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| T-Series | |||||||||||||||||||
| Type | Private | ||||||||||||||||||
| Industry | Music & entertainment | ||||||||||||||||||
| Founded | 11 July 1983 in Delhi, India[1] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Founder | Gulshan Kumar | ||||||||||||||||||
| Headquarters | , India | ||||||||||||||||||
Key people | Bhushan Kumar (Chairman, Managing Director) Krishan Kumar Neeraj Kalyan (President)[2] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Services | |||||||||||||||||||
| Owner |
| ||||||||||||||||||
YouTube information | |||||||||||||||||||
| Channel | |||||||||||||||||||
| Years active | 2006–present | ||||||||||||||||||
| Genres | |||||||||||||||||||
| Subscribers | 257 million[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total views | 243 billion[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
Last updated: 07 January 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Website | TSeries.com | ||||||||||||||||||
Super Cassettes Industries Private Limited, doing business as T-Series,[note 1][1][5] is an Indian music record label and film production company founded by Gulshan Kumar on 11 July 1983.[6] It is primarily known for Hindi film soundtracks[6] and Indi-pop music.[7] As of 2014, T-Series is India's largest music record label, with up to a 35% share of the Indian music market, followed by Sony Music India and Zee Music.[8] T-Series also owns and operates the most-viewed and the most-subscribed YouTube channel, with over 257 million subscribers[9] and 243 billion total views as of 5 January 2024.[10] While best known as a music label, T-Series has also had some moderate success as a film production company.
Kumar, initially a fruit juice seller in Delhi, founded T-Series to sell pirated Hindi songs before the company eventually began producing new music. Their breakthrough came with the soundtrack for the 1988 Bollywood blockbuster Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak, composed by Anand–Milind, written by Majrooh Sultanpuri, and starring Aamir Khan and Juhi Chawla, which became one of the best-selling Indian music albums of the 1980s, with over 8 million sales. They eventually became a leading music label with the release of Aashiqui (1990), composed by Nadeem–Shravan, which sold 20 million copies and became the best-selling Indian soundtrack album of all time.[11] However, Gulshan Kumar was murdered by the Mumbai mafia syndicate D-Company on 12 August 1997. Since then, T-Series has been led by his son Bhushan Kumar and younger brother Krishan Kumar.
On YouTube, T-Series has a multi-channel network, with 30 channels (including Lahari Music) that have over 382.3 million subscribers as of 15 December 2021. The company's YouTube team consists of 13 people at the T-Series headquarters.[12] The company's main T-Series channel on YouTube primarily shows music videos as well as film trailers. It became the most-viewed YouTube channel in January 2017.[13] The T-Series channel primarily features content in the Hindi language, and occasionally several other languages including Bhojpuri, Punjabi and English. T-Series also have other channels dedicated to content in several Indian languages including Bengali, Bhojpuri, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Gujarati, Marathi and Rajasthani.
History
T-Series was founded on 11 July 1983[14] by Gulshan Kumar,[15] at the time a fruit juice seller in the Daryaganj neighbourhood of Delhi.[16] The company initially sold pirated Hindi film songs, prior to releasing original music.[17][18][19] Back then, the Indian audio cassette market was small-scale, with widespread piracy, but there was growing demand for cassette music. According to Rediff, while Kumar "was involved in piracy, he was passionately market- and consumer-driven."[20] The company also took advantage of loopholes in copyright law allowing for the release of cover versions of songs, which T-Series would then flood the market with.[21] Researchers Lawrence Liang and Ravi Sundaram wrote:
T-Series was a profoundly disruptive force in the Indian music market, in large part because it was a tremendously successful pirate. The company built its catalog through a variety of quasi-legal and illegal practices ... [T-Series] engaged in more straightforward copyright infringement in the form of pirate releases of popular hits, and it often illegally obtained film scores before the release of the film to ensure that its recordings were the first to hit the market.[21]
Kumar discovered that there was also a market for devotional music, and began recording and selling it. Kumar noticed that many elderly Hindu followers could not read hymns and chants because of failing eyesight, so Kumar hired singers to record the chants and sold them as cheap cassettes. Later, he filmed major Hindu pilgrimages in India and sold them on VHS and video cassette tapes.[22]
T-Series' first original film soundtrack release was for Lallu Ram in 1984, with music scored by Ravindra Jain. The company's breakthrough came when it released the soundtrack for the 1988 film Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (also known as QSQT),[23] directed by Mansoor Khan and starring Aamir Khan and Juhi Chawla. The Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak soundtrack, composed by Anand–Milind and written by Majrooh Sultanpuri, became the best-selling Indian soundtrack album of 1988 and one of the best-selling Indian soundtrack albums of the 1980s,[24] with more than 8 million units sold.[25] The biggest hit song from the album was "Papa Kehte Hain", sung by Udit Narayan and picturised on Aamir Khan.[26][27] T-Series founder Gulshan Kumar soon played a key role in Hindi film music's cassette boom of the late 1980s with his affordable T-Series albums.[28]
T-Series later became a leading music label with the release of Aashiqui (1990),[17] directed by Mahesh Bhatt. The Aashiqui film soundtrack album, composed by the duo Nadeem–Shravan, sold 20 million units in India,[29] and is the best-selling Hindi film soundtrack album of all time.[11] A cover version of "Dheere Dheere" from Aashiqui was later sung by Yo Yo Honey Singh and released by T-Series in 2015.
T-Series was largely responsible for sparking a boom for the Indian music industry in the early 1990s.[25] Many of the best-selling Hindi music albums of the 1990s, particularly those composed by Nadeem–Shravan, were released under the T-Series label.[11] Besides music production, the company also began venturing into film production.[30] The annual earnings of T-Series grew from ₹20 crore ($16 million) in 1985 to ₹200 crore ($88 million) in 1991,[31][32] and by 1997 had reached ₹500 crore[33] ($140 million).[34]
In 1997, T-Series founder Gulshan Kumar was murdered by the Mumbai mafia syndicate D-Company.[33] His assassination also led to T-Series losing its most prolific musicians at the time, Nadeem–Shravan, due to Nadeem Akhtar Saifi initially being accused of involvement in the murder, before later being exonerated.[35][36][37] After Gulshan Kumar's death in 1997, the company has since been led by his son Bhushan Kumar,[38] with the help of Gulshan's younger brother Krishan Kumar.
As a film production company, T-Series has had some moderate success. The highest-grossing T-Series film production to date is the critically acclaimed sleeper hit Hindi Medium (2017), written by Zeenat Lakhani, directed by Saket Chaudhary, and starring Irrfan Khan and Saba Qamar.[39] It grossed ₹322.4 crore ($44 million) worldwide,[40] with $34 million in China alone,[41] becoming one of the top 20 highest-grossing Indian films of all time.[42] One of the most expensive Indian films was T-Series's Saaho,[43] a sci-fi thriller with a production budget of ₹300 crore (equivalent to ₹373 crore or US$47 million in 2023), released in 2019.[44][45]
YouTube presence
T-Series joined YouTube on 13 March 2006, but only started uploading videos in late 2010. The T-Series YouTube channel is run by a team of 13 people at the T-Series headquarters.[12] Under this channel, T-Series primarily shows music videos and film trailers.
By July 2013, it had crossed 1 billion views, becoming the second Indian YouTube channel to cross the milestone after Rajshri Productions.[46] In January 2017, T-Series surpassed PewDiePie to become the world's most-viewed YouTube channel,[47][13][48][49] and as of November 2023 it has over 236 billion views.[50] On 10 September 2018, the channel received a Custom Ruby Play Button on reaching 50 Million subscribers.[51] It is also the second channel ever to hit 70 million subscribers.[10] On 29 May 2019, T-Series became the first channel to reach 100 million subscribers.[52] In December 2021, T-Series became the first channel to reach 200 million subscribers.[53]
As of 1 November 2023, T-Series has 252 million subscribers, making it the most-subscribed YouTube channel, exceeding the second-placed channel MrBeast by 46 million.[54] On average, T-Series gains 66,000 subscribers daily.[55]
T-Series channel also owns a multi-channel network, with 29 channels[2] (excluding Lahari Music), which include YouTube channels such as T-Series Telugu, T-Series Tamil,[56] Bollywood Classics,[57] T-Series Kids Hut, T-Series Apna Punjab, T-Series Kannada, Shabad Gurbani, Health And Fitness, T-Series Bhakti Sagar (mainly dedicated to Hindu devotional music, and to a lesser extent Jain, Sikh, Muslim, Buddhist and Christian), Pop Chartbusters, T-Series Malayalam, T-Series Classics, T-Series Regional, hamaarbhojpuri, T-Series Gujarati, T-Series Marathi, T-Series Bhavageethegalu & Folk, Bhakti Sagar Telugu, Bhakti Sagar Tamil, Bhakti Sagar Malayalam, T-Series Bhakti Marathi, Bhakti Sagar Kannada, T-Series Islamic Music, T-Series Kids Hut-Portuguese Fairy Tales, T-Series Haryanvi, T-Series Kids Hut-Telugu Kathalu, T-Series Kids Hut-Cuentos en Español and T-Series Kids Hut Tamil.
On top of this, seven of their channels are among the top 100 most-subscribed channels in India, including T-Series, Bhakti Sagar, Apna Punjab, Pop Chartbusters, Bollywood Classics, T-Series Regional, Lahari Music.[58]
T-Series' 29 channels accumulated a total of more than 184 million YouTube subscribers as of July 2019. During January–July 2018, T-Series earned an income of ₹720 crore (equivalent to ₹895 crore or US$110 million in 2023) from YouTube.[56] Online revenue contributes to at least 60% of the company's overall revenue.[59]
The most popular song on the T-Series channel is "Dilbar" (2018),[60] an updated version of a 1999 song from Sirf Tum originally composed by Nadeem–Shravan, reinvisioned by Tanishk Bagchi with Middle-Eastern musical influences,[61] and a music video featuring Arabic belly dancing from Moroccan-Canadian dancer Nora Fatehi.[62] It has become one of the most popular Hindi film music videos of all time,[63] with its international success inspiring an Arabic language version released by T-Series, also featuring Nora Fatehi. "Dilbar" is popular across South Asia and the Arab world, with all versions of the song having received more than 1 billion views on YouTube.[64] The most popular T-Series artist on YouTube is Punjabi language artist Guru Randhawa, whose song "Lahore" (2017) has crossed 1 billion views on YouTube.[65] "Slowly Slowly", Guru Randhawa's collaboration with American rapper Pitbull released by T-Series, received 38 million views within a day, becoming one of the most-viewed music videos in 24 hours.[66]
The growth of T-Series' YouTube channel has been attributed to India's emerging online population. India currently has 500 million Internet users and this number is expected to grow rapidly.[67] A major breakthrough in India's Internet growth came in September 2016 with the advent of 4G network Reliance Jio, offering data at very low costs.[15] India has since emerged as the world's second-largest online population (behind China, where YouTube is blocked), with YouTube alone having over 225 million monthly Indian users. India's high demand for YouTube content and the lack of local content creators has contributed significantly to the rapid growth of T-Series.[68]
The growth of T-Series is also attributed to its growing audience outside of India.[15] About 40% of the channel's traffic comes from outside of India,[2] including 12% from the United States.[15] The majority of the channel's overseas viewers belong to the global South Asian diaspora. More recently, the channel's overseas viewership has increased further, as a result of attention and controversy drawn to the channel by foreign YouTubers such as PewDiePie and MrBeast.[2] On 22 February 2019 at 6:04 AM, T-Series surpassed PewDiePie for the first time to become the most-subscribed YouTube channel, with PewDiePie regaining the spot 8 minutes later. T-Series overtook PewDiePie in a similar manner many more times over the following weeks, and on 27 March, finally gained and maintained, until 1 April, the top spot by a fluctuating, but overall growing, margin.[69][70]
Legal issues
In November 2007, T-Series filed a lawsuit against YouTube for infringing on the copyright of its music by allowing users to upload videos of its music onto YouTube, which could be accessed for free, and obtained an interim order against YouTube from the Delhi High Court, which restrained YouTube from infringing on its copyrights.[71][72] T-Series and YouTube settled out of court in January 2011.[72]
In April 2019, after PewDiePie released two diss tracks against T-Series, "Congratulations" and "Bitch Lasagna", T-Series filed a complaint with the Delhi High Court to have the songs removed from YouTube, arguing that they were "defamatory, disparaging, insulting, and offensive". Despite Kjellberg's statement that these diss tracks were "done in good fun", the court issued a temporary injunction in favour of T-Series on 8 April 2019 and access to the diss tracks on YouTube was blocked in India.[73][74] In August 2019, it was reported that T-Series and PewDiePie had settled their legal disputes outside of court.[75]
List of artists
The following notable musical artists have worked with T-Series and/or had music released under the T-Series label:
- A. R. Rahman
- Aadesh Shrivastava
- Arijit Singh
- Abhijeet Bhattacharya
- Akon
- Adnan Sami
- Alisha Chinai
- Alka Yagnik
- Amitabh Bhattacharya
- Anand–Milind (Anand Shrivastav and Milind Shrivastav)
- Anu Malik
- Anuradha Paudwal
- Anwar
- Armaan Malik
- Amaal Mallik
- Asees Kaur
- Asha Bhosle
- Atif Aslam
- Babul Supriyo
- Darshan Raval
- Devi Sri Prasad
- Dhvani Bhanushali
- Gulzar
- Gurdas Maan
- Guru Randhawa
- Harrdy Sandhu
- Himesh Reshammiya
- Ikka
- Irshad Kamil
- Jagjit Singh
- Jasmin Walia
- Jatin-Lalit (Jatin Pandit and Lalit Pandit)
- Javed Akhtar
- Jubin Nautiyal
- K.K
- K. S. Chithra
- Kalyanji–Anandji (Kalyanji Virji Shah and Anandji Virji Shah)
- Kavita Krishnamurthy
- Kishore Kumar
- Kumar Sanu
- Lata Mangeshkar
- Laxmikant–Pyarelal (Laxmikant Shantaram Patil Kudalkar and Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma)
- Lucky Ali
- M.I.A.
- Manhar Udhas
- Mohammed Aziz
- Nadeem–Shravan (Nadeem Akhtar Saifi and Shravan Kumar)
- Neha Kakkar
- Nikhil-Vinay (Nikhil Kamath and Vinay Tiwari)
- Nitin Mukesh
- Nora Fatehi
- Pawan Singh
- Pritam
- Pankaj Udhas
- Pitbull
- Purnima
- Raamlaxman
- Rahat Fateh Ali Khan
- Rajesh Roshan
- Raju Singh
- S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
- Saawan Kumar Tak
- Sadhana Sargam
- Sajid–Wajid (Sajid Khan and Wajid Khan)
- Sameer
- Sandeep Chowta
- Sapna Mukherjee
- Shaan
- Shabbir Ahmed
- Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy (Shankar Mahadevan, Ehsaan Noorani, and Loy Mendonsa)
- Shilpa Rao
- Shreya Ghoshal
- Sonu Nigam
- Sophie Choudry
- Sukhwinder Singh
- Sunidhi Chauhan
- Suresh Wadkar
- Talat Aziz
- Tanishk Bagchi
- Tanvi Shah
- Udit Narayan
- Vishal–Shekhar (Vishal Dadlani and Shekhar Ravjiani)
- Vipin Sachdeva
- Yo Yo Honey Singh
- Zack Knight
Production filmography
- DTV Direct-to-Video film.
- SO Unreleased film; only soundtrack of film released.
1980s
| Year | Film | Actors |
|---|---|---|
| 1989 | Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka[DTV] | Sahil Chaddha, Veverly |
| Phir Lehraya Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka[DTV] | ||
| Abhi To Main Jawan Hoon[DTV] | ||
| Gawaahi | Zeenat Aman, Shekhar Kapur, Ranjeeta Kaur, Ashutosh Gowariker |
1990s
| Year | Film | Actors |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Aashiqui | Rahul Roy, Anu Aggarwal, Deepak Tijori |
| Bahaar Aane Tak | Roopa Ganguly, Moon Moon Sen, Sumeet Saigal, Tariq Shah | |
| 1991 | Jeena Teri Gali Mein | Suraj, Kavita Kapoor |
| Ayee Milan Ki Raat | Avinash Wadhavan, Shaheen | |
| Naagmani | Shikha Swaroop, Sumeet Saigal | |
| Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin | Aamir Khan, Pooja Bhatt, Anupam Kher, Tiku Talsania[76] | |
| 1992 | Jeena Marna Tere Sang | Sanjay Dutt, Raveena Tandon |
| Sangeet | Madhuri Dixit, Jackie Shroff | |
| Meera Ka Mohan | Ashwini Bhave, Avinash Wadhavan | |
| Shiv Mahima | ||
| Maina[SO] | ||
| 1993 | Aaja Meri Jaan | |
| Kasam Teri Kasam | ||
| Do Dilon Ka Sangam[SO] | ||
| 1994 | Shabnam | Kanchan, Sanjay Mitra, Alok Nath |
| Aaja Sanam (film delayed for 2 years) | Avinash Wadhavan, Chandni, Paresh Rawal | |
| Jai Maa Vaishno Devi | ||
| Main Tera Aashiq[SO] | ||
| Chahat[SO] | ||
| 1995 | Deewana Sanam[DTV] | |
| Bewafa Sanam | [77] | |
| Surya Putra Shani Dev[DTV] | ||
| Shree Satyanarayan Vrat Katha[DTV] | ||
| 1996 | Jai Maa Dakshineshwar Maa | |
| Chal Kanwariya Shiv Ke Dham | ||
| 1998 | Char Dham |
2000s
2010s[78][79]
2020s
| † | Denotes films that have not yet been released |
Soundtrack discography
This is a list of soundtrack albums that were published under the T-Series label, excluding films that were also produced by T-Series (see Production filmography above). All information on the years of release of the albums has been/is being found with the help of Discogs[99][100] and MySwar[101]
Hindi cinema
Original
Amitabh Bachchan Corporation Limited (acquired)
Plus Music (acquired)
| Year | Film |
|---|---|
| 1995 | Papa Kehte Hai |
| Bhairavi | |
| 1996 | Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin |
| Aur Ek Prem Kahani | |
| Gudgudee | |
| Laalchee | |
| Sardari Begum | |
| 1997 | Lav Kush |
| Judge Mujrim | |
| Daava | |
| Mil Gayee Manzil Mujhe | |
| Daadagiri | |
| Gudia | |
| 1998 | Saaz |
| Saazish | |
| Zor |
Krishna Music (acquired)
| Year | Film |
|---|---|
| 1998 | Himmatwala |
| 1999 | Sautela |
| Aaag Hi Aag |
Big Music (acquired)
Kannada cinema
T-Series collaborated with Lahari Music.
| Year | Film |
|---|---|
| 2010s | |
| 2016 | Jaguar |
| Santhu Straight Forward | |
| 2017 | Jani |
| 2018 | K.G.F: Chapter 1 |
| 2019 | Kurukshetra |
| 2020s | |
| 2022 | K.G.F: Chapter 2 |
| Vikrant Rona | |
| Banaras | |
| 2023 | Martin |
| Ghost | |
| Ronny The Ruler | |
Malayalam cinema
T-Series collaborated with Lahari Music.
| Year | Film |
|---|---|
| 1993 | Gandharvam |
| 2019 | Mamangam |
Tamil cinema
T-Series collaborated with Lahari Music, Big Music and other prominent labels.
Telugu cinema
T-Series collaborated with Lahari Music
Bengali cinema
| Year | Film |
|---|---|
| 2013 | Boss: Born to Rule |
| Deewana | |
| 2014 | Bachchan |
| Game | |
| The Royal Bengal Tiger | |
| Buno Haansh | |
| Jaatishwar | |
| Chotushkone | |
| 2015 | Black |
| Ebar Shabor |
International
| Year | Film |
|---|---|
| 2008 | Slumdog Millionaire: Music from the Motion Picture |
See also
Notes
References
- 1 2 "SUPER CASSETTES INDUSTRIES PRIVATE LIMITED". OpenCorporates. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 "PewDiePie's Tumultuous Reign as YouTube King Is Almost Over". Bloomberg. 15 November 2018. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
- 1 2 "About T-Series". YouTube.
- ↑ "It's all in the name". India Today. 6 April 1998. Archived from the original on 24 August 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
- ↑ "Super Cassettes Industries Ltd.: Private Company Information". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019.
- 1 2 Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (20 December 2013). "Tea with BS: Bhushan Kumar". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ↑ "Going solo: The era of Indi-pop albums and singles is back". Hindustan Times. 20 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ↑ Malvania, Urvi (21 April 2014). "Sony Music eyes numero uno position in India". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- ↑ T-Series becomes first YouTube channel with 100 million subscribers, beats PewDiePie by comfortable margin Archived 29 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Times News Now, 29 May 2019
- 1 2 3 "Music Hits 1990–1999 (Figures in Units)". Box Office India. 2 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010.
- 1 2 Biswas, Soutik (20 December 2018). "PewDiePie v T-Series: The battle to be king of YouTube". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- 1 2 Laghate, Gaurav; Sachitanand, Rahul (9 February 2017). "How Bhushan Kumar has transformed T-Series into an entertainment behemoth". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ↑ "Super Cassettes Industries Private Limited". OpenCorporates. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 "How a Bollywood Music Label Conquered YouTube". The New York Times. 14 November 2018. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
- ↑ "Gulshan Kumar: From obscure fruit-juice seller to king of music". India Today. 25 August 1997. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- 1 2 Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal (2003). Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. p. 20. ISBN 9788179910665. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
Songs made a triumphal return to mainstream Hindi cinema with the success of the music of a low-budget Mahesh Bhatt film, Aashiqui, which was produced by T-Series, a small-time company that had begun life peddling pirated Hindi film songs.
- ↑ Manuel, P. (1993). Cassette Culture: Popular Music and Technology in North India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780226504018.
T-Series is widely alleged to have flourished in its early years by issuing pirate releases of film music ... One T-Series employee told me: 'What people say about our activities in the early years—it's mostly true.
- ↑ Sundaram, Ravi (30 July 2009). Pirate modernity : Delhi's media urbanism. Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-203-87542-1.
T Series was also involved in straightforward copyright infringement in the form of pirate releases of popular hits relying on the loose enforcement of copyright laws
- 1 2 "Rediff On The Net, Movies: How Gulshan Kumar signed his own death warrant". Rediff. 2 September 1997. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- 1 2 Lawrence Liang and Ravi Sundaram (2011). "8". In Karaganis, Joe (ed.). Media Piracy in Emerging Economies. Social Science Research Council. p. 353. ISBN 9780984125746. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ↑ Biswas, Soutik (20 December 2018). "PewDiePie v T-Series: The battle to be king of YouTube". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- ↑ Booth, Gregory D. (2008). Behind the Curtain: Making Music in Mumbai's Film Studios. Oxford University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-19-971665-4. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ↑ "Music Hits 1980–1989". Box Office India. 5 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010.
- 1 2 "Top 25 films between the years 1985–1994". Filmfare. 18 February 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ↑ "Hindi films: There's now big bucks in audio rights". India Today. 31 December 1992. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
- ↑ "Papa Kehte Hain Bada Naam Karega [Full HD Song] | Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak | Aamir Khan". T-Series. 26 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via YouTube.
- ↑ "India Today". India Today. Thomson Living Media India Limited. 17: 112. 1992. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
Kumar, who was responsible for the audio cassette boom of the "80s with his inexpensive T-Series albums
- ↑ "India Today". India Today. Aroon Purie for Living Media India Limited. 19: 70. 1994. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ↑ "11 "FILMS IN NINE MONTHS FOR T-SERIES". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
- ↑ Bhargava, Simran (15 January 1991). "As music market expands rapidly, India becomes one of the largest producers of cassettes". India Today. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
- ↑ "Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average)". World Bank. 1991. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
- 1 2 "The Mafia Calls The Shots". Outlook. 25 August 1997. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ↑ "Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average)". World Bank. 1997. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
- ↑ "Gulshan murder: Approver denies knowing anything about the case". 8 August 2001. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
- ↑ Farooqui, Mazhar (11 May 2016). "Exclusive: 'I request Narendra Modi to help me get justice'". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
- ↑ Bollywood exile Nadeem Saifi seeks government apology Archived 22 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 19 February 2014
- ↑ Laghate, Gaurav; Sachitanand, Rahul (9 February 2017). "How Bhushan Kumar has transformed T-Series into an entertainment behemoth". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
- ↑ "Top Grossers All Formats Worldwide Gross". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ↑ "Hindi Medium Box Office Collection till Now". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ↑ "Weekly box office > China (04/22/2018)". EntGroup. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ↑ "Hindi Medium box office collection surges past Rs 300 crore after China run; trumps Padmaavat's overseas gross". Firstpost. 16 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- ↑ "T-Series to bring Prabhas-Shraddha Kapoor starrer to the Hindi market". Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
- ↑ "Saaho: Here is the budget of Prabhas-Shraddha Kapoor's action drama". Indian Express. 2 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
- ↑ "'Saaho will be narrated from Shraddha Kapoor's point of view': Prabhas". The News Minute. 25 May 2018. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
- ↑ "T-Series hits one billion views on YouTube". afaqs!. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
- ↑ Ha, Louisa (2018). The Audience and Business of YouTube and Online Videos. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-4985-7649-9. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
- ↑ "YouTube Statistics for T-Series". Social Blade. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
- ↑ "YouTube Statistics for PewDiePie (3–16 February 2017)". Social Blade. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
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