Tatra KT4
KT4SU in Lviv
ManufacturerČKD Tatra
Constructed1977–97
Number built1,747
Capacity26–38 (Seated)
105–168 (Standing)
Specifications
Train length18,100 mm (59 ft 4+5⁄8 in)
Width2,200 mm (7 ft 2+5⁄8 in)
Height3,100 mm (10 ft 2 in)
Doors4
Articulated sections1
Maximum speed65 km/h (40 mph)
Weight19.9 tonnes (19.6 long tons; 21.9 short tons)
Traction motors4 x 40 kW (54 hp)
Current collector(s)Pantograph
Bogies2
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge,
1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge

Tatra KT4 is the name of a four-axle type articulated tramcar developed by the Czech firm ČKD Tatra. The first pre-production vehicles entered service in Potsdam in 1975, with the first production vehicles in 1977. A total of 1,747 units were built, with initial deliveries to East Germany (DDR) and later to the USSR and SFR Yugoslavia. KT4 variants were built for both standard gauge and metre gauge tramways. Production of the KT4 tramcar was halted in 1991 due to worldwide economic and political changes at the time. Production was briefly resumed in 1997 to construct the last 20 units for Belgrade, Serbia.

Since the start of the 1990s, many of the earliest production tramcars have gone through extensive refurbishment and rebuilding, including the replacement of folding doors and the installation of low-floor center sections.

The design of the tram, being without a bogie over the joint necessitates a scissor joint connecting both bogies such that the center of mass does not shift catastrophically, especially when turning.[1]

History

[2] The KT4 was originally designed to demands set out by the needs of the GDR, who found bogie cars too expensive and needed a solution to their aging fleet of two-axle vehicles. The first steps into the KT4s design were made when ČKD Tatra modified a six-axle K2 tramcar, to a four-axle suspended articulation formation which later presented itself in the KT4. The KT4 has identical pedal control systems and bogies to the Tatra T3 bogie tramcar. As production continued, the design was improved, noted particularly in 1983 with the addition of thyristor control type TV3. The type is called KT4t.

Variations

Variations of the KT4 exist, though they are generally subtle and focused around seat layout and pantograph type.

  • KT4D – German model
  • KT4Dt – German model with TV3 thyristor
  • KT4SU – Soviet Union model
  • KT4YU – Yugoslav model

Note that there is no such thing as a KT4K. KT4 used in North Korea were not built by Tatra, instead built by the Shenyeng Passenger Vehicle Factory and named differently.

KT4D

The KT4D model was delivered to the following GDR cities:

CityDelivery yearsNumber delivered
Berlin1976–88574
Brandenburg1979–8316
Cottbus1978–9065
Erfurt1976–90156
Frankfurt (Oder)1987–9034
Gera1978–9060
Görlitz1987–9011
Gotha1981–826
Leipzig19768
Potsdam1974–8745
Plauen1976–8845
Zwickau1987–8822
TOTAL1974–901,042

In 1984, Leipzig handed over their eight trams to Berlin. Since the early 2000s, the Tatra tramcars in the former GDR are being replaced and sold to other countries in Central and Eastern Europe.[3]

Original KT4D

Modernised KT4D

Sold KT4Ds

KT4SU

The Soviet Union ordered the KT4SU for their meter-gauge tramways, the following cities received deliveries:

CityDelivery yearsNumber delivered
Yevpatoria1987–9018
Kaliningrad1987–9030
Liepāja1983–8822
Lviv1976–88145
Pyatigorsk1988–9025
Zhytomyr1981–8820
Tallinn1980–9074
Vinnytsia1980–9081
TOTAL1976–90415

KT4YU

The KT4YU is the Yugoslav variant of the tramcar, which were delivered to the Serbian and Croatian capitals. The last KT4s ever produced were delivered to Belgrade in 1997. Those tramcars were equipped with IGBT modules and recuperative braking and named KT4M-YUB (where B stands for Belgrade to be distinguished from Zagreb model). In 2002, 30 Belgrade tramcars were modernized in Goša FOM / Inekon, and marked as KT4-YUBM.

CityDelivery yearsNumber delivered
Belgrade1980–97220
Zagreb1985–8651
TOTAL1980–97271

Shenyang ST4

A series of KT4 trams were also produced for Pyongyang, North Korea by the Shenyeng Passenger Vehicle Factory in China named ST4,[4] but have subsequently had their articulation removed due to structural defects of the joint.[5] During their service, they were based at Songsin depot. These trams were fully withdrawn in 1999 and the bodies rebuilt into Chollima 971 articulated trolleybuses or Chollima 961 trolleybuses. Since then, some Chollima 971 trolleybuses were converted into Chollima 961 trolleybuses by removing the rear section.[6] 150 trams were ordered, though only 51 vehicles are known to have been recorded.[7]

These vehicle's main difference was its 2.5 meter wide body, four 45 kW traction motors, a maximum speed of 60 km/h, a seating capacity of 56 and standing capacity of 125.[4] Its weight was also higher, at a net weight of 22.5 tons.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ST4有轨电车新型铰接转向运动机构的设计_爱学术". www.ixueshu.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  2. ↑ Source: The Development of The Modern Tram, by Brian Patton
  3. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Course on protectionism: can localization save Ukrainian producers, Ukrayinska Pravda (7 September 2020)
  4. 1 2 "对研制ST4型有轨电车的体会". April 1997.
  5. ↑ "Shenfeng KT4 — Roster". transphoto.org. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  6. ↑ "Chollima 971". transphoto.org. Retrieved 2021-01-14.
  7. ↑ "Shenyang ST4 — Roster". transphoto.org. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tatra KT4.
  • (German) Ivo Köhler: KT4 – Der Kurzgelenkwagen aus Prag, Verlag GVE, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-89218-104-0
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