Tapajós hydroelectric complex
Tapajós River
Location of São Luiz do Tapajós
Official name	Complexo Hidrelétrico de Tapajós
Coordinates	4°36′13″S 56°17′04″W / 4.603722°S 56.2845°W / -4.603722; -56.2845
Status	Proposed
Owner(s)	Eletronorte etc.
Dam and spillways
Impounds	Tapajós, Jamanxim rivers
Installed capacity	10,682 MW

The Tapajós hydroelectric complex (Portuguese: Complexo Hidrelétrico de Tapajós) is a proposed complex of hydroelectric dams on the Tapajós and Jamanxim rivers in the state of Pará, Brazil. The Tapajós dams would contain locks, thus converting the river into a navigable waterway. A "platform" model is proposed under which all people and material would be moved by river or by helicopter, avoiding the need to build access roads and the consequent inflow of settlers and environmental damage. However, there have been protests against flooding of indigenous territory by the dams, and the largest dam seems unlikely to be approved.

Dams and power plants

The proposed Tapajós hydroelectric complex would impound sections of the Tapajós and Jamanxim rivers.^[1] The Tapajós River Hydroelectric Complex would have a total installed capacity of 10,682 MW. Eletronorte estimated that the project would deliver power equivalent to that provided by burning 30.5 million barrels of oil annually.^[2] The proposed dams being studied are:^[2]

São Luiz do Tapajós would have guaranteed capacity of 4,012 MW from 38 Kaplan turbines. The dam on the Tapajós would be 7,608 metres (24,961 ft) long and 53 metres (174 ft) high and would impound a reservoir of 729 square kilometres (281 sq mi).^{[3][lower-alpha 1]} There would be 17 locks, 19.6 metres (64 ft) wide and 20 metres (66 ft) high, in the spillway.^[2] The Jatobá Dam, also on the Tapajós, would be upstream from São Luiz do Tapajós. It would have 2,338 MW capacity, with 1,282 MW guaranteed, from 40 bulb turbines. The dam would be 1,287 metres (4,222 ft) long and 35.5 metres (116 ft) high impounding a reservoir of 646.3 square kilometres (249.5 sq mi). The 40 metres (130 ft) spillway would have 14 locks 18.9 metres (62 ft) wide and 20 metres (66 ft) high.^[2] The other three plants under study would be on the Jamanxim River.^[2]

The complex may also include the Chacorão (3,336 MW) on the upper Tapajós and the Jardim do Ouro (227 MW) on the Jamanxim. These have not yet been studied in detail.^[4]

Waterway

The dams are part of a plan to convert the Tapajos into a waterway for barges to take soybeans from Mato Grosso to the Amazon River ports. A continuous chain of dams, with locks, would eliminate today's rapids and waterfalls. Legal and constitutional objections may be bypassed through "security suspensions."^[5] The Chacorão locks are listed as a priority in the National Waterways Plan (Brazil, MT 2010, p. 22). The dam's reservoir would eliminate the Chacorão rapids, allowing barge traffic above the dam's locks.^[6] The controversial Chacorão Dam is rarely discussed in the context of the Tapajós Basin developments, despite its central role in the plan.^[7]

Platform model

The Tapajós projects are surrounded by conservation units with a total area of 200,000 square kilometres (77,000 sq mi), including the Amazônia National Park and the Itaituba I, Itaituba II and Jamanxim national forests. With the traditional construction model access roads are built to the plant, settlements form along the roads and around the plant, and there is widespread damage to the environment. This risk of damage to the native forest causes opposition to the projects.^[2]

The concept of building hydroelectric power plants in a similar way to offshore oil platforms was developed in 2004–05 planning sessions attended by Minister of the Environment Carlos Minc. With the platform model there would be minimal impact on the environment, with trees only cut down at the plant location, and the site later regenerated. All material and personnel would be transported by water or by helicopters. Transport costs will be higher but the need to build roads and other infrastructure will be avoided, so net costs may be lower.^[2]

Impact

Sketch map showing locations of dams
10. Sawré Muybu Indigenous Territory
16. Sai Cinza Indigenous Territory
17. Mundurucu Indigenous Territory

The project would affect at least 32 communities and 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) of indigenous territory, mostly occupied by people of the Munduruku ethnic group.^[8] The São Luiz do Tapajós Dam would flood about 7% of the Sawré Muybu Indigenous Territory, and the Boa Fé village would have to be relocated.^[9] As of 2010 Eletronorte had not applied for registration with the National Electricity Agency to start feasibility studies for the Chacorão plant, since it would flood parts of the Mundurucu and Sai-Cinza indigenous territories. A spokesman said that without a decree to regulate the constitution there was no way to undertake projects in indigenous territories.^[2]

On the Jamanxim River, the Jamanxim Dam would flood 8,516 hectares (21,040 acres) of the Jamanxim National Park. It would affect the South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor.^[10] The Cachoeira do Cai reservoir would flood 15,690 hectares (38,800 acres) of the Jamanxim National Park, 6,800 hectares (17,000 acres) of the Itaituba I National Forest and 20,470 hectares (50,600 acres) of the Itaituba II National Forest.^[11] The official estimate is that 150 people will be affected.^[12] The Cachoeira dos Patos reservoir would flood 9,000 hectares (22,000 acres) of the Jamanxim National Park and 360 hectares (890 acres) of the Jamanxim National Forest.^[11] It would also affect the area around the Tapajós Environmental Protection Area and the South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor.^[13]

An analysis of the two Tapajós River plants published in 2014 concluded that forecasts of demand for electricity had been overstated, and plans did not take into account improvements in efficiency of energy use and the availability of new power sources such as solar and wind power. Taking into account the cost of the transmission system they concluded that the project was not cost-effective even when excluding factors such as loss of fishing and tourism revenue, water quality degradation and carbon emissions.^[14]

A study released in December 2015 took into account carbon and methane emissions from construction and from the Cachoeira do Cai and Cachoeira dos Patos reservoirs, and concluded that there was a high probability that the plants would generate emissions comparable to a natural gas plant. In the case of the Cachoeira do Caí there was a possibility that emissions could exceed those of a coal-fired plant.^[15]

Planning and approval process

Indigenous peoples opposition

26 November 2014: Munduruku Indians and Greenpeace activists use stones to form the phrase "Tapajós Livre" on a beach on the banks of the Tapajós near Itaituba

In November 2012 tensions mounted when federal police in the region shot dead the Indian Adenilson Munduruku.^[17] On 3 April 2013 the Federal Public Ministry (MPF) asked for the federal government to suspend a military/police operation that was underway in the Tapajós region and to suspend studies and licensing for the São Luiz do Tapajós plant. The police and military were protecting a team of 24 researchers in the area, with more due to arrive.^[17] The MPF asked that the Munduruku Indians and the directly affected ribeirinhos communities first be consulted, as required by the International Labor Organization's Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, to which Brazil subscribed in 2002. The MPF stated that the armed operation violated human rights, prevented any chance of dialog in good faith and would tend to create confrontation.^[18] On 16 April 2013 the Federal Regional Court of the 1st Region (TRF-1) in Brasilia ordered that the government suspend the military and police "Operation Tapajós" in the region of the Mundurucu Indigenous Territory.^[19]

Studies of the project and its impact halted in June 2013 when Indians opposed to the Tapajós developments took hostage three biologists working for Eletrobras.^[20] The three researchers were released after two days on 23 June 2013 after the federal government promised that the Eletrobras research projects would be suspended and the Indians consulted.^[21] On 12 August 2013 the Tapajós Study Group, which is responsible for analyzing the environmental viability of the hydroelectric projects on the river, was authorized by the federal government to resume research on the fauna and flora of the region. Eletrobras, which coordinates the study group, confirmed that it planned to submit Environmental Impact Studies to IBAMA for the São Luiz do Tapajós and Jatobá hydroelectric plants in December 2013. Other members of the study group are Eletronorte, GDF Suez, CEMIG, Copel, Neoenergia, Électricité de France, Endesa Brasil and Camargo Corrêa.^[20]

On 29 July 2013 the Federal Public Ministry recommended suspension of licensing of the Cachoeira dos Patos hydroelectric plant for the same reasons as other planned hydroelectric plants on the Tapajós, Teles Pires, Jamanxim and Juruena rivers. They had not undertaken an Integrated Environmental Assessment and had not consulted with the affected indigenous peoples, both legal requirements.^[22] The Ministry of the Environment informed the Federal Public Ministry in Santarém on 20 September 2013 that it had suspended licensing.^[22]

Notes

Sources