In the entertainment industry, sleeper hit refers to a film, television series, music release, video game, or some other entertainment product that was unpromising on release but became a success later on. A sleeper hit may have little promotion or lack a successful launch but gradually develops a fandom following media attention, which in turn increases its public exposure and public interest in the product.[1] As Variety puts it, "A 'sleeper hit' can be defined as the kind of show that catches us by surprise — programs whose popularity grows over time and can ultimately outshine the preordained hits."[2] A sleeper hit often lacks star performers or high production values, but prevails, at times against its own makers' expectations, on the strength of such qualities as narrative, approach, or novelty, as well as market accidents.[3]

In film

Some sleeper hits in the film industry are strategically marketed for audiences subtly, such as with sneak previews a couple of weeks prior to release, without making them feel obliged to see a heavily promoted film. This alternative form of marketing strategy has been used in sleeper hits such as Sleepless in Seattle (1993), the Oscar winner Forrest Gump (1994), My Best Friend's Wedding (1997), There's Something About Mary (1998) and The Sixth Sense (1999).[1]

Screenings for these films are held in an area conducive to the film's demographic. In the case of Sleepless in Seattle, a romantic comedy, screenings were held at suburban shopping malls where romantic couples in their mid-20s to early 30s spent Saturday afternoons before seeing a new film. In theory, a successful screening leads to word-of-mouth marketing, as it compels viewers to discuss an interesting, low-key film with co-workers when they return to work after their weekend.[1]

Easy Rider (1969), which was created on a budget of less than $400,000 (equivalent to $3,192,000 in 2022)[4], became a sleeper hit by earning $50 million and garnering attention from younger audiences with its combination of drugs, violence, motorcycles, counter-culture stance, and rock music.[5] It was also one of the successful films during the beginnings of the American New Wave of cinema.[6]

The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975) was considered a flop[7] for the first 6 months of its release until it found popularity in midnight screenings afterwards.[8] A Christmas Story (1983) was initially a modest success with little promotion,[9] but after Ted Turner purchased the MGM back-catalog a few years later and began rerunning the film on his cable networks every December, it became an iconic Christmas classic.[10]

The 1979 Australian film Mad Max, which sprung from the Ozploitation movement and helped to popularise the post-apocalyptic dystopia genre, held the record for the biggest profit-to-cost ratio for several years until it was broken in 1999 by The Blair Witch Project, also a sleeper hit.[11]

The independent film Halloween, which played over the course of fall 1978 through fall 1979 and relied almost completely on word-of-mouth as marketing, was also a sleeper hit, having a box office take of $70 million on a budget of only $325,000. Its success caused other slasher films to try the same approach, although few fared as well since horror films heavily rely on opening weekend box office and quickly fall from theaters. Other notable examples of horror sleeper-hits to follow in Halloween's wake include Friday the 13th in 1980, both Scanners and The Evil Dead in 1981, both Children of the Corn and A Nightmare on Elm Street in 1984, Hellraiser in 1987, Child's Play in 1988, Candyman in 1992, The Nightmare Before Christmas in 1993, Scream in 1996, I Know What You Did Last Summer in 1997, The Blair Witch Project in 1999, Final Destination in 2000, Saw in 2004, Hostel in 2005, Paranormal Activity in 2007, The Strangers in 2008, both The Purge and The Conjuring in 2013, and both Happy Death Day and the Academy Award-winning Get Out in 2017.[12]

Hocus Pocus (1993) underperformed at the box office but eventually became a sleeper hit through television airings on the 13 Nights of Halloween block on what is now Freeform.[13] Further, it was followed by a sequel, Hocus Pocus 2, which was released on September 30, 2022, on Disney+.

The Iron Giant (1999) was a box office bomb due to poor marketing on behalf of distributor Warner Bros., who did not have faith in the film and instead heavily marketed Wild Wild West, which was also a box office bomb. However, it received universal acclaim and earned a cult following once it arrived on home video and television, and is nowadays considered a modern animation classic and one of the greatest animated films ever made.[14][15][16]

Napoleon Dynamite made back its $500,000 budget and became a phenomenon in 2004, grossing almost $45 million within a year of its release, and became the basis for a short-lived animated series featuring the film’s entire cast.[17][18]

The Peanut Butter Falcon (2019) also went on to become a sleeper hit,[19] expanding the following weekend to 1,249 theaters and earning $3 million, as well as $1.1 million on Labor Day.[20]

Puss in Boots: The Last Wish (2022) originally had opening below projections, earning $12.4 million in its opening weekend (and an estimated total of $26.2 million over the six days). However, Universal’s president of domestic distribution Jim Orr and box office analysts believed the film could make up ground in the coming weeks through word-of-mouth and schools being on holiday.[21] By March 2023, the film had grossed over $480 million worldwide on a $90 million budget, which ultimately became a sleeper hit. Variety attributed the sleeper hit to positive feedback, word-of-mouth, and minimal competition from family films.[22]

Elemental (2023) originally had opening below projections, earning $29.5 million in its opening weekend. However, positive word-of-mouth led the movie to become a sleeper hit by managing to make a drastic turnaround, with many outlets praising Pixar's unprecedented box office comeback upon the film crossing $400 million worldwide by early August 2023, which ultimately became Disney's biggest animated success during the pandemic. It also performed better internationally, particularly in South Korea, which became the film's third-largest market. This was attributed to director Peter Sohn's Korean-American background and the incorporation of elements that resonated with Korean audiences. By August 20, 2023, Elemental had surpassed Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse's international box office total.[lower-alpha 1] Upon hearing the news, Sohn said "I think my heart burst with joy."[34]

In music

Don Howard's 1952 recording of "Oh Happy Day" was one of the earliest sleeper hits. Featuring only Howard's baritone vocals and his acoustic guitar played at an amateur level, it was initially released regionally and was never expected to become a hit. A massive groundswell of support from teenagers in Howard's home base of Cleveland, Ohio, led to the song rapidly rising in popularity,[35] despite music industry scorn;[36] cover versions (including one by Larry Hooper and the Lawrence Welk orchestra) were quickly rushed into production, and by 1953, there were no fewer than four hit recordings of the same song circulating, including Howard's original.

The Romantics' 1980 single "What I Like About You" was a minor hit upon its release, charting at number 49 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, while not charting at all in the United Kingdom. It eventually became one of the most popular songs of the 1980s thanks to its use in various advertising campaigns.[37]

The Waterboys 1985 single "The Whole of the Moon" charted initially in several countries on the lower end of charts including No. 26 in the UK. The song was re-released in 1991 to much acclaim peaking at No. 3 in the UK and No. 3 in Europe, and becoming certified platinum in the UK.[38] The song became one of their most successful songs and well known.[39]

The 1987 single "Welcome to the Jungle" by American rock band Guns N' Roses performed poorly in both the United States and the United Kingdom when first released in September of that year. As the band's popularity grew steadily in 1988, it became a sleeper hit in the US and reached the top 10 of the Billboard charts. It was then re-released in the UK, charting within the top 40 there.[40]

The 1990 single Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole became a sleeper hit after being featured in numerous film and TV soundtracks throughout the 2000s and 2010s, the song eventually charted across Europe in 2010 and 2011, finishing 16th on Germany's decade-end charts for the 2010s.[41]

Nirvana's second album Nevermind was released in September 1991 with low expectations, hoping to sell 500,000 copies. The album entered the Billboard 200 at number 144, but slowly climbed up the charts over the following months, entering the top 40 in November. The album was selling 300,000 copies a week by December, before in January 1992, it even replaced Michael Jackson's Dangerous at number 1 on the Billboard charts.[42] The album went on to sell over 30 million copies worldwide, and has since become one of the world's best-selling albums of all time.[43]

Maroon 5's debut album, Songs About Jane, was originally released in June 2002, but did not enter the chart until 11 months later in May 2003, where it underperformed on the chart, debuting at just No. 170, and staying beneath the top 40 for 8 months. However, with their popular hit single, "This Love", released in 2004, and the equally-popular follow-up, "She Will Be Loved", both peaking at No. 5, with the former spending 14 weeks in the top-ten and 43 weeks on the chart, it gave new hype for the album in the beginning of 2004, being certified platinum on February, and finally making the top 10 a month later.

English singer-songwriter Natasha Bedingfield's signature hit song "Unwritten" was originally released in November 2004 in the UK but was not released until almost a year later in the United States having been released to American radio in September 2005. The song then went on to became the most played song on American Mainstream Radio in 2006 and had much success into 2007 with it being used as the theme song for the reality TV show The Hills.

The R&B singer Raphael Saadiq's classic soul-inspired album The Way I See It was a sleeper hit.[44] Overlooked upon its release in 2008,[45] it ended up charting for 41 weeks on the US Billboard 200.[46]

"Sail" by rock band Awolnation was originally released in November 2010, and did not chart in the U.S. until 10 months later in September 2011, where it debuted at No. 89 on the Billboard Hot 100. It spent 5 months leaving and reentering at the bottom of the chart, until it disappeared completely in early 2012. However, its prominence through commercials, television broadcasts, and its feature in the 2012 Olympics, helped revitalize new success for the song, where it cracked the top 40 in 2013, and ultimately peaking at No. 17. In total, the song had spent 79 weeks on the chart.

"Just Dance" and "Poker Face" by pop singer Lady Gaga were both released in 2008 but did not become popular hits until the end of the year and the following year in certain countries, including the U.S. and the U.K., and eventually becoming No. 1 hits in those countries. "Poker Face", in particular, went on to become the world's best-selling single of 2009 overall.[47]

"Let Her Go" by Passenger was released in July 2012, but did not reach the top 20 until November 2013, and peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 2014. Passenger remains a one-hit wonder to date, as Let Her Go is his only charting single on the Hot 100.

Fetty Wap's debut single "Trap Queen" was released in the spring of 2014 but didn't become popular until the end of the year. Following its December 2014 re-release, "Trap Queen" became Fetty Wap's nationwide breakthrough and the first major hit single for 300 Entertainment. It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 86 for the chart dated February 7, 2015. The song entered the chart's top ten seven weeks later, largely on the strength of its streaming activity and digital download sales. It peaked at number two for three consecutive weeks beginning on the chart dated May 16, 2015.

Alessia Cara's debut single "Here" was released in the spring of 2015, but did not become popular until much later into the year. It debuted at No. 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August and took 6 more months to peak at No. 5 in early 2016. The same went for her follow-up, "Scars to Your Beautiful", which was released in July 2016, but did not enter the top 10 until February 2017.

R&B singer Miguel's 2010 debut album All I Want Is You performed poorly at first, debuting at number 109 on the Billboard 200 with sales of 11,000 copies,[48] while underpromoted by his record label.[49] As its singles achieved radio airplay and Miguel toured in the record's promotion,[48] All I Want Is You became a sleeper hit[50] and reached 404,000 copies sold by 2012.[48] As of November 2017, the album has been certified platinum in the US.[51]

"Truth Hurts" by Lizzo was released in September 2017, and did not chart until its appearance in the 2019 romantic comedy film Someone Great led to the single debuting at the number 50 position on the Billboard Hot 100. As the song became a sleeper hit on the chart, the music video—featuring the singer in a "wedding-gone-wild" concept—went viral. By September 2019, the single had reached number one on the chart. The music video has been viewed over 290 million times as of August 2022. The single also benefited from its use in TikTok videos by users who lip-synced or referenced the lyric "I just took a DNA test, turns out, I'm 100 percent that bitch".[52] During its chart run, Gary Trust, the senior director of charts at Billboard, noted the rarity of a song topping the Hot 100 almost two years after its release, but explained that, "in the digital era, it's much easier than ever before for music fans to be exposed to older songs that might've been overlooked the first time around."[53] According to Paper magazine's Michael Love Michael, Lizzo's sleeper hit can also be explained by a more inclusive popular media since the song's original release: "Black women are more visible than ever on magazine covers; fashion is having broader conversations about size, racial, and ethnic diversity. Lizzo's presence in these spaces signals a future of greater inclusion."[52]

TikTok

The COVID-19 pandemic played a significant role in audiences' rediscovery of previously-released media, including music, primarily through video sharing service TikTok and other social media platforms. Songs which were released up to several years prior but failed to make an immediate impression commercially have gained renewed popularity and chart success.[54][55] In September of 2023, Billboard introduced the new TikTok Billboard Top 50, which keeps track of songs from how many plays they get on TikTok.[56] Examples of TikTok sleeper hits since 2020 include:

In video games

Pocket Monster Red and Green were released in 1996 in Japan, and later released as Pokémon Red and Blue in 1998. They followed several years of development and became sleeper hits.[63][64] Believing it to be a one-time product, Nintendo initially shipped 200,000 copies, a relatively low amount. Most media ignored the games, but largely by word-of-mouth stemming from the hidden character Mew's introduction,[63] their popularity gradually spread throughout Japan, selling a million units by the end of 1996.[65] They eventually became the best-selling video games ever in Japan, with 7.8 million copies sold,[66] and 45 million sold worldwide.[67] After becoming a national sensation in Japan, the franchise was introduced to the United States in September 1998,[68] going on to start a worldwide craze dubbed "Pokémania".[69]

Portal was released in 2007 with little fanfare as part of the game compilation The Orange Box, but eventually became a "phenomenon".[70]

SteamWorld Dig (2013) was released on the 3DS by little-known developer Image & Form. It became one of the first indie games mentioned in a Nintendo Direct, and ultimately sold over a million copies on all platforms. If the game had not succeeded, the studio would have been forced to close.[71]

Among Us was released in June 2018 and received little mainstream attention at first, with the game only averaging at around 30 to 50 concurrent players. It received a sudden and significant jump in popularity in mid-2020 after being popularized by streamers on Twitch and YouTube. In November 2020, SuperData Research reported that the game had over half a billion users, proclaiming it to be "by far the most popular game ever in terms of monthly players."[72][73]

Planescape: Torment sold 73,000 copies by March 2000, regarded substandard, but was ultimately profitable, with estimated lifetime retail sales as 400,000 units as of 2017.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Attributed to multiple references.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Berra 2008, p. 68.
  2. ↑ Morris, Chris (31 October 2022). "Streaming Platforms Can Turn Slow-Burn Shows Into Red-Hot Hits". Variety.
  3. ↑ "6 sleeper hits of Bollywood from recent years!". filmfare.com.
  4. ↑ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  5. ↑ Ganeri & Bergan 2006, p. 458.
  6. ↑ Crawford, Travis (16 December 2010). "Criterion: American Lost and Found: The BBS Story". Filmmaker Magazine. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  7. ↑ Ivan-Zadeh, Larushka. "The Rocky Horror Picture Show: The film that's saved lives". www.bbc.com.
  8. ↑ Koehler, Robert (14 May 2005). "Midnight Movies: From the Margin to the Mainstream".
  9. ↑ Maslin, Janet (8 January 1984). "IN THE ARTS: CRITICS' CHOICES". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2009. Popular misconceptions can get a movie off to a slow start, and they may have helped turn 'A Christmas Story' into the sleeper of this season.
  10. ↑ "How A Christmas Story Went from Low-Budget Fluke to an American Tradition". Vanity Fair. 30 November 2016.
  11. ↑ Beard, Lanford (22 July 2014). "Summer Sleepers: 14 Unexpected Movie Hits". Entertainment Weekly.
  12. ↑ Kerswell, J.A. (2012). The slasher movie book. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1556520105.
  13. ↑ Chaney, Jen (28 October 2015). "The Magical Tale of How 'Hocus Pocus' Went From Box-Office Flop to Halloween Favorite". Yahoo.com. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  14. ↑ Flores, Terry (24 September 2015). "Duncan Studios Adds New 'Iron Giant' Scenes for Remastered Re-release". Variety. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015. Brad Bird's 1999 animated classic The Iron Giant...
  15. ↑ Rich, Jamie S. (20 January 2014). "'The Iron Giant,' a modern classic of animation returns: Indie & art house films". OregonLive.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015. Released in 1999, this modern classic of hand-drawn animation
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  19. ↑ Thompson, Gary (22 August 2019). "How 'Friends' inspired Conshohocken's Aaron Scotti to start making movies, like the delightful 'Peanut Butter Falcon'". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
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  23. ↑ Seigh, Steve (9 August 2023). "Elemental: Disney defends Pixar's latest feature after misleading reports about the film's underperformance". JoBlo.com. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  24. ↑ Goyal, Aman (9 August 2023). "Disney Defends Elemental From Box Office Flop Reports". CBR. Retrieved 2 September 2023. Pixar's animated film Elemental continues gaining traction at the box office even in its seventh week, on track to becoming a sleeper hit.
  25. ↑ Fuster, Jeremy (8 August 2023). "'Elemental' and Pixar Have Quietly Made a Box Office Comeback". The Wrap. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  26. ↑ Lowry, Brian (31 July 2023). "'Elemental' was written off as a box-office flop. Then it sprouted legs". CNN. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  27. ↑ Reyes, Mike (3 August 2023). "Pixar's Elemental Has Crossed Another Box Office Milestone, So Can We Stop Calling It A Bomb Now?". Cinema Blend. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  28. ↑ Rudoy, Matthew (1 August 2023). "Pixar Box Office Redemption: Elemental Box Office Doubles Budget After Initially Being Declared A Flop". Screen Rant. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
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  32. ↑ "Barbie, opisyal nang highest-grossing movie of 2023" [Barbie is officially the highest-grossing movie of 2023]. Philippine Entertainment Portal. 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
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  35. ↑ "Mystery Hit –". Time. 9 February 1953. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  36. ↑ Smith, Richard N. (19 February 1953). "No One Likes 'Happy Day' Except Public". Galveston Daily News.
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  38. ↑ "Certified Awards Search". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved on 27 August 2023. Note: User needs to enter Waterboys in the "Search BPI Awards" field and press Enter
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  40. ↑ Masterton, James (2015). "Guns N' Roses". The Top 40 Annual 1988. James Masterton.
  41. ↑ "Weiter geht's mit den Plätzen 17 und 16 unseres Jahrzehnte-Rankings. Diese sichern sich Bonez MC/ RAF Camora/ Maxwell ("Ohne mein Team") & Israel Kamakawiwo'ole ("Over The Rainbow") bei den Singles sowie @rsprachrohr ("Rammstein") & Santiano ("Mit den Gezeiten") bei den Alben" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 31 December 2019 – via Twitter.
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  43. ↑ "The baby from Nirvana's Nevermind cover recreates the pose for its 25th anniversary". The Independent. 25 September 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  44. ↑ Sless-Kitain, Areif (6 August 2010). "Raphael Saadiq + Balkan Beat Box + Javelin at Lollapalooza 2010: Live review". Time Out. Chicago.
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  48. 1 2 3 Lipshutz, Jason (21 September 2012). "Miguel's 'Kaleidoscope Dream': Inside The R&B Dynamo's Fresh Start". Billboard. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
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  51. ↑ "Gold & Platinum". RIAA.
  52. 1 2 Love, Michael Love (3 September 2019). "How Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Became the No. 1 Song in America". Paper. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
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  63. 1 2 Knodle, Matt (2 January 2018). "Top 10 Sleeper Hit Games". Honey's Anime. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
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  67. ↑ Parish, Jeremy (24 September 2018). "Pokémon: The 20-year fad". Polygon. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018.
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Bibliography

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