Young Spartans Exercising, depicted by Edgar Degas, (c. 1860)

This timeline of social nudity shows the varying degrees of acceptance given to the naked human body by diverse cultures throughout history. The events listed here demonstrate how various societies have shifted between strict and lax clothing standards, how nudity has played a part in social movements and protest, and how the nude human body is accepted in the public sphere.

Prehistory–1800

The Adamites, a Christian sect that practiced holy nudity, date back to the 2nd century AD
  • 70,000 BP: Humans first wear clothing, a date suggested by evidence based on lice DNA which shows when the clothing louse first began to diverge genetically from the human head louse.[1]
  • 720 BC: According to one legend, an athlete (Orsippos of Megara) who discards his loincloth wins his race at the Olympic Games. A variation of the legend asserts that the loincloth accidentally falls off a runner at the Olympics who trips on it, strikes his head, and dies.[2] So, for reasons of either improved athletic performance or for safety, ancient Greek Olympic athletes compete naked.[3]
  • c. 650 BC: In Sparta, both women and men occasionally appear nude in certain festivals and during exercise.[4] See Gymnopaedia.
  • First century AD: Historian Diodorus Siculus records that the Celts commonly fight naked in battle.[5] Nudity is mentioned several times in the New Testament, none of the examples give it a sexual connotation. For example, refusal to wear clothes could be a sign of insanity during this period.[6] Nakedness was also used as a symbol of poverty or vulnerability.[7][8] There are a few New Testament references to nudity, such as (Mark 14:52) in which a young man runs away naked from the Garden of Gethsemane, and (John 21:7) where Peter is described as naked while he is fishing. Some say that the term means semi-naked, arguing that it is unlikely that a Jew would go completely unclothed in public, although others argue that fishermen in the Sea of Galilee did actually work naked.[9]
  • 100 AD–18th century: The Adamites are adherents of an early Christian sect that flourished in North Africa in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th centuries, with later revivals. They practiced "holy nudism", claiming that its members are re-establishing Adam and Eve's state of original innocence.
  • 201 AD: The first known liturgy of baptism is recorded by Saint Hippolytus of Rome, which insists on complete nudity for all participants, even down to the removal of jewellery and hair fastenings.[10] Baptism is later segregated by sex, as suggested by a scene depicted on a 5th-century lead font,[11] but still conducted on an unclothed participant. Christian groups, including the Adamites, Carpocratians, Aquarii, and Marcosians all practice social nudity at this time .[12]
  • 393 AD: Students in ancient Greece exercise and receive instruction naked and athletes compete naked. This tradition ends in 393 AD when the Christian Emperor Theodosius I bans the Olympic Games because he considers them pagan.
  • 632 AD: Quran teachings transmitted by Muhammad impose modest dress on men and women.
  • c. 1050 AD: Leofric, Earl of Mercia imposes a heavy tax burden on the citizens of Coventry, England to support his grandiose public works. According to legend that is almost certainly untrue, his wife Godgyfu begs him to reduce the tax, and he tells her that she must ride naked through the city's market before he will do it. Godgyfu, remembered as Lady Godiva, accepts the challenge.[13]
  • 1185–1333: In Kamakura-period Japan, religious bathing is provided to the public free of charge with no concept of gender segregation. After the collapse of free services, a for-pay system emerges which later evolves to become the modern day sentō.

1800–1899

Finnish Sauna (1802)
  • 1840s (1840s): Nude swimming is common on beaches, United Kingdom.
  • 1868 (1868): Introduction of the swimming-costume, because regular clothing was cumbersome and endangered the swimmer.[14]
  • 1873 (1873): The diary of Rev. Robert Francis Kilvert notes the transition to the mandatory use of swimming-costumes after bathing at Seaton. He was brought "a pair of very short red and white striped drawers to cover my nakedness", and being so "unaccustomed to such things and customs" that he had "set at nought the conventionalities of the place", Victorian England.[15]
  • 1874 (1874): European missionaries try to stop nude surfing and force indigenous women to cover themselves by wearing the Mother Hubbard dress. The imposed dress code, however, is often ignored; a British engraving shows a set of waves ridden by nearly a dozen Hawaiian surfers, male and female, all of them naked, Polynesia.[16]
  • 1891 (1891): Earliest known naturist club founded by Charles Edward Gordon Crawford, District and Sessions Judge for the Bombay Civil Service, Thana, India.[17]

1900–1974

The Doukhobors, a sect of Russian origin, marching nude in a protest in Langham, Saskatchewan, Canada (1903)
Organised nudism. Postcard of the Zoro Garden Nudist Colony, San Diego, California. (1935)
  • 1900 (1900): Sociologist Heinrich Pudor publishes The Cult of the Nude and nude public bathing is seen as the start of the nudist movement, Germany.
  • 1900 (1900): Paul Zimmerman establishes the first naturist resort near Hamburg, Germany.
  • 1903 (1903) – 1932: Freedomites (Svobodniki or Sons of Freedom) Doukhobors engage in nude protests. In May 1903 they protest nude and are persecuted. In 1932 nearly 900 nude protesters are sentenced by the government of British Columbia to three years imprisonment on Piers Island, Canada.
  • c. 1905 (c. 1905): The English Gymnosophist Society founded, United Kingdom[18]
  • 1922 (1922): The Down With Shame movement holds nude marches and "Evenings of the Denuded Body" intended to dispel earlier bourgeois morality, former Soviet Union.[19][20][21]
  • 1926 (1926): Societe Internationale de Gymnosophie founded by Kenne D'Mongeot, France.[22]
  • 1927 (1927): The New Gymnosophy, the philosophy of nudity as applied in modern life, first edition published in the US by Dr. Maurice Parmelee, Professor of Sociology, City College of New York, who would later become the first president of the American Gymnosophical Association, United States.[23]
  • 1927 (1927): Fiveacres Country Club, the oldest naturist club still on its original site, founded, Bricket Wood, Hertfordshire, England.[24]
  • 1929 (1929): The American League for Physical Culture (ALPC) is founded, United States.
  • 1930 (1930): American Gymnosophical Association (AGA) is formed by Dr. Maurice Parmelee as an outgrowth of the American League for Physical Culture at the Rock Lodge Club, Stockholm, New Jersey.[25][26]
  • 1931 (1931): Héliopolis, Europe's first town dedicated to naturism, founded by Doctors Gaston and André Durville, Île du Levant, France.
  • May 15, 1932 (1932-05-15): Sky Farm, the first permanent nudist community in the United States, is established, Liberty Corner, New Jersey.
  • 1933 (1933): Nazi edict bans many nudist organizations, but nudists reorganize as sports groups and are accepted, Germany.[27]
  • 1934 (1934): Though full-body swimming attire is mandatory, men begin to appear bare-chested on crowded public beaches despite the threat of arrest, Long Island, New York.[28]
  • 1936 (1936): Male bare-chestedness is legalized, United States.[28]
  • 1938 (1938): First naturist clubs are established, New Zealand.[29]
  • 1945 (1945): Gerald Gardner, founder of Wicca, buys Fiveacres Country Club, and establishes the Bricket Wood coven in its grounds. This marks the beginning of "Skyclad" ritual nudity within Wicca., Hertfordshire, England.
  • 1953 (1953): International Naturist Federation formed at the CHM Montalivet, France.
  • 1957: Arkansas passes law to make it illegal to "advocate, demonstrate, or promote nudism." The law applies to both public spaces and private property, United States.[30]
  • 1958 (1958): Michigan Supreme Court rules that people have a right to practice nudism within private resorts, United States.[31]
  • 1958 (1958): New Zealand Sunbathing Association established, later renamed the New Zealand Naturist Federation.[32][33]
  • 1958 (1958): United States Supreme Court rules in Sunshine Book Co. v. Summerfield that naturist magazines are acceptable under Comstock laws, which define and regulate social morals.[34]
  • 1964 (1964): Fashion designer Rudi Gernreich produces the topless swimsuit or Monokini, United States.
  • 1967 (1967): Paul Bindrim conducts the first nude psychotherapy group, California, United States.[35]
  • 1968 (1968): John Lennon and Yoko Ono release experimental album Two Virgins with a nude cover.
  • 1968 (1968): Indecent Publications Tribunal finds that publishing nude photos is not unlawful, New Zealand.[36]
  • 1969 (1969): Three hundred individuals participate in a massive naked "wade-in" at a Danish beach. As a result, the vast majority of beaches become clothing optional, Denmark.
  • 1973 (1973): Beachfront USA is established as a beach nudism organizing and advocacy forum, Los Angeles, California.[37]
  • 1974 (1974): Streaking becomes popular on college campuses, United States.
  • 1974 (1974): Robert Opel appears naked in Los Angeles City Council Chamber.[38]

1975–1989

Nambassa hippie festival, New Zealand (1978)
  • February 1975 (1975-02): First legal nude beach is created when the section of Maslin Beach south of Adelaide is proclaimed legal for both clothed and naked bathing, Australia.
  • 1976 (1976) – 1981 (1981): Thousands enjoy the Nambassa festivals while wearing little or no clothing, New Zealand.
  • 1976 (1976): The Down to Earth Co-operative Society holds the first ConFest with the aim of "transforming society", Cotter River, Australian Capital Territory,[39]
  • July 2, 1976 (1976-07-02): A nude beach picnic and photo shoot is organized during Memorial Day weekend in front of the World Trade Center at "a temporarily barren, enormous construction sandfill directly on the Hudson River near Wall Street", New York City.[source: N 19.3]
  • August 7, 1976 (1976-08-07): The first National Nude Beach Day is designated.[source N 19.3]
  • 1980 (1980) – 1981 (1981): The Naturist Society is formed, United States.[source N 19.3]
  • 1981 (1981): Nude & Natural magazine is established by The Naturist Society founder Lee Baxandall (originally titled Clothed with the Sun)., United States.
  • July 30, 1981 (1981-07-30): Stelarc performance piece, "Seaside Suspension: Event for Wind & Waves", shows a body suspended over water at Jōgashima, Miura, Japan.
  • July 21, 1984 (1984-07-21): Stelarc performance piece, "Street Suspension", with a body suspended over the Mo David gallery, New York City.
  • 1985 (1985): The University of Michigan's Naked Mile is first organized—a run by streakers marking the last day of classes in winter. It is started by a handful of students and eventually grows to a thousand participants annually. The event is cancelled in 2003 after concerted action by police and the University of Michigan administration.[source: Paul Rapoport Dec 2003]
  • June 28, 1985 (1985-06-28): Stelarc performance piece "City Suspension", with a body suspended over the city of Copenhagen, Denmark.
  • 1986 (1986): First year of the clothing-optional Burning Man festival at Baker Beach. Larry Harvey and Jerry James construct a wooden figure and burn it in celebration of the summer solstice. Participants: 20, San Francisco, California.[40]
  • July 15, 1989 (1989-07-15): Fourteen women go bare-chested outside the Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls to protest the inequality of dress between genders, New York state, United States.[source N 12.2]

1990–1999

NakedBerlin Group of nude men among hundreds of tourists at Berlin's Brandenburg Gate (photographed by Team Henning von Berg) (1999)
  • 1991 (1991): High Court of New Zealand quashes an "offensive behaviour" conviction for sunbathing nude on a public beach in the presence of children on the grounds that, as nudity is "not uncommon" on the beach in question, a reasonable person would not be moved to "anger, disgust, or outrage" by the behaviour.[41]
  • 1991 (1991): Gwen Jacob goes topless in Guelph, Ontario, Canada on a hot day. She was eventually acquitted of public indecency in 1996 by the Ontario Court of Appeal on the basis that the act of being topless is not in itself a sexual act or indecent.[42] While this decision was only binding within Ontario, it is considered highly influential, and has been referenced and upheld several times, including in other jurisdictions.
  • 1992 (1992): Photographer Spencer Tunick starts documenting the live nude figure in public.
  • September 1992 (1992-09): First annual Nude & Breast Freedom Parade, Berkeley, California.
  • 1992 (1992): Peter Cleall addresses the Brighton Solidarity Network while naked.
  • 1992 (1992) – 1996 (1996): Painted naked cyclists at the Fremont Summer Solstice Parade, Seattle.
  • July 18, 1992 (1992-07-18): Four go topfree for protest at the Canadian Parliament, Ottawa.[source N 12.2]
  • July 27, 1992 (1992-07-27): About 20 topfree women protest, Brattleboro, Vermont.[source N 12.2]
  • September 1992 (1992-09): Andrew Martinez attends a class—Russian history—without clothes, University of California, Berkeley.[source N 12.2]
  • October 11, 1992 (1992-10-11): X-plicit Players go nude or topfree from Smokey Joe's Cafe on Shattuck Avenue to Cafe Milano on Telegraph Avenue to support New York topfree victory, Berkeley, California.[source N 12.2]
  • 1994 (1994) – 2002 (2002): Photographer "Harvey" photographs nudes in public urban environments.
  • 1995 (1995): The Burning Man festival moves to Black Rock Desert with 4,000 participants. The camp becomes the most populous (temporary) settlement in Pershing County and is known as Black Rock City, Nevada, United States.
  • 1997 (1997): Writer and performance artist David Robert Lewis disrobes in front of the South African National Gallery in a naked art ritual and public nudity event entitled Decontamination.
  • 1997 (1997): Vincent Bethell starts writing letters to the Home Office and his Member of Parliament questioning the law regarding public nakedness, United Kingdom.
  • August 24, 1998 (1998-08-24): Evangeline Godron swims bare-chested in the Wascana pool (not for the first time), Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.[source: TERA]
  • April 1999 (1999-04): Annual "April Fool's Naked Run" draws approximately 30 participants, Portland, Oregon.[source: Terri Sue Webb]
  • July 7, 1999 (1999-07-07): Photographer Henning von Berg organizes the world's first and only male nude photo shoot inside a parliament building as a social-political statement. The group photo series Naked Berlin—The Liberal Capital features six naked men inside the historical Reichstag building and at nine other famous landmarks in Berlin, Germany.[43]
  • July 28, 1999 (1999-07-28): First protest by The Freedom to be Yourself at the Royal Courts of Justice, London.
  • October 1999 (1999-10): Ohio State University female rugby players pose bare-chested for a photo at the Lincoln Memorial and are punished harshly by the University.[source N 19.3]
  • October 3, 1999 (1999-10-03): Naked anti-nuclear weapons protesters march down Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco.[source N 19.3]

2000–present

NakedSydney photographer Henning von Berg and his group of nude women in front of the Sydney Opera House (2005)
World Naked Bike Ride participants in Toronto (2013)
  • 2002 (2002): First nude rugby match, which becomes a tradition held each year until 2014, after which it becomes sporadic., Dunedin, New Zealand.[44]
  • 2003 (2003): National Nude Day is created when Marc Ellis on the New Zealand TV show SportsCafe challenges viewers to streak in front of then Prime Minister Helen Clark. It becomes a semi-regular annual event on the show. Later rebranded "World Nude Day" or "International Nude Day", the event outlives the end of SportsCafe in 2005 by at least four years.[45]
  • June 12, 2004 (2004-06-12): The World Naked Bike Ride begins.[46]
  • February 2005 (2005-02): Henning von Berg photographs a group of naked women in front of major tourist locations, including the Commonwealth Bank, Hyde Park, Queen Victoria's statue, the National Treasure Bank, a leading TV broadcast studio, the iconic Opera House, and the Harbour Bridge, Sydney, Australia.[47]
  • July 1, 2005 (2005-07-01): The first naked crossing of the European Alps.[48]
  • 2008 (2008): Political protest group FEMEN is started by Anna Hutsol, Ukraine.[49]
  • July 11, 2009 (2009-07-11): American Association for Nude Recreation coordinates a skinny dipping event at 3:00 pm throughout North America. The event is recorded by The Guinness Book of World Records as the "largest number of people simultaneously skinny-dipping".[50]
  • November 20, 2012 (2012-11-20): San Francisco bans and criminalizes public nudity without a police-issued parade permit; however, female toplessness is still allowed throughout the city.[51]

Repeating events

See also

References

  1. ↑ Whitfield, John (August 20, 2003). "Lice genes date first human clothes". Nature. doi:10.1038/news030818-7. ISSN 0028-0836. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  2. ↑ Swaddling, Judith (February 19, 2002). "The Ancient Olympic Games". Washington Post Live Online. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  3. ↑ "The Olympic Games". The History Channel. 2004. Archived from the original on August 24, 2006. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  4. ↑ Plutarch (June 20, 2006). Morley, Henry (ed.). "Plutarch's Life of Lygurgus" (HTML). Project Gutenberg. Project Gutenberg. Archived (HTML) from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2021. In order to take away the excessive tenderness and delicacy of the sex, the consequence of a recluse life, he accustomed the virgins occasionally to be seen naked as well as the young men, and to dance and sing in their presence on certain festivals....As for the virgins appearing naked, there was nothing disgraceful in it, because everything was conducted with modesty, and without one indecent word or action. Nay, it caused a simplicity of manners and an emulation for the best habit of body; their ideas too were naturally enlarged, while they were not excluded from their share of bravery and honour.
  5. ↑ Delaney, Frank (1986). The Celts. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 31. ISBN 0-316-17993-0. Some have iron breastplates of chain mail while others fight naked!, and for them the breastplate given by nature suffices.
  6. ↑ Luke 8:27
  7. ↑ 2 Corinthians 11:27
  8. ↑ Matthew 25:36
  9. ↑ Neil, James (1913). "Everyday life in the Holy Land". Archive.org. London ; New York [etc.] : Cassell and company, limited. Retrieved April 2, 2021. On this account the fishermen here work stark naked, with sometimes a little skull cap on their heads; and they are the only workmen in Palestine who do, for nakedness is thought shameful. This strange custom is incidentally noticed in his Gospel by John the fisherman, when he tells that Peter, before leaping out of the boat to swim ashore to his Master, 'girt his fisher's garment upon him, for he was naked.'Neil, James. (1913). Everyday Life in the Holy Land.
  10. ↑ "The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus". biblicalia. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021. Then, after these things, the bishop passes each of them on nude to the elder who stands at the water. They shall stand in the water naked.
  11. ↑ Thomas, Charles (April 20, 2018). "The Walesby Tank". Wijngaards Institute for Catholic Research. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  12. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Adamites". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 174.
  13. ↑ "Lady Godiva: The naked truth". BBC News. August 24, 2001. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  14. ↑ "Title unavailable". Travel Naturally. Internaturally. January 1, 2003. p. 49. ASIN B0058WH1MK.
  15. ↑ Cinder, Cec (1998). The nudist idea. Riverside, Calif.: Ultraviolet Press. ISBN 0-9652085-0-8. OCLC 42210059.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  16. ↑ Whiting, Sam (October 5, 2003). "Maverick / Matt Warshaw turns his passion into the definitive work on surfing". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on April 11, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  17. ↑ "A History of Naturism – Timeline". British Naturism. December 19, 2011. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  18. ↑ Parmelee, Maurice (1929). Nudity In Modern Life The New Gymnosophy. Noel Douglas.
  19. ↑ Siegelbaum, Lewis H. Soviet state and society between revolutions, 1918–1929. ISBN 978-0-521-36987-9.
  20. ↑ Hamburg, Gary. Rise and Fall of Soviet Communism. The Teaching Company. ISBN 978-0-10-225024-4.
  21. ↑ "Russia: Down With Shame". Time. September 22, 1924. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016.
  22. ↑ Gymnosophy publication by American Gymnosophical Society Yale University Library
  23. ↑ Adventures in Many Lands-Autobiographical Memoirs of Maurice Parmelee, Yale University Library
  24. ↑ "Fiveacres Country Club Herts: History". Nudist UK. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011.
  25. ↑ AGA statement-History, Purposeful Development and Philosophical Outlook-by Katherine & Herman Soshinsky-circa 1950, collection of Rock Lodge Club.
  26. ↑ International Nude-Land Dec 1934 page30
  27. ↑ Nudism in Nazi Germany: Indecent Behaviour or Physical Culture for the Well-being of the Nation, Authors: Krüger A.; Krüger F.; Treptau S., Source: The International Journal of the History of Sport, Volume 19, Number 4, December 1, 2002, pp. 33–54(22), Publisher: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
  28. 1 2 Dvorak, Petula (January 5, 2019). "Men were once arrested for baring their chests on the beach". The Washington Post.
  29. ↑ Cook, Hera (September 5, 2013). "Story: Naturism". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  30. ↑ "Arkansas Law § 5-68-204 Violates First Amendment Rights". UnconstitutionalArkansas.org.
  31. ↑ People v. Hildabridle 92 N.W.2d 6 (1958)
  32. ↑ "NZNF 60th Anniversary". gonatural. New Zealand Naturist Federation. 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  33. ↑ "New Zealand Naturist Federation". National Library. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
  34. ↑ Sunshine Book Co. v. Summerfield, 355 U.S. 372 (1958)
  35. ↑ PychCentral Archived January 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Nude psychotherpapy history by Marggarita Tartakovsky
  36. ↑ Salter, Caitlin (November 23, 2018). "A brief history of gonatural, New Zealand's only naturist magazine". Idealog. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  37. ↑ "The Events behind BFUSA". Beachfront U.S.A. Archived from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  38. ↑ Nude & Natural 18.4, more info in Cec. Cinder's The Nudist Idea.
  39. ↑ "Down to Earth Co-op homepage". The official ConFest site.
  40. ↑ The Burning Man Project
  41. ↑ Ceramalus v Police, AP No 76/91 (High Court of New Zealand July 5, 1991).
  42. ↑ Regina v. Jacob, 31 O.R. (3d) 350, [1996 O.J. No. 4304, No. C12668] (Court of Appeal for Ontario December 9, 1996) ("In order for an act to be an indecent act under s. 173(1)(a), the act must be a sexual act in the sense that the act is done for the sexual gratification of the accused or others. In this case, a reasonable bystander, fully informed of all the circumstances, would not conclude that this was the case. Secondly, the trial judge erred in the manner in which he applied the community standard of tolerance test. For these reasons I would grant leave to appeal, allow the appeal and order that an acquittal be entered.").
  43. ↑ "The Scandal Photo Shoot: "Berlin Naked – Liberal Capital City"". Henning von Berg. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012.
  44. ↑ Goosselink, Dave (June 15, 2016). "Curtains for nude rugby in Dunedin?". Newshub. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  45. ↑
  46. ↑
  47. ↑ Hays, Matthew (July 21–27, 2005). "Naked City". Montreal Mirror. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  48. ↑ Foley, Richard. "NEWT – Naked Europe Walking Tour – 2005". Naked Activities in Europe. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  49. ↑ Balmforth, Richard (November 15, 2010). "Ukraine's topless group widens political role". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  50. ↑ "The AANR World Record Skinny-Dip". American Association for Nude Recreation. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  51. ↑ Wollan, Malia (November 20, 2012). "San Francisco Officials Approve a Ban on Public Nudity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.

Further reading

  • Wight, Fred (1953). Manners and Customs of Bible Lands. Chicago: Moody Press. ISBN 9780802451750.
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