Map showing the Syngman Rhee Line (blue line around Korean Peninsula)
Peace Line
Hangul
평화선
Hanja
平和線
Revised RomanizationPyeonghwaseon
McCune–ReischauerP’yŏnghwasŏn
Syngman Rhee Line
Hangul
이승만 라인
Hanja
李承晚 線
Revised RomanizationI Seungman Rain
McCune–ReischauerYi Sŭngman Rain

The Syngman Rhee Line (Korean: 이승만 라인, Hanja: 李承晩 線) was a marine boundary line established by South Korean President Syngman Rhee in his "Peace Line" (Korean: 평화선, Hanja: 平和線) declaration of January 18, 1952, establishing a wide area of maritime sovereignty, beyond internationally accepted territorial waters, around the entire Korean Peninsula.[1][2] This included placing the Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo/Takeshima) in South Korean territory. The line was abolished in 1965 with the signing of a Japanese–South Korean fishing agreement.

Background

After the outbreak of the Korean War, General Douglas MacArthur declared a maritime security area surrounding the Korean peninsula, effectively barring entry of foreign shipping crafts.[3] South Korea had demanded that the MacArthur line should continue to be enforced. On August 10, 1951, however, the United States sent Korean Ambassador Yang You Chan the Rusk documents, stating that the official policy of the United States was that the MacArthur line would be abolished by the Treaty of San Francisco. The treaty was signed on September 8 of the same year, about a month after the documents were sent, and was to come into effect on April 28, 1952. In response, the South Korean government declared the Syngman Rhee Line three months before this date, when the extinction of the MacArthur line and the return of sovereignty to Japan were meant to be established.

Peace Line

The Proclamation asserted that the "Government of the Republic of Korea holds and exercises the national sovereignty" over the maritime area, suggesting the claim was for a wide extension of territorial waters. Representations over this issue were received from many other governments, and clarifications were made noting that the Proclamation stated it "does not interfere with the rights of free navigation on the high seas" so the Proclamation did not "mean extension of territorial waters into the high seas".[1] The "peace line", however covered even more of the high seas than the area delineated by General MacArthur.[3] It claimed an area averaging 60 nautical miles from the Korean coast.[4]

It also became apparent that Rhee was no longer addressing the Korean security or the threat of communism because the declaration's main target was Japan. In initial statements, Rhee maintained that the purpose of the line was to protect Korea's marine resources around the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea); therefore it banned non-Korean fishing boats from inside the territory, and Liancourt Rocks in particular.

Outcome

Seizure of Japanese ships by the Korea Coast Guard (December 1953)
A Japanese demonstration against the line (September 15, 1953)

The fishing boats - which were mostly Japanese - that violated the boundary line were seized by South Korea. This often transpired using the patrol boats provided by the United States.[3] Japanese records claim that such ships were often fired upon. The Japanese government protested the seizures and unilateral declaration strongly, but the abolition of the line had to wait even for the approval of the Japan-Korea Fishery Agreement in 1965. By the time an agreement was reached, 328 Japanese ships were seized, with 3929 Japanese arrested, resulting in 44 casualties (deaths and injuries).[6][7] Japan also prohibited its fishing gear manufacturers from exporting to South Korea[8] and stopped importing South Korean products.

The Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea, signed on June 22, 1965, did not specifically address maritime issues.[4]

Resolution

Solving the issue of the Syngman Rhee Line required many years.[9] Obstacles to its settlement included the fact that there were no formal diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea at the time, that normalization talks were complicated by various compensation claims, and the refusal of the United States to intervene on the issue, regarding it as bilateral. The conflict also became an issue of nationalism for Japan and South Korea so that, in the course of their negotiations during the postwar years, any semblance of compromise or concession amounted to treason in both countries.[10] The process took 14 years, five Japanese Prime Ministers, and three South Korean Presidents.

The negotiations improved dramatically after Park Chung Hee (1961-1979) seized power in South Korea. At this point, the territorial dispute was no longer a primary issue due to an increasing pressure to improve bilateral relations, shifting the focus from the "peace line" to the diplomatic and economic affairs such as the fishery negotiations.[10]

According to the demand of the South Korea Government, Japanese Government released 472 Korean criminals in Japan who had been imprisoned as a serious criminal or a habitual criminal and granted them the special permission of residence in exchange for the restoration of Japanese detainees. Korea refused an enforced repatriation to Korea of illegal immigrants, serious criminals and political offenses.[11]

Timeline

  • September 2, 1945 Japanese Government accepted the Potsdam Declaration.
  • January 29, 1946 Governmental and Administrative Separation of Certain Outlying Areas from Japan went into effect. SCAPIN#677 (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers Instruction Note No.677)
  • June 22, 1946 Area Authorized for Japanese Fishing and Whaling. SCAPIN#1033 (MacArthur Line)
  • August 13, 1948 Republic of Korea was founded. Syngman Rhee sworn in as first president of South Korea.
  • July 19, 1951 Korea demanded that the MacArthur line stay in effect.[12]
  • August 10, 1951 US government refused Korean demand by the Rusk documents.
  • September 8, 1951 Treaty of Peace with Japan was signed.
  • January 18, 1952 South Korean Government declares the Syngman Rhee Line as an alternative to the MacArthur line.
  • April 28, 1952 Treaty of Peace with Japan became effective.
  • January 12, 1953 South Korea Government ordered to seize a Japanese fishing boat that went into the Syngman Rhee Line.
  • July 12, 1953 The South Korea police fired on a Patrol boat of the Japan Coast Guard.[13]
  • 1954 In the Report of Van Fleet Mission to Far East written by US special mission ambassador James Van Fleet, counseled Korea that the Syngman Rhee line was illegal.[14]
  • 1965 Japan-Korea Fishery Agreement was concluded.[15] Syngman Rhee Line was repealed.

See also

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

References

  1. 1 2 T. T. Yynn (28 September 1953). "Letter re Syngman Rhee Line (including translated text of Presidential Proclamation of Sovereignty over Adjacent Seas)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Northeast Asian History Foundation. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  2. ↑ "1952 January: Syngman Rhee Line". Dokdo-or-Takeshima?. 13 August 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 Allen, Richard C. (2016). Korea's Syngman Rhee : An Unauthorized Portrait. Tuttle Publishing. p. 185. ISBN 9781462918096. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  4. 1 2 Yi, Sŏg-u (2002). The Resolution of the Territorial Dispute Between Korea and Japan Over the Liancourt Rocks. International Boundaries Research Unit, Durham University. p. 5. ISBN 9781897643518. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  5. ↑ Sun, Jing (2012). "Chapter3. South Korea: A Suspicious Power Resistant to Charm". Japan and China as Charm Rivals: Soft Power in Regional Diplomacy. University of Michigan Press. "Japan's Image during the Rhee Years: Deepening of Suspicion and Disregard". ISBN 9780472028450.
  6. ↑ "Rontenseiri: kindai kara gendai e" 論点整理 近代から現代へ. フォトしまね (in Japanese). Shimane Prefectural Government. 161. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-11-25.; also cited by Sun (2012).[5]
  7. ↑ Urano, Tatsuo [in Japanese] (2016). Chōsen no ryōdo: bunseki/shiryō/bunken 朝鮮の領土: 【分析・資料・文献】. Sanwa Shoseki. pp. 278–279. ISBN 9784862512024.
  8. ↑ Han, Nae Bok (28 January 1965). "Japan Supplement 1964–1965 (trade). 3. Korea. Balancing Out". Far Eastern Economic Review: 165.
  9. ↑ Yong-hwan, Kim (1 February 2012). "Shedding new light on Peace Line". The Korea Times. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  10. 1 2 Koo, Min Gyo (2010). Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia: Between a Rock and a Hard Place. New York: Springer. p. 71. ISBN 9780387896694.
  11. ↑ The 23rd Diet Standing Committee on Judicial Affairs minutes third Secretariat of the House of Representatives of Japan December 12, 1955.
  12. ↑ Wikisource:FRUS
  13. ↑ Wikisource:Possible Methods of Resolving Liancourt Rocks Dispute between Japan and ROK
  14. ↑ James Van Fleet (30 September 1954). "Report of Van Fleet Mission to Far East (III. Korean Problems With Other Asian Nations)". U.S. Government. Retrieved 16 March 2023. The United States Government has consistently taken the position that the unilateral proclamation of sovereignty over the seas is illegal and that the fisheries dispute between Japan and Korea should be settled on the basis of a fisheries conservation agreement that would protect the interests of both countries.
  15. ↑ "Agreement Between Japan and the Republic of Korea Concerning Fisheries". International Legal Materials. 4 (6): 1128–1133. 1965. doi:10.1017/S0020782900048245. JSTOR 20689991. S2CID 248993305.
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