TICAD Delegations are those attending the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD), which is a conference held every five years in Japan with the objective "to promote high-level policy dialogue between African leaders and development partners." The first four of these conferences were held in Tokyo; and the fifth one was held in nearby Yokohama.[1]

TICAD has been an evolving element in Japan's long-term commitment to fostering peace and stability in Africa through collaborative partnerships.[2] The exchange of views amongst the conference delegates serves to underscore the case for more, not less assistance from the major world economies.[3]

The TICAD conferences were intended to help to promote high-level policy dialogue amongst African leaders and their development partners.[4]

TICAD-I (1993)

TICAD-I discussed strategies for taking steps toward greater African stability and prosperity.[1] This conference produced the "Tokyo Declaration on African Development."[5]

African Countries

Delegations from 48 African nations participated in the conference, including four heads of state:[6]

Donor Countries

Representatives from twelve developed countries participated in the conference. A delegation from what was then known as the Commission of the European Communities was also attended.[7]

International Organizations

Co-Organizers

Guest Speakers

Observers (Countries)

Observers from 17 nations were accredited at the conference; and these included:[11]

  • Commonwealth of Australia, Geoffrey Miller
  • Republic of Austria, Johannes Skriwan
  • Republic of Brazil, Paulo Pires do Rio
  • People's Republic of China, Sun Guangxiang
  • Republic of Finland, Gien Lindolm
  • Hellenic Republic, Vassilios Tolois
  • Republic of Hungary, István Rácz
  • Republic of Indonesia, Poedji Koentarso
  • Republic of Ireland, James Anthony Sharkey
  • Republic of Korea, Park Jay Son
  • Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, François Bremer
  • Malaysia, Datuk H.M. Khatib
  • Romania, Tatiana Isticioaia
  • Russian Federation, Sergei Krilov
  • Republic of South Africa, D.W. Auret
  • Kingdom of Spain, Francisco Javier Jimenez de Gregorio
  • Swiss Confederation, Peter Reinhardt

Observers (International Organizations)

Observers (NGOs and Others)

Observers from eleven non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others were amongst the participants at this conference, including:[12]

Observers (Japanese Organizations)

Observers from five Japanese organizations were participants in the conference, including:[13]

TICAD-II (1998)

TICAD-II discussed poverty reduction in Africa and Africa's fuller integration into the global economy.[1] in 1998. This conference produced the "Tokyo Agenda for Action" (TAA), which was intended to become a commonly understood strategic- and action-oriented set of guidelines. Ideas proposed at TICAD-II were also taken up by the G8 in the creation of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.[4]

African Countries

Delegations from 51 African nations participated in the conference, including eight heads of state:[14]

Asian Countries

Delegations from 10 Asian nations participated in the conference, including:[15]

Donor Countries

International Organisations

Co-organizers

Observers (Countries)

Observers (International Organisation)

Observers (Regional Organisations)

Observers (NGOs)

Observers (Japanese Organisations)

Observers (Others)

TICAD-III (2003)

TICAD III reviewed the achievements of the ten-year TICAD process and discussed the future direction TICAD should take.[1] TICAD-III brought together over 1000 delegates, including 23 heads of state and the Chairperson of the African Union.

Flag Nation Head of State Office Notes
 Algeria Algeria .
 Angola Angola .
 Botswana Botswana .
 Burundi Burundi .
 Cameroon Cameroon .
 Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire .
 Central African Republic Central African Republic .
 Mauritania Mauritania .
 Eritrea Eritrea .
 Sudan Sudan .
 Benin Benin .
 Burkina Faso Burkina Faso .
 Mozambique Mozambique .
 Rwanda Rwanda .
 Kenya Kenya .
 Tanzania Tanzania .
African Union African Union Thabo Mbeki President [16]
 Sierra Leone Sierra Leone .
 Ghana Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor President [17]
 Zambia Zambia .
 South Africa South Africa Thabo Mbeki President
 Swaziland Swaziland Mswati III King
 Uganda Uganda .
 Mauritius Mauritius .
 Malawi Malawi .
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of Congo .
 Chad Chad .
 Niger Niger .
 Nigeria Nigeria .
 Togo Togo .
 Tunisia Tunisia .
 Seychelles Seychelles .
 Somalia Somalia .
 São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe .
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic .
 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe .
 Republic of the Congo Republic of Congo .
 Djibouti Djibouti .
 Egypt Egypt .
 Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea .
 Ethiopia Ethiopia .
 Gambia Gambia .
 Guinea Guinea .
 Gabon Gabon .
     Cape Verde Cape Verde .
     Namibia Namibia .
     Madagascar Madagascar .
     Comoros Comoros .
     Liberia Liberia .
     Lesotho Lesotho .
     Libya Libya .
     Mali Mali .
       Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau .
       Senegal Senegal .

      Ministers and others

      A number of government ministers and others were amongst the participants in the conference, including:

      Flag Nation Delegate Office Notes
       Japan Japan Junichiro Koizumi Prime Minister [18]
       Japan Japan Yoshiro Mori former-Prime Minister [18]
       Japan Ministry of Finance Japan
       Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan
       Japan International Cooperation Agency Japan International Cooperation Agency
       Japan Bank for International Cooperation Japan Bank for International Cooperation
       Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) Japan External Trade Organization
       United Nations United Nations
       United Nations World Food Programme World Food Programme
       United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) United Nations Children's Fund -- formerly "United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund" (1947-1953); name shortened, but acronym unchanged
       United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) United Nations Industrial Development Organization Carlos Magariños Director-General [18]
      World Bank World Bank
      African Development Bank African Development Bank
       European Union European Union

      TICAD-IV (2008)

      TICAD-IV focused on strategies for better mobilizing the knowledge and resources of the international community in the core areas of: (a) economic growth; (b) human security, including achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals; and (c) environment/climate change issues. In addition, TICAD-IV tried to identify possible inter-linkages within the context of the G8 Hokkaidō Tōyako Summit in July 2008.[19] The event brought together 2,500 participants, including representatives of 51 African countries, among whom were 40 African heads of state and government. Attendees came from over 70 international organizations.[20]

      Heads of State

      Invitations were extended to 52 African countries and many heads of state decided to attend, including:

      Flag Nation Head of State Office Notes
       Mauritania Mauritania Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi President [21]
       Eritrea Eritrea Isaias Afwerki President [22]
       Sudan Sudan Omar al-Bashir President [21]
       Benin Benin Yayi Boni President [23]
       Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Blaise Compaoré President [23]
       Mozambique Mozambique Armando Guebuza President [24]
       Rwanda Rwanda Paul Kagame President [25]
       Kenya Kenya Mwai Kibaki President [26]
       Tanzania Tanzania Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete President [27]
      African Union African Union Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete President [28]
       Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Ernest Bai Koroma President [29]
       Ghana Ghana John Agyekum Kufuor President [30]
       Zambia Zambia Levy Mwanawasa President [31]
       South Africa South Africa Thabo Mbeki President [23]
       Swaziland Swaziland Mswati III King [31]
       Uganda Uganda Yoweri Museveni President [32]
       Malawi Malawi Bingu wa Mutharika President [23]
       Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou Nguesso President [21]
       Gabon Gabon Omar Bongo Ondimba President [23]
         Cape Verde Cape Verde Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires President [33]
         Namibia Namibia Hifikepunye Pohamba President [34]
         Madagascar Madagascar Marc Ravalomanana President [35]
         Comoros Comoros Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi President [21]
         Liberia Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf President [36]
         Mali Mali Amadou Toumani Touré President [23]
           Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau João Bernardo Vieira President [37]
           Senegal Senegal Abdoulaye Wade President] [23]

          Ministers and others

          A number of government officials and non-government organization delegates were amongst the participants in the conference, including:

          Nation/Organization Delegate Office Notes
          Morocco Abbas El Fassi Prime Minister [38]
          Tunisia Mohamed Ghannouchi Prime Minister [21]
          Egypt Ahmed Abul Gheit Foreign Minister [39]
          Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan Vice President [25]
          Togo Comlan Mally Prime Minister [21]
          Nobel Foundation Wangari Maathai 2004 Nobel Peace Prize laureate [40]
          European Union Louis Michel Humanitarian Aid Commissioner [25]
          United Nations Asha-Rose Migiro UN Deputy Secretary-General [41]
          Lesotho Pakalitha Mosisili Prime Minister [31]
          Niger Seini Oumarou Prime Minister [21]
          Angola Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos Prime Minister [42]
          Botswana Mompati Sebogodi Vice President [43]
          Ethiopia Meles Zenawi Prime Minister [25]
          World Bank Robert Zoellick President [44]
          African Development Bank Donald Kaberuka President [20]
          Japan Ministry of Finance Fukushiro Nukaga Finance Minister [20][45]
          Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Masahiko Kōmura Foreign Minister [20][46]
          Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) [47]
          United Nations World Food Programme Josette Sheeran Executive Director [20][48]
          United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Ann Veneman Executive Director [49]
          United Nations High Commission for
          Refugees           (UNHCR)          		 António Guterres Executive Director [50]
          United Nations Industrial Development
          Organization           (UNIDO)          		 Kandeh Yumkella Director-General [51]
          Gates Foundation Global Health Program Tadataka "Tachi" Yamada President [20][52]
          International Organization for Migration Brunson McKinley Director-General [53]
          Japan International Cooperation Agency Sadako Ogata President [20][54]
          Japan Bank for International Cooperation Kōji Tanami Governor [20][55]
          Nobel Foundation Joseph Stiglitz 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics laureate [20]
          International Federation of Red Cross and
          Red Crescent Societies           (IFRC)          		 [56]
          University of Tsukuba Yōichi Iwasaki President [20][57]
          Mozambique Joaquim Chissano Former President [20]

          Observers and others

          The UN Development Programme (UNDP), in partnership with the NEPAD Business Group, the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) made plans in advance to organize on the sidelines of TICAD-IV. They worked together to create an event which they hoped would attract the attention of the national delegations in Yokohama for TICAD—a meeting which they called Innovative Approaches to Private Sector Development for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa. The event organizers provided a unique venue for presentations included actual case studies developed by the UN organizations and first-hand testimonials from various local private sector actors who have been beneficiaries or advocates of TICAD-inspired private sector development initiatives in Africa. Selected new and innovative approaches by global partners were showcased to demonstrate how market-based business activities and private sector investments can help achieve the MDGs.[51]

          World Bank President Zoellick participated in a meeting on the global food crisis jointly-organized with the African Union, the World Food Program, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Fund for Agricultural Development. This meeting was designed to focus attention on the immediate and medium-to-long term actions needed to tackle the global food crisis.[58]

          Some representatives from international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) complained their participation in the ongoing policy dialog between Japan and various African governments was thwarted at TICAD-IV. A group of 55 African, Japanese and international NGOs came uninvited to Yokohama; this was the first time that a 'civil society forum' was incorporated into the compressed agenda. Six observers were allowed in as observers; and the NGOs construe such limited participation as reflective of a view of NGOs as unimportant.[59]

          The shared perspectives of the TICAD-IV's official participants and unofficial observers served to underscore the case for immediate assistance to help Africa's vulnerable economies to weather the current global food and fuel crisis.[3] Questions remain about how best to achieve such salutary goals.

          Notes

          1. 1 2 3 4 Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA): What is TICAD?
          2. ↑ "Japan to Increase Asian-African Aid," New York Times. September 14, 1966.
          3. 1 2 Attah, Haruna. "TICAD ends today Kufuor to close proceedings," Acra Daily Mail. May 29, 2008.
          4. 1 2 Tembo, Fletcher (2008) "Where next for TICAD: Building lasting partnerships", London: Overseas Development Institute; Bonsu, Kwaku Osei. "President Kufuor arrives in Japan for TICAD IV," Ghana News Agency. May 26, 2008.
          5. ↑ Juma, Monica Kathina et al. (2006). Compendium of Key Documents Relating to Peace and Security in Africa, p. 491-505.
          6. ↑ Japan, MOFA: 28 African nations
          7. ↑ Japan, MOFA: 12 donor countries + EC
          8. ↑ Canadian delegation included representatives of Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
          9. ↑ Swedish delegation included representatives of Swedish International Development Agency (Sida or SIDA)
          10. ↑ US delegation included representatives of United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
          11. ↑ Japan, MOFA: 17 Observer nations
          12. ↑ Japan, MOFA: 11 Observer NGOs
          13. ↑ Japan, MOFA: 5 Japanese observer organizations
          14. ↑ Japan, MOFA: 51 African nations
          15. ↑ Japan, MOFA: 10 Asian nations
          16. ↑ 40th Anniversary Celebrations of the Organisation of African Unity, 25 May 2003.
          17. ↑ "Towards a vibrant Africa, Kufuor at TICAD IV," Accra Daily Mail. May 27, 2008 -- 2003 speech: "TICAD and the Way Forward: The African Perspective".
          18. 1 2 3 UNIDO: TICAD-III, summary
          19. ↑ main themes of G* summit
          20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Bank Group Participates in TICAD IV," African Development Bank (Tunis). June 3, 2008.
          21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yan Liang. "Japanese PM continues series of talks with African leaders," China View (Xinhua). May 29, 2008.
          22. ↑ "President Isaias Holds Talks With Different Japanese Government Officials in Yokohama City," Shabait(Asmara). May 28, 2008.
          23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "African heads of state flock to Japan for TICAD IV," Afriquenligne. May 27, 2008.
          24. ↑ "Mozambique: Guebuza in Japan for the TICAD Summit," Agencia de Informacao de Mocambique (Maputo). May 28, 1008.
          25. 1 2 3 4 "African leaders in Japan seek business, not charity," Agence France Press (AFP). May 28, 2008.
          26. ↑ "Kenya: Kibaki off to Japan for TICAD," Afriquenligne. May 25, 2008; Masese, Pauline. "41 African heads to attend TICAD," KBC (Kenya Broadcasting Corporation). May 21, 2008.
          27. ↑ Yoko Kubota, Yoko and Alex Richardson. "Japan Vows to Double Africa Aid, Investment," New York Times. May 27, 2008.
          28. ↑ An Lu. "AU Chief calls for more, balanced investment in Africa," China View (Xinhua). May 28, 2008.
          29. ↑ "President Koroma and 32 African leaders start big conference in Japan tomorrow," Cocorioko Newspaper. May 27, 2008.
          30. ↑ Attah, A. Harruna. "Japan, a genuine friend," Accra Daily Mail. May 27, 2008.
          31. 1 2 3 Kusungami, Grace. "Fulfill promises, Levy tells G8," Times of Zambia. May 29, 2008.
          32. ↑ Osike, Felix. "Museveni woos Japanese investors," New Vision Online. May 28, 2008.
          33. ↑ Karasaki, Taro. "Fukuda opens TICAD IV with $4-billion pledge," Asahi Shimbun. May 29, 2008.
          34. ↑ "Namibia: President Off to Japan," The Namibian (Windhoek). May 27, 2008.
          35. ↑ «Rencontres entre le Président Ravalomanana et le Premier Ministre japonais Fukuda ainsi qu’avec le Directeur Executif de l’UNICEF, Mme Ann M. Veneman» Présidence de la République de Madagascar. May 27, 2008.
          36. ↑ "President Sirleaf Addresses TICAD Conference," Liberia Government (Monrovia). May 28, 2008.
          37. ↑ Fragoso, Garrido. "PM defende rigor na cooperação entre Estados africanos e o Japão," Jornal de Angola. May 28, 2008.
          38. ↑ "Morocco PM in Japan for TICAD IV," Afriquenligne. May 27, 2008.
          39. ↑ Mekkawi, Mahitab. "Japan follows peers in holding Africa summit," AfricaNews. May 27, 2008.
          40. ↑ "Fukuda plans marathon talks at TICAD," Yomiuri Shimbun. May 20, 2008.
          41. ↑ "UN deputy chief calls for more investment in African agriculture," People's Daily (Xinhua). May 28, 2008.
          42. ↑ "Japan: Angolan Premier Meets Japanese Counterpart," AngolaPress. May 29, 2008.
          43. ↑ "Participants at TICAD IV meeting call for productive use of aid," China View (Xinhua). May 28, 2008.
          44. ↑ "World Bank Group President in Japan for TICAD IV," World Bank. May 26, 2008.
          45. ↑ Fukushiro Nukaga
          46. ↑ Masahiko Koumura
          47. ↑ "Zambia: President Mwanawasa to lead Zambian delegation to TICAD IV," Afriquenlign 9Lusaka). May 27, 2008.
          48. ↑ Executive Director, Josette Sheeran
          49. ↑ Uyxia, Jiang. "Unicef calls for global efforts to improve African child survival," China View (Xinhua)/ May 28, 2008.
          50. ↑ Yamazaki, Hiroshi. "Fukuda's summer of diplomacy," Asia Online (UPI -- United Press International). May 26, 2008.
          51. 1 2 "Ethiopian Prime Ministers leaves for TICAD IV," Afriquenligne (Addis Adaba). May 26, 2008.
          52. ↑ Tadataka Yamada
          53. ↑ "Mbeki in Japan for conference on African development," The Citizen (Johannesburg). May 27, 2008.
          54. ↑ President, Sadako Ogata
          55. ↑ Governor, Koji Tanami (2008) Archived 2008-04-18 at the Wayback Machine
          56. ↑ "IFRC says human security fundamental for Africa's development," People's Daily (Xinhua). May 29, 2008.
          57. ↑ President, Yoichi Iwasaki
          58. ↑ "Fukuda begins marathon talks with African leaders ahead of TICAD," World Bank News & Broadcast. May 27, 2008.
          59. ↑ Bhowmick, Nilanjana. "Non-Governmental Organizations Unhappy With Observer Status In Tokyo Conference On African Development," AHN News. June 4, 2008.

          References

          • Hook, Glenn D., Julie Gilson, Christopher W. Hughes, Hugo Dobson. (2005). Japan's International Relations: Politics, Economics and Security. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33638-4
          • Juma, Monica Kathina, Rafael Velásquez García, and Brittany Kesselman. (2006). Compendium of Key Documents Relating to Peace and Security in Africa. Praetoria: Praetoria University Law Press. ISBN 0-9585097-3-5
          • Taylor, Ian and Paul Williams. (2004). Africa in International Politics: External Involvement on the Continent. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-35836-1
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