Thomas Morton | |
|---|---|
| Born | circa 1579 Devon, England |
| Died | 1647 |
| Nationality | English subject |
| Occupation(s) | Lawyer, writer, social reformer |
| Known for | Early New England colonist |
Thomas Morton (c. 1579–1647) was an early colonist in North America from Devon, England. He was a lawyer, writer, and social reformer known for studying American Indian culture, and he founded the colony of Merrymount, located in Quincy, Massachusetts.
Biography
Mount Wollaston
Morton took a three-month exploratory trip to America in 1622, but was back in England by early 1623 complaining of intolerance among ruling elements of the Puritan community. He returned in 1624 as a senior partner in a Crown-sponsored trading venture aboard the ship Unity with his associate Captain Wollaston and 30 indentured young men. They began trading for furs on a spit of land belonging to the Algonquian tribes.
Morton immediately began selling liquor and firearms to the Indians, disregarding the laws of Plymouth Colony.[1] Morton and his cohorts attempted to establish their own colony which they called Mount Wollaston. Captain Wollaston moved to Virginia in 1626, leaving Morton in command of the colony, which was renamed Merrymount.
Morton's religious beliefs were criticized by the Puritans of nearby Plymouth Colony as little more than a thinly disguised form of heathenism. The leaders of Plymouth charged him with having sexual relations with local Indian women and drunken orgies in honor of Bacchus and Aphrodite
They ... set up a May-pole, drinking and dancing about it many days together, inviting the Indian women for their consorts, dancing and frisking together (like so many fairies, or furies rather) and worse practices. As if they had anew revived & celebrated the feasts of ye Roman Goddess Flora, or ye beastly practices of ye mad Bacchanalians.
Banishment by the Puritans
Morton's group performed a second Mayday ritual in 1628 by erecting an 80-foot (24 m) Maypole topped with deer antlers around which he and his followers caroused drunkenly. The Plymouth militia under Myles Standish took the town the following June with little resistance, chopped down the Maypole, and arrested Morton for supplying guns to the Indians.[2] He was given a trial in Plymouth, then marooned on the deserted Isles of Shoals off the coast of New Hampshire until an English ship could take him home. The Merrymount community survived without Morton for another year, but was renamed Mount Dagon by the Puritans, after the sea god of the Philistines.
"New English Canaan"
In 1637, Morton published his three-volume New English Canaan, a denunciation of Puritan government in the colonies and their policy of building forts to guard themselves against Indian attack. He described the Indians as a far nobler culture and a new Canaan under attack from the "New Israel" of the Puritans.[3]
Sedition trial and death
Morton returned to New England during the English Civil War where he was arrested for being a Royalist agitator. He was put on trial for his role in revoking the Plymouth Colony's charter and on charges of sedition. By September, he was imprisoned in Boston. His trial was delayed through winter but his health began to fail, so the Puritans granted him clemency. He ended his days among the planters of Maine, and he died in 1647 at age 71.
Legacy
The English government destroyed the first edition of New English Canaan in 1637, with a small number of copies surviving in the Netherlands.[4] The Prince Society reprinted the original Amsterdam edition in 1883 with a foreword written by Charles Francis Adams Jr.[5] Jack Dempsey produced an edited edition of Morton's book including a biography of Morton which was published in 1999.[6]
Evaluation
In 1628, Plymouth Colony Governor William Bradford famously declared Morton a "Lord of Misrule."[7]
On October 12, 1812, John Adams wrote the following to Thomas Jefferson about Morton's book:
The design of the Writer appears to have been to promote two Objects: 1. to Spread the fame and exaggerate the Advantages of New England 2. to destroy the Characters of the English Inhabitants, and excite the Government to Suppress the Puritans, and Send over Settlers in their Stead, from among the Royalists and the disciples of Archbishop Laud.[8]
Morton's The New English Canaan has been described as "an important work of early American environmental writing",[9] as well as the first book banned in America.[10][4] Harrison T. Meserole describes Morton as "America's first rascal".[11] Ed Simon argues that Morton "remains a powerful disruptive presence in the common founding myth of American identity."[12]
In literature
Nathaniel Hawthorne's story "The May-Pole of Merry Mount" in his Twice-Told Tales (1837) and J. L. Motley's Merry Mount (1849) are based on Morton's colonial career.[13]
References
- ↑ New England Frontier: Puritans and Indians, 1620–1675, by Alden T. Vaughan. University of Oklahoma Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-8061-2718-7 (pp. 89–90).
- ↑ "Thomas Morton:Phoenix of New England Memory" in New England's Crises and Cultural Memory: Literature, Politics, History, Religion, 1620–1860 by John P. McWilliams, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-82683-9 pp. 44–73.
- ↑ Massachusetts Troublemakers: Rebels, Reformers, and Radicals from the Bay State (2009), by Paul Della Valle
- 1 2 Joshua J. Mark. New English Canaan, World History Encyclopedia, 11 December 2020
- ↑ Morton, Thomas, and Charles Francis Adams. The New English Canaan of Thomas Morton: With Introductory Matter and Notes. Boston: Prince Society, 1883.
- ↑ Morton, T. and Dempsey, J. New English Canaan: Text and Notes. Scituate, MA: Digital Scanning, 1999.
- ↑ Peter C. Mancall. The Trials of Thomas Morton. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 2019, p. 13.
- ↑ John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, 12 October 1812, NARA: Founders Online
- ↑ Branch, Michael P. (2004). Reading the Roots: American Nature Writing Before Walden. University of Georgia Press. p. 63. ISBN 9780820325484.
- ↑ Taub, Matthew (1 November 2019). "America's First Banned Book Really Ticked Off the Plymouth Puritans". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
- ↑ Meserole, Harrison T. (1985). American Poetry of the Seventeenth Century. Penn State University Press. p. 369. ISBN 0271038101.
- ↑ Ed Simon. Lord of Misrule Thomas Morton’s American Subversions, The Public Domain Review, November 24, 2020
- ↑ Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). . Encyclopedia Americana.
Further reading
- Morton, Thomas. New English Canaan, or, New Canaan: Containing an abstract of New England, composed in three bookes: the first booke setting forth the originall of the natives, their manners and customes, together with their tractable nature and love towards the English: the second booke setting forth the naturall indowments of the country, and what staple commodities it yealdeth: the third booke setting forth, what people are planted there, their prosperity, what remarkable accidents have happened since the first planting of it, together with their tenents and practise of their church. Printed at Amsterdam By Iacob Frederick Stam, 1637
- Morton, Thomas, and Charles Francis Adams. The New English Canaan of Thomas Morton: With Introductory Matter and Notes. Boston: Prince Society, 1883.
- Morton, Thomas, and Jack Dempsey. New English Canaan: Text and Notes. Scituate, MA: Digital Scanning, 1999.
External links
- Works by Thomas Morton at Project Gutenberg
- Morton's and Bradford's accounts of the Merrymount affair archive.org version of old aol.com site.
- More Morton on Merrymount at swarthmore.edu.
- Hawthorne's fictional version at Ned virginia.edu.
- Morton's account of Native Americans at fordham.edu.a
- . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
- Goodwin, Gordon (1894). . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 39. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 158–160.