Marcus Tullius Tiro (died 4 BC) was first a slave, then a freedman, of Cicero from whom he received his nomen and praenomen. He is frequently mentioned in Cicero's letters. After Cicero's death Tiro published his former master's collected works of letters and speeches. He also wrote a considerable number of books himself, and is thought to have invented an early form of shorthand.

Life

The year of Tiro's birth is uncertain. Groebe, in the Realencyclopädie, places it at 103 BC per a statement in Jerome that Tiro died in his hundredth year; this dating, however, is unlikely given that Cicero's letters imply that he was much younger.[1] Moreover, because valuable slaves usually received their freedom within a few years, Kathryn Tempest in the Encyclopedia of Ancient History, along with William McDermott in Historia, place his birth c. 80 BC.[2]

There is no clear evidence of Tiro's parents or of his status as verna (slave born into a master's household).[3] That said, he was probably verna and various scholars have speculated as to his birth parents. Groebe suggested he could have been born into Cicero's grandfather's household by a prisoner; others have suggested he could have been Cicero's son by a slave mistress, but this "should not be taken too seriously".[4] Literary evidence of Tiro's activities grows, due to Cicero's letters, for Tiro's later life. Cicero frequently refers to Tiro in his letters (more than sixty such letters, with the whole 16th book of Cicero's letters to friends included).[5] His duties included taking dictation, deciphering Cicero's handwriting and managing his table,[6] as well as his garden[7] and financial affairs.[8]

Tiro's first appearance in the Ciceronean corpus is when Cicero seconded him to his brother Quintus Tullius Cicero to write political reports in 54 BC. Some date his manumission to this year, but it is more likely that he was manumitted the next year in April 53 BC.[9] When Tiro was freed, with much celebration, he adopted Cicero's praenomen (Marcus) and nomen (Tullius);[10] A letter from Cicero to Quintus describing the ceremony is lost, but letters from Quintus commending Cicero for his decision survive.[11] It is possible that Pompey was present in an official capacity.

Afterwards, he accompanied Cicero to Cilicia during Cicero's governorship there.[12] On his return from Cilicia in 51 BC, Tiro fell seriously ill; Cicero's letters show the strength of their friendship and how Cicero regularly wrote to check on Tiro's health.[13] Many of Cicero's letters refer with concern to his illnesses.[14]

Tiro not only assisted Cicero in secretarial work, but also helped to proofread manuscripts, supervise copyists, and also help in private and financial matters. In 47 BC, for example, Tiro managed the leasing out of Cicero's gardens in Tusculum, oversaw the provision of water to the villa, catalogued the books at Cicero's estate, and tried to reconcile Cicero's daughter Tullia with her husband. He also was the point of contact for Cicero's financial matters: when Cicero divorced Terentia, his friend Titus Pomponius Atticus wrote to Tiro about repayment of Terentia's dowry.[5]

He also pursued private ventures: letters to that effect describe such ventures in 44 BC, when he also bought a small farm probably near Puteoli,[5] where Jerome says he died in 4 BC in "his hundredth year".[15]

Writings

After Cicero's death, Tiro published some of his patron's speeches and letters, along with a collection of jokes and a biography; scholars believe the biography was later used as a main source in the historical works of Plutarch, Tacitus, and Aulus Gellius.[16] He had started collecting and editing Cicero's correspondence by 46 or 45 BC.[5] It seems Tiro also was a prolific writer himself: several ancient writers refer to works of Tiro, including a book on grammar.[17] Aulus Gellius says, "[he] wrote several books on the usage and theory of the Latin language and on miscellaneous questions of various kinds," and quotes him on the difference between Greek and Latin names for certain stars.[18] Asconius Pedianus, in his commentaries on Cicero's speeches, refers to a biography of Cicero by Tiro in at least four books,[19] and Plutarch refers to him as a source for two incidents in Cicero's life.[20]

He is credited with inventing the shorthand system of Tironian notes, later used by medieval monks, among others. There is no clear evidence that he did, although Plutarch credits Cicero's clerks as the first Romans to record speeches in shorthand.[21]

Tiro in fiction

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Tempest 2012, citing Groebe 1943, col. 1319, itself citing Euseb. Chron. Olymp. 194. McDermott 1972, p. 263, citing, Cic. Att. 6.7.2 (calling Tiro adulescens in 50 BC).
  2. ↑ Tempest 2012; McDermott 1972, p. 264.
  3. ↑ McDermott 1972, p. 264.
  4. ↑ McDermott 1972, pp. 264–65, citing Groebe 1943, col. 1319; Tempest 2012, suggestion of illegitimacy "should not be taken too seriously".
  5. 1 2 3 4 Tempest 2012.
  6. ↑ Cic. Fam. 11.22
  7. ↑ Cic. Fam. 16.20
  8. ↑ Cic. Fam. 16.23, 16.24
  9. ↑ Tempest 2012, citing Tyrell, RY; Purser, LC (1933). The correspondence of M Tullius Cicero (2nd ed.). London: Longmans. Cic. Fam. 16.13.
  10. ↑ Beard 2015, p. 285.
  11. ↑ Tempest 2012, adding "Quintus later commended Cicero on [manumitting Tiro], for [Quintus] thought that Tiro was a friend rather than a slave to the family".
  12. ↑ Cicero, Letters to Atticus 6.7 Archived 2015-07-21 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Tempest 2012; Badian 2012.
  14. ↑ e.g. Cicero, Letters to Atticus 6.7; Letters to Friends 16.8, 16.9, 16.10, 16.11, 16.13, 16.15
  15. ↑ Cicero, Letters to Friends 16.21; Jerome, Chronological Tables 194.1; William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology vol. 3 p. 1182 Archived 2006-12-07 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ Badian 2012; Tempest 2012.
  17. ↑ Badian 2012.
  18. ↑ Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 13.9 (Loeb edition, translated by John C. Rolfe, 1961)
  19. ↑ Asconius Pedianus, In Milone 38
  20. ↑ Plutarch, Cicero 41, 49
  21. ↑ Plutarch, Cato the Younger 23.3

Sources

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