone Astray in Refusing to Discharge Student Loans: The Folly of Brunner, of Rewriting Repayment Terms, of Issuing Partial Discharges and of Considering Income-Based Repayment Plans". American Bankruptcy Law Journal. 95: 53.
  3. Black, Sandra E.; Denning, Jeffrey T.; Dettling, Lisa J.; Goodman, Sarena; Turner, Lesley J. (2023). "Taking It to the Limit: Effects of Increased Student Loan Availability on Attainment, Earnings, and Financial Well-Being". American Economic Review. 113 (12): 3357–3400. doi:10.1257/aer.20210926. hdl:10919/100563. ISSN 0002-8282.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Nadworny, Elissa (July 9, 2019). "These Are The People Struggling The Most To Pay Back Student Loans". NPR. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 Weissmann, Jordan (July 16, 2021). "Master's Degrees Are the Second Biggest Scam in Higher Education - And elite universities deserve a huge share of the blame". Slate. Anyone who reads about how we have $1.7 trillion in outstanding student loan debt should always keep in mind that almost half of all new student loans, in particular, are for graduate school, not for undergraduate. You hear somebody that's got $200,000 or $300,000 in debt; they almost surely went to graduate school. They didn't borrow that much money from the Department of Education to get a bachelor's degree.
  6. David O. Lucca; Taylor Nadauld; Karen Shen (July 2015). "Credit Supply and the Rise in College Tuition: Evidence from the Expansion in Federal Student Aid programs". Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
  7. David O. Lucca; Taylor Nadauld; Karen Shen (July 2015). "Credit Supply and the Rise in College Tuition: Evidence from the Expansion in Federal Student Aid programs". Federal Reserve Bank of New York. We study the link between the student credit expansion of the past fifteen years and the contemporaneous rise in college tuition. To disentangle simultaneity issues, we analyze the effects of federal student loan caps increases using detailed student-level financial data. We find a pass-through effect on tuition of changes in subsidized loan maximums of about 60 cents on the dollar, and smaller but positive effects for unsubsidized federal loans. The subsidized loan effect is most pronounced for more expensive degrees, those offered by private institutions, and for two-year or vocational programs.
  8. 1 2 3 Miller, Ben (August 25, 2018). "The Student Debt Problem Is Worse Than We Imagined". The New York Times. The New York Times. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  9. "For-profit colleges increase students' debt, default risk". Cornell Chronicle. Retrieved August 25, 2022. For-profit colleges – run by private companies that return profits to shareholders – are a growing fixture of the U.S. higher education market, serving almost 1 million students in 2018, or 5% of all enrollments. That's up from 2.9% in 2000, though down from a peak of 9.6% in 2010. ... In 2012, 39% of defaults on federal student loans occurred among borrowers who had attended for-profit colleges – nearly four times the percentage enrolled in the 2010-11 academic year.
  10. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ConferenceDraft_LooneyYannelis_StudentLoanDefaults.pdf
  11. Danilova, Maria (October 5, 2017). "More than half of students at for-profit colleges defaulted on loans, study finds". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  12. Turner, Sarah (April 13, 2023). "Student loan pause has benefitted affluent borrowers the most, others may struggle when payments resume". Brookings. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  13. Boehm, Eric (April 21, 2023). "Biden's student loan pause overwhelmingly benefited wealthier Americans". Reason.com. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  14. "Federal Role in Education". www2.ed.gov. May 25, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  15. "U.S. Senate: Sputnik Spurs Passage of the National Defense Education Act". www.senate.gov. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Michael Simkovic, Risk-Based Student Loans (2012)
  17. 1 2 3 4 Jonathan Glater (2011). "The Other Big Test: Why Congress Should Allow College Students to Borrow More Through Federal Aid Programs". New York University Journal of Legislation and Public Policy. 14. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1871305. S2CID 73635531.
  18. "BSC alum was first federal loan recipient". bismarckstate.edu.
  19. "Bank of North Dakota will end student loan program". Bismarck Tribune. March 30, 2010.
  20. Best, Joel; Best, Eric (May 2, 2014). The Student Loan Mess: How Good Intentions Created a Trillion-Dollar Problem. ISBN 978-0520276451.
  21. Woo, Jennie, H., and (ED) National Center for Education Statistics. "The Expansion of Private Loans in Postsecondary Education. Stats in Brief. NCES 2012-184" National Center For Education Statistics (2011): ERIC. Web. May 21, 2014
  22. 1 2 SANTO JR., G. F., & RALL, L. L. (2010). Private Student Loan Financing in an Era of Needs and Challenges. Journal of Structured Finance, 16(3), 106-115.
  23. "Federal Perkins Loan Program, Federal Family Education Loan Program, and William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program (Docket ID: ED-2009-OPE-0004)". Regulations.gov. August 25, 2009.
  24. Kantrowitz, Mark. "Total College Debt Now Exceeds Total Credit Card Debt". fastweb. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  25. "Student Loans Owned and Securitized, Outstanding." Research.stlouisfed.org. New York Federal Reserve, April 7, 2016. Web. April 19, 2016.
  26. 1 2 77 FR 66088
  27. 1 2 Campbell, Patrick; Frotman, Seth (February 7, 2018). "Help is here for people with severe disabilities struggling with student loans". CFPB. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  28. Sahadi, Jeanne (December 20, 2017). "Enjoy your tax cuts while they last". CNN Money. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  29. "P2P Lending & Education: CommonBond Launches With $3.5M, Joining SoFi In Quest To Solve The Student Debt Crisis". TechCrunch. December 1, 2012.
  30. "SoFi Tapping Alumni to Help With Student Loans". The New York Times. April 3, 2012.
  31. Lobosco, Katie. "8 million Americans could get a lower rate on their student loans", CNN Money, 15 November 2016. Retrieved on 10 March 2017.
  32. Federal Reserve Bank of New York (February 2017). "Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit" (PDF). Retrieved March 23, 2017.
  33. "U.S. Department of Education Announces Final Regulations to Protect Students and Taxpayers from Predatory Institutions | U.S. Department of Education". U.S. Dept. of Education. October 28, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  34. Kroll, Andy (July 25, 2018). "Betsy DeVos' New Proposal Aligns Her With For-Profit Colleges Over Debt-Saddled Students". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  35. Friedman, Zack (May 29, 2020). "Trump Vetoes Student Loan Forgiveness Bill". Forbes. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  36. Vigdor, Neil (August 22, 2019). "Trump Orders Student Loan Forgiveness for Disabled Veterans". The New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  37. Turner, Cory. "Judge rules to erase the student loans of 200K borrowers who say they were ripped off". www.npr.org. National Public Radio. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  38. Kantrowitz, Mark (July 28, 2021). "Why Are Student Loan Servicers Dropping Out?". hecollegeinvestor.com. The College Investor. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  39. Giovanetti, Erika (August 3, 2021). "1 in 8 families borrowed private student loans in 2020-21 school year: Here's how to do it right". www.foxbusiness.com. Fox Business. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  40. 1 2 Redden, Elizabeth (July 16, 2021). "Appeals Court Rules Private Loans Dischargeable in Bankruptcy". www.insidehighered.com. Inside Higher Education. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  41. 1 2 Gladstone, Alexander (July 15, 2021). "Consensus Builds That Some Private Student Loans Can Be Wiped Out in Bankruptcy". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  42. Korn, Melissa (August 19, 2021). "U.S. to Eliminate Student Debt for Borrowers With Permanent Disabilities". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  43. Calonia, Jennifer (September 4, 2021). "What to do if you can't pay your loans during the pandemic". www.seattletimes.com. Seattle Times. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  44. Thakker, Prem (November 1, 2022). "Biden Extends Pause on Student Loan Payments". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  45. Carpenter, Julia (May 3, 2022). "When Student Loan Debt Paused, These Borrowers Kept Paying". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  46. Sheffey, Ayelet. "The Supreme Court just ruled that $6 billion in student-loan forgiveness for 200,000 borrowers can move forward". www.businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
  47. Howe, Amy (February 13, 2023). "In a pair of challenges to student-debt relief, big questions about agency authority and the right to sue". www.scotusblog.com. Scotus Blog. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  48. Acevedo, Nicole (January 5, 2023). "Student loan borrowers thought they were getting relief. Now, courts have put their lives on hold". www.nbcnews.com. NBC News. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  49. "US Supreme Court blocks Biden's $400bn loan forgiveness plan". BBC.
  50. Furman, Jason (July 19, 2016). "The Truth About Higher Education And Student Loans". Huffington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  51. Hess, Abigail (July 13, 2017). "Here's how much it costs to go to college in the US compared to other countries". CNBC. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  52. Nova, Annie (June 30, 2021). "Student loan bills are set to restart in October. But another extension is still possible". CNBC. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  53. 1 2 3 Pan, Maoyuan; Dan Lou (2008). "A Comparative Analysis On Models of Higher Education Massification". Frontiers of Education in China. 3 (1): 64–78. doi:10.1007/s11516-008-0004-8. S2CID 195309522.
  54. "Student Loans | Consumer Information". www.consumer.ftc.gov. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  55. "Subsidized and Unsubsidized Loans". Federal Student Aid. May 1, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  56. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. (2012) Private Student Loans. See also: Report Details Woes of Student Loan Debt. NYT.
  57. "FinAid | Student Loans". Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  58. "Parents' Wealth and Racial Disparities in College Debt | St. Louis Fed". www.stlouisfed.org.
  59. Ozymy, Joshua (March 2012). "The Poverty of Participation: Self-Interest, Student Loans, and Student Activism". Political Behavior. 34 (1): 103–116. doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9154-5. S2CID 254947912.
  60. Goldstein, Dana (May 20, 2019). "The Morehouse Gift, in Context: An Average Black Graduate Has $7,400 More in Debt Than White Peers". The New York Times.
  61. Berman, Jillian. "12 years after starting college, white men have paid off 44% of their student loans, while black women owe 13% more". MarketWatch.
  62. DeMatteo, Megan (December 12, 2020). "Here's the average student loan debt by age". CNBC.
  63. Gravler, Elizabeth (April 25, 2021). "Here's the average student debt balance of borrowers under 25". CNBC. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  64. Gravier, Elizabeth (June 21, 2021). "Here's the average student loan debt of borrowers 35 to 49 years old". CNBC. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  65. "The Difference Between Stafford & Perkins Loans". Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  66. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  67. "Requisitos para otros formularios - Solicitud de cancelación por incapacidad total y permanente". Archived from the original on September 10, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
  68. "Higher Education Opportunity Act - 2008". Ed.gov. June 28, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  69. Wondering whether you can get your federal student loans forgiven or canceled for your service as a teacher?. FederalStudentAid.gov.
  70. "Public Service Loan Forgiveness | Federal Student Aid". Studentaid.ed.gov. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  71. "Public Service Loan Forgiveness". Federal Student Aid. December 12, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
  72. Public Service Loan Forgiveness. FinAid.org. See also: H.R. 2669 (110th): College Cost Reduction and Access Act: Library of Congress Summary.
  73. "U.S. Code". Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
  74. "Borrower Defense". www.ed.gov. US Department of Education. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
  75. "Loans: Federal William D. Ford Direct Loans | Types of Financial Aid | Student Financial Services | Student Life | Iona College". www.iona.edu. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  76. "Understanding Repayment". Federal Student Aid. May 3, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  77. "Expected Family Contribution (EFC)". fafsa.ed.gov. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  78. "IFAP - Dear Colleague Letter". Ifap.ed.gov. Archived from the original on March 20, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  79. "PLUS Loans". Federal Student Aid. February 26, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  80. "Interest Rates and Fees". Federal Student Aid. August 3, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  81. "Federal Student Loan Programs Data Book - Introduction". www2.ed.gov. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  82. 1 2 Judith Scott-Clayton (January 10, 2018). "The looming student loan default crisis is worse than we thought" (PDF). Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  83. Philip G. Schrag & Charles W. Pruett, Coordinating Loan Repayment Assistance Programs with New Federal Legislation, 60 J. LEGAL EDUC. 583, 590-597 (2010)
  84. 1 2 Cameron, Robert G. (April 12, 2022). "Busting myths about bankruptcy and private student loans". Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
  85. "Federal Versus Private Loans". Federal Student Aid. May 10, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  86. "New changes will do you good if you have student loans". USA Today. July 1, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  87. "Private Loans Deepen a Crisis in Student Debt". The New York Times. June 10, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
  88. Kantrowitz, Mark (July 28, 2021). "Why Are Student Loan Servicers Dropping Out?". The College Investor. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  89. Bailey, Samantha; Ryan, Christopher J. "The Next "Big Short": COVID-19, Student Loan Discharge in Bankruptcy, and the SLABS Market". /scholar.smu.edu. SMU Law Review. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  90. Campbell, Eli J. "Wall Street has been gambling with student loan debt for decades". www.opendemocracy.net. Open Democracy. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
  91. "Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility". www.federalreserve.gov. US Federal Reserve. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
  92. Bailey, Samantha R.; Ryan, Christopher J. "The Next "Big Short": COVID-19, Student Loan Discharge in Bankruptcy, and the SLABS Marke". scholar.smu.edu. SMU Law Review.
  93. "Trends in Student Aid – College Board Research". research.collegeboard.org.
  94. "Getting Repayment Rates Right - Center for American Progress". July 10, 2018.
  95. 1 2 Kelchen, Robert (September 28, 2017). "Examining Trends in Student Loan Repayment Rates".
  96. "Student-Loan Default Rates Are Easily Gamed. Here's a Better Measure". March 26, 2015.
  97. Kreighbaum, Andrew (April 27, 2018). "GAO: Colleges, Consultants Game Rules to Lower Default Rates". www.insidehighered.com. Government Accountability Office. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
  98. "How Standard Repayment Works". American Student Assistance. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
  99. "Income-Based Plan". Federal Student Aid, a department of the United States Department of Education. Retrieved September 9, 2012. If your student loan debt is high but your income is modest, you may qualify for the Income-Based Repayment Plan (IBR). Most major types of federal student loans—except for PLUS loans for parents—are eligible for IBR.
  100. Andrew Martin (September 8, 2012). "Debt Collectors Cashing In on Student Loan Roundup". The New York Times. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
  101. "So You Want to Offer an Income-Share Agreement? Here's How 5 Colleges Are Doing It. - EdSurge News". EdSurge. February 15, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  102. "Income Share Agreements - Division of Financial Aid - Purdue University". www.purdue.edu. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  103. https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/about/data-center/student/loan-forgiveness/borrower-defense-data
  104. "Students escape loan debt by living overseas - Oct. 24, 2008". money.cnn.com. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  105. Cherastidtham, Ittima (May 4, 2015). "Collecting student loans from overseas debtors just a start". The Conversation. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
  106. "'I had to escape this debtors' prison': College grad flees U.S. to avoid student loan debt". The York Daily Record. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  107. Nova, Annie (May 25, 2019). "These Americans fled the country to escape their giant student debt". CNBC. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  108. "Bankruptcy § 523. Exceptions to discharge". FindLaw.
  109. "Is credit card debt discharged in bankruptcy?". Illinois Legal Aid Online. Illinois Legal Aid. Retrieved June 17, 2023.
  110. "Bankrupt: Maxed Out In America (transcript)". American RadioWorks. 2011.
  111. Kosel, Janice E. (January 1981). "Running the Gauntlet of "Undue Hardship" - The Discharge of Student Loans in Bankruptcy". Golden Gate University Law Review. 11 (2): 459.
  112. Salvin, Robert F. (1996). "Student Loans, Bankruptcy, and the Fresh Start Policy: Must Debtors Be Impoverished to Discharge Educational Loans". Tulane Law Review. 71: 139.
  113. "The Misinterpretation of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8)" (PDF). American Bankruptcy Institute.
  114. "Filing an Adversary Proceeding (AP) Without an Attorney | Northern District of Florida". Flnb.uscourts.gov. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  115. Ron Lieber (August 31, 2012). "Last Plea on School Loans: Proving a Hopeless Future". The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
  116. Marie Brunner, Appellant, v. New York State Higher Education Services Corp., Appellee, 831 F.2d 395 (United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit Argued Sept. 22, 1987. Decided Oct. 14, 1987) ("Whether not discharging Brunner's student loans would impose on her "undue hardship" under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(8)(B) requires a conclusion regarding the legal effect of the bankruptcy court's findings as to her circumstances.").
  117. "Student Loan Bankruptcy Gap". Yahoo Finance. November 12, 2020.
  118. 1 2 Iuliano, Jason (October 21, 2020). "Student Loan Bankruptcy Gap". Duke Law Journal. SSRN 3715975. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  119. 1 2 Vedder, Richard; Denhart, Christopher; Hartge, Joseph (June 2014), Dollars, Cents, and Nonsense: The Harmful Effects of Federal Student Aid, Center for College Affordability and Productivity, archived from the original on July 10, 2014, retrieved November 23, 2014
  120. Bennett, William J. "Our Greedy Colleges." Nytimes.com. The New York Times Company, February 18, 1987. Web. April 28, 2016.
  121. Best and Keppo (2014)
  122. "Creative destruction". The Economist. June 28, 2014.
  123. "The digital degree". The Economist. June 27, 2014.
  124. Best, K., & Keppo, J. (2014). The credits that count: how credit growth and financial aid affect college tuition and fees. Education Economics, 22(6), 589–613. doi:10.1080/09645292.2012.687102
  125. "Cuomo: School loan corruption widespread". U.S.A. Today. April 10, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
  126. Lederman, Doug (May 15, 2007). "The First Casualty". Inside Higher Education. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
  127. "Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Student Loans: Overview and Issues, August 2012" (PDF). Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  128. Collinge, Alan. The student loan scam: the most oppressive debt in U.S. history, and how we can fight back. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, c2009. ISBN 978-0-8070-4229-8LCCN 2008-12230
  129. "Forgiving Student Loan Debt Leads to Better Jobs, Stronger Consumers". May 22, 2019.
  130. Adamczyk, Alicia (June 27, 2023). "Much of the $1.8 trillion in student debt won't ever be repaid, nonpartisan research organization says. 'The government is poised to take a bath on its student loan portfolio'". Fortune. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  131. Nilaj, Eduard; et al. (June 15, 2023). "The Repayment Pause and the Continuing Crisis of Non-Repayment". Jain Family Institute. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  132. Field, Kelly (August 15, 2010). "Nelnet to Pay $55 Million to Resolve Whistle Blower Lawsuit". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  133. Moldea, Dan E. (2020). Money, Politics, and Corruption in U.S. Higher Education: The Stories of Whistleblowers. Moldea.com. ISBN 978-0578661155.
  134. "A better way to provide relief to student loan borrowers". April 30, 2019.
  135. 1 2 Hess, Abigail Johnson (July 2, 2021). "3 ways student debt impacts the economy". www.cnbc.com. CNBC. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  136. Adamczyk, Alicia (June 27, 2023). "Much of the $1.8 trillion in student debt won't ever be repaid, nonpartisan research organization says. 'The government is poised to take a bath on its student loan portfolio'". Fortune. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
  137. MCCLENNEN, SOPHIA A. (May 8, 2021). "Universities are still not held accountable for the student debt mental health crisis". /www.salon.com. Salon. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  138. Dickler, Jessica (May 22, 2018). "Student loan debt is a hurdle for many would-be mothers". www.cnbc.com. CNBC. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  139. Menton, Jessica. "In sickness and in health, but not in debt: Young Americans avoid 'I do' until student loans are paid off". USA Today. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  140. Ungarino, Rebecca (October 7, 2014). "Burdened with Record Amount of Debt, Graduates Delay Marriage". www.nbcnews.com. NBC News. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  141. Nau, Michael; Dwyer, Rachel E.; Hodson, Randy (December 2015). "Can't afford a baby? Debt and young Americans". Res Soc Stratif Mobil. 42: 114–122. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2015.05.003. PMC 5231614. PMID 28090131.
  142. Nova, Annie (December 21, 2018). "For some, student loan debt is doubling, tripling, and even quadrupling". CNBC.
  143. Vasquez, Michael (March 9, 2019). "The Nightmarish End of the Dream Center's Higher-Ed Empire". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  144. Jaffe, Sarah (February 23, 2015). "'We won't pay': students in debt take on for-profit college institution". The Guardian. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  145. Carlson, Tucker (March 19, 2019). "Tucker Carlson: Congress must address the student loan debt problem and stop colleges from scamming our kids Tucker Carlson". Fox News. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  146. Nilsen, Ella (March 28, 2019). "Trump's vision for higher education is limiting student loans and prioritizing for-profit colleges". Vox. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  147. Kirk, Charlie (March 21, 2019). "Student loan debt: The government broke it, and must fix it". The Hill. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  148. Gregorian, Dareh (March 30, 2019). "Growing student debt crisis: Candidates say cancel it, free college, refinance Share this — 2020 Election Growing student debt crisis: Candidates say cancel it, free college, refinance". NBC News. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  149. "College for All Act Introduced » Senator Bernie Sanders".
  150. "Bernie Sanders unveils plan to cancel all $1.6 trillion of student loan debt". CNN. June 24, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
  151. Kreighbaum, Andrew (March 7, 2019). "Senator Pushes 'Debt-Free' as Solution for College Costs". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  152. "S.672 - Debt-Free College Act of 2019". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. March 6, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  153. "Student Debt Forgiveness". Initiative on Global Markets. November 24, 2020. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021.
  154. "Biden will forgive $10k in student loans for millions of Americans - National | Globalnews.ca". globalnews.ca. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  155. "The government will refund you any student loan payments made since March 2020 – e3d news". September 16, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
  156. "Biden cancels up to $20,000 in student loan debt for millions of Americans, extends payment pause". www.cbsnews.com. August 24, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  157. 1 2 Turner, Cory (September 30, 2022). "A look inside the legal battle to stop Biden's student loan relief". NPR. The antipathy many conservatives feel toward President Biden's student debt relief plan, which the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office recently estimated will cost roughly $400 billion, is as vivid as many borrowers' enthusiasm for it.
  158. "Costs of Suspending Student Loan Payments and Canceling Debt". September 26, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022. CBO estimates that the cost of outstanding student loans to the federal government will increase by about $400 billion because of an executive action canceling some debt.
  159. Turner, Cory; Carrillo, Sequoia (August 24, 2022). "Biden is canceling up to $10K in student loans, $20K for Pell Grant recipients". NPR. In a May analysis, the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget estimated a policy like the one Biden announced would cost at least $230 billion, and warned that even income limits "would do almost nothing to alleviate the central issues with the policy, namely that it is regressive, inflationary, expensive, and would likely do more to increase the cost of higher education going forward than to reduce it."
  160. Liu, Jennifer (August 24, 2022). "Biden announces new plan to cut some student loan payments in half". CNBC. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  161. Hurley, Lawrence. "Supreme Court kills Biden student loan relief plan". NBC. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
  162. "In a reversal, the Education Dept. is excluding many from student loan relief". NPR.org.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.