Sumak kawsay is a neologism in Quechua invented in the 1990s by intellectuals, academics and experts in development working in or about Latin America and receiving a kind of sporsonship and technical advice by developmental cooperation agencies from Europe. Sumak kamaña in aymara was invented at first in the same conditions, similar neologisms were produced in another languages spoken by people classified as indigenous in Latin America. Originally created as a political and cultural proposal for countries with indigenous populations, Ecuadorian and Bolivian governments later adopted it to make new Constitutions. The term refers to the implementation of a kind of socialism that moves away from Western socialist theory and instead uses an idea of ancestral, communitarian knowledge and lifestyle of Quechua speaking people, the most of then living in peasant communities since the Colonial period. In Ecuador, it has been translated as buen vivir or "good living", although native speakers of Quechua when are asked to translate the neologism in another language say that a more precise translation would be "the plentiful life".[1][2][3][4] In Bolivia, the original neologism in Aimaran is suma qamaña which has been also translated as vivir bien or living well.[5][6]

In the original Quechua phrase, sumak refers to the ideal and beautiful fulfillment of the planet, and kawsay means "life," a life with dignity, plenitude, balance, and harmony. Similar ideas exist in other indigenous communities, such as the Mapuche (Chile), the Guaraní (Bolivia and Paraguay),[7] the Achuar (Ecuadorian Amazon), the Guna (Panamá), etc.

Mayan Tsotsil and Tseltal peoples pursue Lekil Kuxlejal (a fair-dignified life), which is considered equivalent to Buen Vivir and has influenced the development Neozapatismo.[8]

Since the 1990s, sumak kawsay has been involved into a big political project that imagine collective wellbeing, social responsibility in how people should relate to nature, and a halt to endless capital accumulation. This final aspect makes the project an alternative to desindustrialization and traditional development.[9] Buen vivir imagine the collective realization of a harmonious and balanced life based on ethical values, in place of a development model that views human beings as an economic resource.[5] [[Indigenous organizations officially registered countries of Latin America, specially in Ecuador and Bolivia, along with intellectuals, initially used the concept to build an alternative paradigm to capitalist development with cosmological, holistic, and political dimensions. The 2008 Constitution of Ecuador incorporated the concept of the rights of nature, as did the 2009 Constitution of Bolivia. Diverse theorists, such as economists Alberto Acosta and Magdalena León, say that sumak kawsay is not about a finished and completely structured theory, but rather an unfinished social proposal that can be improved.

Principles of sumak kawsay

The Andean philosopher Javier Lajo understands sumak kawsay as thinking well and feeling well in order to do well, with the ultimate goal of achieving harmony with the community, family, Nature, and universe.[10] The ancestral sumak kawsay considers people as part of the Pachamama or Mother Earth. Unlike other paradigms, the modern buen vivir, inspired by indigenous traditions, looks for balance with Nature in the fulfillment of needs instead of mere economic growth.

Sumak kawsay is a paradigm based on five pillars:

  1. There is no life without knowledge or wisdom (Tucu Yachay)
  2. We all come from Mother Earth (Pacha Mama)
  3. Life is healthy (hambi kawsay)
  4. Life is collective (sumak kamaña)
  5. We all have an aspiration or a dream (Hatun Muskuy)[5]

Sumak kawsay, in the Andean conception, is the balance between feeling well (Allin Munay) and thinking well (Allin Yachay) which results in doing well (Allin Ruay) in order to achieve harmony, as explained by Lajo.[11]

This principle, rooted in the Andean indigenous cosmovision and ancestral knowledge in general, is based on:[12]

  • Relationality, which refers to the interconnection among all elements in a whole
  • Reciprocity, which has to do with the reciprocal relationship between the worlds above, below, now, between human beings and nature, a sort of co-participation
  • Connection, which refers to how the elements of reality connect to each in a harmonious, proportional way

Sumak kawsay, living well, or splendid existence clashes with the idea of infinite progress. Pachamama or Mother Nature has a limit, which prevents unlimited development and growth at the cost of "the other"—nature, which includes human beings. Having a harmonious relationship requires re-knowing and applying complementarity and cooperation, not accumulation.[11]

Sumak kawsay contemplates a harmonious relationship with society, which is understood as a wide, globalized sphere, and the field of the dominant culture and system. With this, the concept seeks to recreate and apply interculturality and plurinationality, fundamental precepts to this proposed way of life.[12]

History

Researchers say it is difficult to trace the concept's use, but many agree that the theoretical and political proposal gained traction in the 1990s. In Ecuador, indigenous movements emerged in full force and created a series of internal, educational initiatives and international cooperation programs that promoted the principles of good living. In Bolivia, suma qamaña appeared because of the work of indigenous movements and intellectual, leftist groups.[12]

According to the sociologist Guadalupe Rivadeneira, the concept of sumak kawsay has always existed. However, Amazonian Kichwas with the Pastaza Indigenous Peoples' Organization (OPIP) recently systematized the concept in 1994.[11]

Definitions

As a pluralistic concept, buen vivir has a variety of definitions. Eduardo Gudynas outlines eight core ideas for the concept: 1) create space for sharing critiques of development, 2) uplift ethical outlooks grounded in values, 3) center decolonization, 4) foster intercultural dialogue, 5) deny the nature–society binary, 6) reject manipulative and instrumental rationalities, 7) reject linear understanding of progress and 8) express feelings and affections. Overall, Gudynas endorses buen vivir as a framework for moving beyond modernity and development.[2]

David Choquehuanca explains that living well or good living is living in harmony with other human beings and with nature, on the basis of unity, solidarity, and empathy. As such, it is a return to the ancestral principles of the region's peoples. This perspective is not anthropocentric or even egocentric: everyone, including nature, forms part of the same whole. In this way, buen vivir is a search for life in community, where all members look after each other. The most important part is that life is meant in a broad sense, and not focused on individuals or property. Such a cosmovision requires renouncing any type of accumulation.[13]

According to Luis Macas, Quechua lawyer and ex-president of CONAIE, sumak is plenitude. It is the sublime, excellent, magnificent, beautiful, and superior. Kawsay is life. It is the state of being, but it is dynamic, variable, and active. Therefore, sumak kawsay is life in plenitude. Life is material and spiritual excellence. For the Indigenous Peoples or Original Nations, this concept comes from thousands of years of experience, just like resistance among Original Nations. Therefore, this concept does not emerge by coincidence, nor does it originate in the codification of rights of nature in 2008 Constitution of Ecuador. Sumak kawsay comes from communal life; it is the essence of that system and explains the daily practices of indigenous communities. It is vital to their civil organization, and even has continued despite the violent interruption of colonialism and the aggression of capitalism.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Macas, Luis. "El Sumak Kawsay" (PDF). Decrecimiento y Buen Vivir. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  2. 1 2 Gudynas, Eduardo (2011). "Buen Vivir: Today's tomorrow". Development. 54 (4): 441–447. doi:10.1057/dev.2011.86. ISSN 1011-6370. S2CID 59059108.
  3. ↑ Lang, Miriam (2022). "Buen vivir was formulated academically as a territorial practice in order to try to imagine a sustainable life through the execution of interculturality". Sustainability Science. 17 (4): 1287–1299. doi:10.1007/s11625-022-01130-1.
  4. ↑ Calisto Friant, Martin; Langmore, John (2015). "The Buen Vivir: A Policy to Survive the Anthropocene?". Global Policy. 6 (1): 64–71. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12187.
  5. 1 2 3 Telégrafo, El (2013-04-07). "¿Qué es el Sumak Kawsay?". El Telégrafo (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  6. ↑ ""Vivir Bien" - propuesta de modelo de gobierno en Bolivia". economiasolidaria.org (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  7. ↑ Melià, Bartomeu (December 2015). "El buen vivir se aprende". Sinéctica (in Spanish) (45): 1–12. ISSN 1665-109X.
  8. ↑ University of Auckland; Albarran Gonzalez, Diana (2021-07-22). "Sjalel Lekil Kuxlejal: Mayan Weaving and Zapatismo in Design Research". Pluriversal Design Special Interest Group. Design Research Society. doi:10.21606/pluriversal.2021.0047. ISBN 978-1-912294-43-5.
  9. ↑ Rivadeneira Nuñez, Guadalupe (November 2016). "Sumak Kawsay - Esplendida Existencia - Buen Vivir" (PDF). Wayback Machine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  10. ↑ Lajo, Javier (February 28, 2008). "¿Qué dice el Sumaj Kawsay?". Sumak Kawsay. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  11. 1 2 3 Rivadeneira Nuñez, Guadalupe (September 20, 2013). "El Sumak Kawsay en Sumpa, Santa Elena". La Línea de Fuego. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 Garcia Álvarez, Santiago (June 2013). "Sumak kawsay o buen vivir como alternativa al desarrollo en Ecuador" (PDF). Universidad Complutense Madrid. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  13. ↑ "El 'Buen Vivir' según el canciller de Bolivia, David Choquehuanca" (in European Spanish). Diario y Radio U Chile. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
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