The Open Network
Other namesTON, Telegram Open Network (former)
Original author(s)Nikolai Durov, Pavel Durov
Developer(s)TON Foundation, Telegram (no longer participating)
Repositorygithub.com/ton-blockchain
Written inC++
LicenseGNU LGPL v2
Websiteton.org
Wallet example
For access to wallets uses 24 secret words, on the basis of which calculates 256-bit private key of the wallet

The Open Network (previously Telegram Open Network, both abb. as TON) is a decentralized computer network[1] consisting of a layer-1 blockchain with various components. TON was originally developed by Dr. Nikolai Durov and the messaging platform, Telegram and now embraced by a global community of independent contributors.

History

In 2017-2018, the Telegram Messenger team is starting to explore blockchain solutions for themselves. Finding no current Layer 1 blockchain able to support Telegram's 9-figure userbase, they decide to design their own layer-1 chain, then called Telegram Open Network.[2]

To obtain the resources required to make TON a reality, Telegram is launched a Gram token sale in Q1 2018.[3] Durov considered venture capital financing but decided against it.

According to documents related to U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) v. Telegram suit (2020), by 2017, the self-funded startup needed money to pay for servers and services. Funds raised during the Telegram ICO were planned to be used for the development of Telegram and TON and for the ongoing expenses required to support the growth of the ecosystem. More than 80 percent of collected funds planned to be spent on equipment, bandwidth, colocation, and user verification costs. The rest planned to be allocated for wages, offices, and legal and consulting services.[4]

Genesis (2018-2020)

Telegram introduces design and first implementation of TON Blockchain. The Telegram team releases a series of documents detailing the design of TON Blockchain. Telegram initially launched the TON Testnet to the public through a testing environment for the TON blockchain. During the early testnet phase, Telegram released testnet tokens, which had no value and were used for testing purposes.[5]

To fund the development of the messenger and the blockchain project, Telegram attracted investments through a private Gram offering, but in light of regulatory complications, the Telegram team withdrew from the TON project (May 2020)[6]

On July 2020 Telegram placed the remaining testnet tokens into special Giver smart contracts that allowed anyone to participate in future mining and discontinued support for the TON testnet.[7][8][9]

A small team of open-source developers and Telegram contest winners Anatoliy Makosov and Kirill Emelyanenko, NewTON, took a deep dive into TON's codebase and resumed active blockchain development, adhering to the principles outlined in the original TON whitepaper.[10][11][12]

Development and launch (2020-2022)

After TON's private development phase, all of its code was released to the open-source in September 7, 2019.[13] The launch of the test network was initially scheduled for Q2 2018 with the main network launch in Q4, but the milestones were postponed several times. The testnet was launched in January 2019 with a half a year deviation from the plan.[14][15] In May the company released the lite version of the TON blockchain network client.[16] In September the company released the complete source code for TON nodes on GitHub, making it possible to launch a full node and explore the testnet.[17][18] The launch of the TON main network was scheduled for October 31.[19][20]

Design

TON blockchain

The Open Network's fundamental infrastructure is a scalable multi-blockchain platform designed to support the creation and operation of decentralized applications (dApps) and smart contracts. Utilizing the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism, it can theoretically support up to 2^92 accompanying blockchains.

TON's design philosophy involves leveraging sharding to attain scalability. Its blockchains are designed with the ability to split and merge automatically to adapt to fluctuating loads. This design feature ensures that block generation speed is independent of transaction volume, avoiding network congestion and maintaining low operational costs irrespective of demand.

Hypercube routing mechanisms in TON ensure efficient data exchange between any two blockchains, regardless of the network size. Due to the logarithmic relationship between the time taken to transfer data and the number of blockchains in TON, the network can scale to millions of chains without compromising processing speed.[21][22][23]

TON employs an advanced proof-of-stake consensus mechanism. Validator nodes use deposit stakes to vouch for their reliability, achieving consensus through a variant of the Byzantine fault tolerance protocol. This approach is resource-efficient and allows TON to devote the computing power of nodes to processing transactions and executing smart contracts.

The TON network comprises a masterchain and up to 2^32 workchains, each with its unique ruleset. These rulesets dictate various aspects of the workchains, such as account address formats, transaction protocols, and virtual machines for executing smart contracts and managing basic cryptocurrencies. The workchains function cohesively within the TON ecosystem while maintaining their individual characteristics.[24]

Governance

Governance in TON is inherently decentralized and decisions for network modifications are contingent upon approval from the majority of validators. This is facilitated through the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism where validators can vote for network configuration changes or update their software to accept proposed changes.

Applications

Toncoin

Toncoin is the principal cryptocurrency of The Open Network (TON) blockchain, and in particular of its masterchain and basic workchain. It is used for transaction fees, securing the blockchain through staking, deciding how the network develops, gas payments (i.e., smart-contract message processing fees), and settling payments.[25][26]

TON Proxy

A network proxy and anonymizer layer designed for TON nodes, TON Proxy is akin to the Invisible Internet Project (I2P) and facilitates the creation of decentralized VPN services and blockchain-based TOR alternatives. This capability enhances online privacy and offers protection against censorship towards the facilitation of decentralized applications which may be more resistant to censorship.[27] As of September 30, 2022, TON Proxy has been made compatible with HTTP Proxy.[28]

TON DNS

Launched by the TON Foundation on June 30, 2022, TON DNS operates similarly to domain names associated with other cryptocurrencies, offering ".ton" as its domain zone. The program assigns human-readable names to accounts, smart contracts, services, and network nodes. This service simplifies the process of accessing decentralized applications by allowing users to use short and simple domain names rather than long strings of alphanumeric characters. Domain names can also be associated with wallet addresses.

TON Storage

On December 31, 2022, TON Storage, a decentralized file storage system, was introduced. TON Storage is a distributed file storage system accessible through the TON P2P Network, resembling torrent-like technology that utilizes smart contracts for reliability. TON Storage provides a platform for the storage and exchange of large amounts of data using the TON blockchain network, in an effort to eliminate the need for centralized web servers.[29][30]

TON Payments

Launched on June 30, 2022, TON Payments can be used for instant off-chain value transfers between users, bots, and other services. Security measures embedded in the system ensure that these transfers are as secure as on-chain transactions.[31][32]

Everscale

By May 2020, when Telegram's commitment to the project was unclear, other projects started to develop the technology.[33]

Launched on May 7, 2020,[34] "Free TON" is another project to continue development of Telegram Open Network technology using the source code freely available under GNU GPL.[35] By January 2021, the community of the project reached 30,000 people.[36] Free TON's token titled "TON Crystal" or just "TON" is distributed as a reward for contributions to the network.[37] Of five billion tokens issued at the moment of launch, 85% were reserved for users, 5% for validators, and 10% for the developers (including 5% dedicated for TON Labs, the developer of TON OS middleware for TON blockchain, which is the essential part of Free TON).[38][39][34] In 2021 it was rebranded to Everscale.[40]

Regulation

On October 11, 2019, a couple of weeks before the planned TON launch, SEC obtained a temporary restrictive order to prevent the distribution of Grams. The regulator contended that initial Gram purchasers would be acting akin to underwriters, and the resale of Grams, once distributed, will be an unregistered distribution of securities.[41]

After a lengthy legal battle between Telegram and the SEC, Judge P. Kevin Castel of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York agreed with the SEC's vision[42] that the sale of Grams, the distribution to initial purchasers, and the highly likely future resale should be viewed as a single "scheme" to distribute Grams to the secondary market in an unregistered security offering. The "security" at issue consisted of the whole set of contracts, expectations, and understandings around the sale and the distribution of tokens to the interested public, and not the Grams themselves. In this case, the initial purchasers acted as underwriters that planned to resell tokens, and not to consume them. The restrictions on Gram distribution remained in force for purchasers based in and outside U.S., as Telegram had no tools to prevent U.S. citizens from purchasing Grams on the secondary market.[43][44][41]

Following the court decision, the Telegram Open Network team announced that they would be unable to launch the project by the expected 30 April 2020 deadline. On 12 May 2020, Pavel Durov announced the end of Telegram's active involvement with TON. On June 11, Telegram settled with SEC U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission and agreed to return $1.22 billion as "termination amounts" in Gram purchase agreements, and pay an $18.5 million penalty to SEC. The company also agreed to notify the SEC of any plans to issue digital assets over the next three years. The judge approved the settlement on June 26. "New and innovative businesses are welcome to participate in our capital markets, but they cannot do so in violation of the registration requirements of the federal securities laws," the SEC spokesperson noted. Telegram had subsequently shut down TON test network.[45]

In 2020, Telegram repaid TON investors $770 million and converted $443 million into a one-year debt at 10% interest, raising its total liabilities to $625.7 million. On 10 March 2021, the company made the placement of 5-year bonds worth $1 billion to cover the debts it had to return by 30 April 2021.[46][47]

References

  1. ↑ "The Open Network | The Open Network". docs.ton.org. 2023-05-21. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  2. ↑ Velychko, Diana (2020-10-09). "TON & Gram: how it started and why it ended". PaySpace Magazine. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  3. ↑ "TON Primer, "Use of Funds", page 16". Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  4. ↑ "TON Primer, "Use of Funds", page 18". Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  5. ↑ "Telegram Open Network Blockchain" (PDF). ton.org. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  6. ↑ Mix. "Here is the leaked white paper for the massive Telegram ICO". HardFork. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  7. ↑ Korolev, Igor (2 April 2018). "Under what conditions will Telegram return to investors the collected $ 2.55 billion". CNews (in Russian). Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  8. ↑ Liptak, Andrew (1 April 2018). "Telegram has raised a total of $1.7 billion from its two pre-ICO sales". The Verge. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
  9. ↑ Shen, Lucinda (31 March 2018). "Even as Bitcoin Languishes, Telegram Raises $1.7 Billion Ahead of Largest ICO Ever". Fortune. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  10. ↑ "Дело Дурова живет. Кто развивает блокчейн и криптовалюту Telegram после провала TON". The Bell (in Russian). 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  11. ↑ "Монетный сор: что не так с созданной последователями Дурова криптовалютой Toncoin". Forbes.ru (in Russian). 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  12. ↑ Rachel McIntosh (October 18, 2019). "SEC vs. Telegram: Will Gram Tokens Ever Be Distributed?". Finance Magnates. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
  13. ↑ "initial commit · ton-blockchain/ton@c2da007". GitHub. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  14. ↑ "Exploring Telegram Open Network". Binance Research. September 27, 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  15. ↑ "Despite delay, Durov on track to launch his cryptocurrency in March". The Bell. January 23, 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  16. ↑ Denis Olshansky (27 May 2019). "Тестовый клиент TON (Telegram Open Network) и новый язык Fift для смарт-контрактов" [TON test client and FIft language for smart contracts] (in Russian). Habr. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  17. ↑ "Telegram может начать публичное тестирование своего блокчейна 1 сентября" [Telegram may start testing its blockchain on September 1st] (in Russian). Vedomosti. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  18. ↑ Vladislav Voytenko (7 September 2019). "Исходный код TON Blockchain теперь доступен на GitHub" [TON blockchain source code now available on GitHub] (in Russian). Kod. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  19. ↑ Sean Hollister (27 August 2019). "Telegram will launch its Gram cryptocurrency by October 31 or bust". The Verge. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  20. ↑ Mikhail Tetkin (26 June 2020). "Самолет в никуда. Весь путь развития Telegram Open Network" [A plane to nowhere. The history of Telegram Open Network] (in Russian). RBC. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  21. ↑ "Blockchain of Blockchains | The Open Network". docs.ton.org. 2023-10-24. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  22. ↑ "Блокчейн TON: история и стремительное развитие проекта". РБК Компании (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  23. ↑ "Даркнет от Павла Дурова: как основатель Telegram пошел в «крипту» и что из этого вышло". Forbes.ru (in Russian). 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  24. ↑ "TON Chain: Fork of the Original Telegram TON Project". research.nansen.ai. 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  25. ↑ TON. "Toncoin: The future of currency". TON. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  26. ↑ "Toncoin, появившийся при участии Павла Дурова, вошел в десятку криптовалют по капитализации". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  27. ↑ "Web3 Has Come: The TON Foundation Launches TON Sites and TON Proxy". Yahoo Finance. 2022-09-30. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  28. ↑ "TON Foundation запустил TON Sites и TON Proxy". Код Дурова (in Russian). 2022-09-30. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  29. ↑ "TON Storage – прорыв в Web3 или провал?". Хабр (in Russian). 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  30. ↑ "«Похоже на интернет 90-х»: как будут работать сервисы TON от последователей Дурова". Forbes.ru (in Russian). 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  31. ↑ "Telegram запустил криптовалютный кошелек TON Space :: РБК.Крипто". РБК Крипто (in Russian). 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  32. ↑ "«Похоже на интернет 90-х»: как будут работать сервисы TON от последователей Дурова". Forbes.ru (in Russian). 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
  33. ↑ Ivan Sychev (14 January 2021). "Free TON вырос до $200 млн и планирует дойти до $1 млрд" [Free TON capitalisation reached $200 million and aims for $1 billion] (in Russian). VC.ru. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  34. 1 2 "Недооцененный блокчейн: как разработчики платформы TON запустили ее под другим названием и привлекли $6 млн" [Underrated blockchain: how the developers of TON launched it under the other name and raised $6 million]. Forbes (in Russian). 20 May 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  35. ↑ "ton/ton-blockchain". GitHub. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  36. ↑ Ivan Sychev (14 January 2021). "Free TON вырос до $200 млн и планирует дойти до $1 млрд" [Free TON capitalisation reached $200 million and aims for $1 billion] (in Russian). VC.ru. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  37. ↑ Vladislav Skobelev, Anastasia Skrinnikova (7 May 2020). "Блокчейн-платформу TON запустили без Павла Дурова и Telegram. Но без аудитории мессенджера проект рискует остаться нишевым" [TON blockchain was launched without Pavel Durov and Telegram. But without Telegram users it risks to remain a niche product] (in Russian). RBC. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  38. ↑ Elyas Kasmi (8 May 2020). "Основателя Telegram не взяли в его собственный блокчейн-проект" [Telegram founder wasn't accepted into his own blockchain project] (in Russian). CNews. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  39. ↑ Mikhail Kabanov (22 May 2021). "TON: каким стал один из самых громких блокчейн-проектов без Дурова" [TON: What one of the most famous blockchain projects became without Pavel Durov] (in Russian). RBC. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  40. ↑ "Everscale: a rebranding history 🔥". EverKit. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  41. 1 2 Robert A. Schwinger (May 26, 2020). "Blockchain law. A "Telegram" to SAFTs: "Beware!"" (PDF). New York Law Journal. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  42. ↑ "SEC v. Telegram: Key Takeaways and Implications". www.cooley.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  43. ↑ "Is There Life for SAFTs After the Telegram Case?". JD Supra. July 21, 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  44. ↑ David I. Miller, Charlie Berk (2020-04-01). "SEC v. Telegram: A Groundbreaking Decision in Cryptocurrency Enforcement?". Greenberg Traurig. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  45. ↑ "Telegram to pay SEC fine of $18.5 million and return $1.2 billion to investors as it dissolves TON". Techcrunch. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  46. ↑ Павел Казарновский, Владислав Скобелев, Анна Балашова (15 March 2021). "Telegram разместил бонды на $1 млрд. На каких условиях инвесторы рискнули вложиться во внебиржевые бумаги" [What were the terms of Telegram's $1 billion bonds placement] (in Russian). RBC. Retrieved 15 March 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ↑ Schechner, Sam (2021-03-15). "Telegram App Is Booming but Needs Advertisers—and $700 Million Soon". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
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