Women's Freedom League
AbbreviationWFL
Formation12 October 1907 (1907-10-12)
FounderCharlotte Despard
Edith How-Martyn
Caroline Hodgson
Alice Abadam
Teresa Billington-Greig
Marion Coates-Hansen
Irene Miller
Bessie Drysdale
Maude Fitzherbert
TypePolitical movement for women's rights
PurposeVotes for women
Headquarters1 Robert Street, Westminster, London;
30 Gordon Street, Glagow;
144 High Holborn, London
Motto"Dare to be free"
ColoursGreen, White and Gold
Votes For Women badge
Dare to be Free, Women's Freedom League flag c. 1908

The Women's Freedom League[1] was an organisation in the United Kingdom from 1907 to 1961 which campaigned for women's suffrage, pacifism and sexual equality. It was founded by former members of the Women's Social and Political Union after the Pankhursts decided to rule without democratic support from their members.[2]

Foundation and naming

After the announcement that the 1907 Annual Conference of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) would be cancelled and the organisation's committee replaced by one hand-picked by Emmeline Pankhurst, a meeting was held to discuss the unconstitutional action in Eustice Miles' restaurant, a vegetarian restaurant in Chandos Street, Charing Cross, near the Strand. As a result, a letter dated 14 September 1907 and signed by Charlotte Despard, Edith How-Martyn, Caroline Hodgson, Alice Abadam, Teresa Billington-Greig, Marion Coates-Hansen, Irene Miller,[3] Bessie Drysdale and Maude Fitzherbert was sent to Mrs Pankhurst insisting that the constitution be honoured, and the Conference be allowed to go ahead.[4]

The Pankhurst's refused the request, however the meeting was still held on 12 October 1907 at Caxton Hall. Officers and committee members were duly elected for a new organisation. One of the group's first actions was to choose a name for the new organisation via a referendum of the branches. The name "Women's Freedom League" was announced in the Women's Franchise suffrage newspaper as the winning choice on 28 November 1907.[4]

Objectives and ethos

The League's main objectives were stated in a banner on the front page of The Vote. From 1909 until 6th July 1928, this read:

OBJECTS: To secure for Women the Parliamentary Vote as it is, or may be, granted to men; to use the power thus obtained to establish equality of rights and opportunities between the sexes, and to promote the social and industrial well-being of the community.[5]

After the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 became law, the banner changed from the 13th July 1928 issue to read:

OBJECTS: To use the power of the Parliamentary vote, now won for Women upon equal terms with men, to elect women to Parliament, and upon other public bodies; to establish equality of rights and opportunities between the sexes, and to promote the social and industrial well-being of the community.[6]

The League opposed violence in favour of non-violent forms of protest such as the non-payment of taxes, refusing to complete census forms and organising demonstrations, including members chaining themselves to objects in the Houses of Parliament.

The League continued their pacifism during the First World War, supporting the Women's Peace Council. On the outbreak of war, they had suspended their campaigns and undertook voluntary work.

Growth of the Women's Freedom League

The Women's Freedom League grew rapidly throughout Great Britain. In October 1909, How-Martin wrote in The Times that the League consisted of sixty-five branches and had nearly five thousand members, and many more sympathisers.[7]

Leadership and organisation

Sarah Benett was the League's Treasurer until her resignation in 1910. In 1912, Dr Elizabeth Knight took over as Treasurer from Constance Tite and improved the WFL's financial situation.[8] Before her appointment, the League suffered serious financial problems and on occasions had to appeal to its members for loans. Knight introduced new fundraising schemes for the League. However, finances were also improved by large donations by an "anonymous" person. It is suspected that this person was Knight.[9]

4 July 1930 issue of The Vote

In 1912, Nina Boyle became head of the WFL's political and militant department.[10] Boyle started a campaign for women to become Special Constables. This campaign coincided with the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and the call for volunteers for the war effort which Boyle wished to see taken up by women as well as men.[11] When the request was officially refused, Boyle, together with Margaret Damer Dawson, a wealthy philanthropist and herself a campaigner for women's rights,[12] established the first voluntary women's police force-the Women Police Volunteers (WPV).

The executive committee included women from around the country, such as Amy Sanderson, a Scottish suffragette.[13]

Communications and publications

Initially, the league published their communications and notices in Women's Franchise. These appeared alongside news from the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and the Men's League for Women's Suffrage from October 1907 until October 1909, when the League established its own newspaper, The Vote.[14]

Members of the League who were writers led the production of the newspaper. Louisa Thomson-Price supplied the first cartoon in 1909.[15] The Vote became the primary means of communication with the public, informing readers of campaigns, protests, and events.[7] The newspaper helped to spread ideas concerning the First World War, allowing for the Women's Freedom League to advocate against the war.[7] Members of the League refused to become involved in campaigning efforts led by the British Army. Members were upset when the women's suffrage campaign came to a halt while the war was in progress.[7]

Protests and events

Anna Munro speaking in front of a banner of the Women's Freedom League Scottish Campaign

In 1908 and 1909, members of the League chained themselves to various objects in Parliament in protest.[16] On 28 October 1908, three members of the Women's Freedom League, Muriel Matters, Violet Tillard, and Helen Fox, released a banner at the House of Commons. The women also chained themselves to the grille above a window.[17] Law enforcement had to remove the grille while they were still attached until they could file off the locks that held them connected to the window. This protest became known as the Grille Incident.[17]

Two members of the League, Alice Chapin and Alison Neilans, attacked polling stations during the 1909 Bermondsey by-election, smashing bottles containing corrosive liquid over ballot boxes in an attempt to destroy votes. A presiding officer, George Thornley, was blinded in one eye in one of these attacks, and a Liberal agent suffered a severe burn to the neck. The count was delayed while ballot papers were carefully examined, 83 ballot papers were damaged but legible but two ballot papers became undecipherable.[18] Later they were sentenced to three months each in Holloway Prison.[19]

Suffragette sisters Muriel and Arabella Scott chained themselves to their seats at a political event and spoke out on behalf of WFL and WSPU policies, at by-election hustings across Scotland.[20]

In 1912, actress Florence Gertrude de Fonblanque organised a 400-mile walk from Edinburgh to London. Anna Munro spoke at their departure from Charlotte Square on 12th October. The walkers wore brown uniforms and marched beneath a banner showing the route and objective of their march, which was to solicit signatures for a petition stating:

"We, the undersigned, pray that the Government will make itself responsible for a Bill to give votes to women this session"[21]

The "Brown Women" were named after the brown coats that the walkers wore. Agnes Brown (coincidentally), Isabel Cowe and four others set off from Edinburgh to walk to London. They had white scarfs and green hats and as they travelled they gathered signatures for a petition for women's rights.[22] The hikers had to walk fifteen miles and attend a meeting each day and in this way they took five weeks to get to London.[23] They arrived in London on 16th November to a welcome parade which led the group to Trafalgar Square. Dr Ethel Smyth's The March of the Women was played to accompany them. De Fonblanque took the petition to Downing Street.[21]

The League also held protests that advocated pacifism during the First World War.[16]

Post World War One

In the 1918 general election, held on on 14 December 1918, as soon as possible after the Armistice, Despard, How-Martyn and Emily Frost Phipps stood unsuccessfully in London constituencies as independent women's rights anti-war candidates following the passing of the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918 in November 1918, which allowed women to be elected to Parliament for the first time. The WFL celebrated the achievement of partial female suffrage in 1918 and women's full suffrage in 1928 then refocussed the WFL's activities on equality, including equal pay and equality of morality.[24] The WFL later supported member Helena Normanton in her bid to become one of the first two women barristers in Britain.[25]

The group declined in membership but continued under the leadership of Marian Reeves to organise annual birthday parties for Despard and maintain the Minerva Club in Brunswick Square. After Reeves' died in 1961, the organisation voted to dissolve itself.[24]

Commemorations

On 20 September 2023, English Heritage announced that the 1000th blue plaque in London would be placed at 1 Robert Street in Westminster, London. This was the site of the Women's Freedom League's headquarters for its "most active period" between 1908 and 1915.[25][26][27]

Archives

The archives of the Women's Freedom League are held in The Women's Library at the Library of the London School of Economics.[28]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Crawford, Elizabeth. the Women's Suffrage movement in Britain and Ireland: a regional survey.
  2. ↑ "Women's Freedom League (act. 1907–1961)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/95578. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  3. ↑ "Miss Irene Fenwick Miller / Database - Women's Suffrage Resources". www.suffrageresources.org.uk. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  4. 1 2 "Dare to be Free - the Women's Freedom League". LSE History. 17 October 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  5. ↑ "Banner text" (PDF). The Vote. 30 October 1909. p. 1. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  6. ↑ "Banner" (PDF). The Vote. 13 July 1928. p. 1. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Women's Freedom League". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  8. ↑ WFL Caravan tour.
  9. ↑ Eustance, Claire Louise (1993). ""DARING TO BE FREE": THE EVOLUTION OF WOMEN'S POLITICAL IDENTITIES IN THE WOMEN'S FREEDOM LEAGUE 1907 - 1930" (PDF). Whiterose.ac.uk (York Uni). Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  10. ↑ R M Douglas, Feminist freikorps: the British voluntary women police, 1914–1940 ; Praeger, 1999 p. 10
  11. ↑ The Times, 15 August 1914 p. 9
  12. ↑ "Damer_Dawson". www.historybytheyard.co.uk.
  13. ↑ The biographical dictionary of Scottish women : from the earliest times to 2004. Ewan, Elizabeth., Innes, Sue., Reynolds, Sian. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2006. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-7486-2660-1. OCLC 367680960.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  14. ↑ The Publishers Weekly 1909 – Volume 76 – Page 1922 "A New woman suffrage weekly paper has just appeared in London, entitled The Vote."
  15. ↑ "Louisa Thomson-Price". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  16. 1 2 "Women's Freedom League – Women of Tunbridge Wells". www.womenshistorykent.org. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  17. 1 2 "Women's Freedom League". UK Parliament. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  18. ↑ The Times, 29 October 1909
  19. ↑ team, London SE1 website. "Centenary of Bermondsey suffragette protest". London SE1.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ ""By election at the Kilmarnock Burghs"". Votes for Women. 22 September 1911. p. 83.
  21. 1 2 "» Categories » Suffrage". OnFife. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  22. ↑ Eleanor Gordon, ‘Brown, Agnes Henderson (1866–1943)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2007 accessed 23 May 2017
  23. ↑ "The Brown Sisters". www.cheztiana.eclipse.co.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  24. 1 2 "Reeves, Marian". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/63885. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  25. 1 2 "Women's Freedom League | Blue plaques". English Heritage. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  26. ↑ "English Heritage unveils 1000th London Blue Plaque". English Heritage. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  27. ↑ Bridge, Mark (19 September 2023). "Suffragist HQ honoured with London's 1,000th blue plaque". History First. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  28. ↑ Science, London School of Economics and Political. "Library". London School of Economics and Political Science.
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