Toronto Marlborough
Athletic Club
CityToronto, Ontario
LeagueOntario Hockey League
Founded1903 (1903)
Operated1904–1989
Home arenaMaple Leaf Gardens
ColoursBlue and white
Parent club(s)Toronto Maple Leafs
(1927–1967)
Franchise history
1904–1989Toronto Marlboros
1989–1991Dukes of Hamilton
1991–presentGuelph Storm
Championships
Playoff championships1929, 1955, 1956, 1964, 1967, 1973, & 1975 Memorial Cup Champions

The Toronto Marlborough Athletic Club, commonly known as the Toronto Marlboros, was an ice hockey franchise in Toronto, Canada. Founded in 1903, it operated junior ice hockey and senior ice hockey teams in the Ontario Hockey Association and later the Ontario Hockey League. The Marlboros were a farm team to the Toronto Maple Leafs and one of the dominant junior teams in history, winning seven Memorial Cup championships. The senior team competed for the Stanley Cup in 1904, and won the Allan Cup in 1950. After decline from the late 1970s, the sale of the franchise, and a move away from Toronto, it became the Guelph Storm in 1991.

Their heritage has been perpetuated by the Toronto Marlboros Hockey Club, which operates several minor ice hockey teams in the Greater Toronto Hockey League; and by the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League.

History

The Toronto Marlborough Athletic Club was founded in Toronto, Ontario in 1903 by a group of Toronto sportsmen. It was named after the Duke of Marlborough.[1] A hockey program was started in 1904. The team was commonly known as the Marlboros or Marlies and was also nicknamed the Dukes.

The senior ice hockey team played in the Ontario Hockey Association and won the J. Ross Robertson Cup in 1904, 1905, 1941, 1949 and 1950.[2]

The senior team competed for, but lost, the Stanley Cup in 1904 against the Ottawa Silver Seven.[1][3] The club was thrust onto the national scene in 1927 when Conn Smythe bought the Toronto Marlboros to be the farm team for his other recently acquired National Hockey League team, the Toronto Maple Leafs.[1][3] From 1927 to 1989 the Marlboros and Maple Leafs shared common ownership, first under the Smythe family and later under Harold Ballard. Upon the death of Conn Smythe, his son Stafford Smythe inherited the teams, and later sold a portion of both clubs to Harold Ballard. Ballard became sole owner of both teams upon the passing of Stafford Smythe.

In 1933, Frank J. Selke testified in court that the Marlboros senior team had a proposed agreement to guarantee its finances by the Toronto Maple Leafs. The agreement went unsigned when OHA secretary W. A. Hewitt voiced opposition to the financial support of amateur teams by professional teams.[4]

The Marlboros served as a farm team for the Maple Leafs for 40 years until direct NHL sponsorship of junior teams ended in 1967 when the NHL made the Entry Draft universal;[1][5] however, the two clubs continued to remain affiliated under a common ownership until 1989. During this time the Marlboros sent over 180 players to the NHL, including six future Hockey Hall of Fame inductees. The two teams often played double headers on Saturdays, with the junior games in the afternoon and the NHL games in the evening.

The original Hot Stove Club was formed at Maple Leaf Gardens on May 28, 1937, for the purpose of raising funds to support the Marlborough Hockey Club. The Hot Stove Club was given a permanent bar & lounge at Maple Leaf Gardens in 1963. From 1929 to 1975 the Marlboros won the national junior championship seven times.

Marlboro players from the Memorial Cups in the 1950s and 1960s jumped directly to the Maple Leafs, helping them win the Stanley Cup four times in the 1960s. Former NHL stars stayed in the organization to help coach in the junior ranks. Turk Broda and George Armstrong both coached the Marlboros to Memorial Cup victories.

Stafford Smythe organized the Metro Junior A League in 1961 as a rival league to the OHA, with the Marlboros as its charter member. After the league folded in 1963, the Toronto Neil McNeil Maroons were amalgamated into the Marlboros along with prospect players signed to the Toronto Maple Leafs, along with their coach Jim Gregory.[6]

The Marlboros returned to prominence again in 1973, coached by former Toronto Maple Leafs captain George Armstrong. Armstrong's team in 1973 lost only seven games all season, and two years later he coached the Marlboros to their seventh national title in 1975.

The team began to decline in the standings in the late 1970s which continued through the 1980s. Many people felt that Harold Ballard's penny-pinching ways helped contribute to the demise of Canada's most successful junior team. In October 1988, with the team losing hundreds of thousands of dollars a year, Maple Leaf Gardens Limited reached an agreement to sell the Toronto Marlboros for a reported $500,000, severing their ties with the Maple Leafs.[5][7][8][9][10] The Leafs retained the rights to the Marlies name.[7][8][9] The OHL team moved to Hamilton for the 1989-90 season, becoming the Dukes of Hamilton.[3][9] They were not financially successful in Hamilton, though, and after only two seasons the Dukes became the Guelph Storm.

Championships

The Toronto Marlboros won the Memorial Cup seven times, more than any other team in the Cup's history. The Marlies also won 10 OHA championships in 18 final appearances.

Memorial Cups

1929

The Marlboros reached their first Memorial Cup series in 1929 after being upset in 1928 by the Ottawa Gunners. In 1929 the Marlboros defeated the Ottawa Shamrocks in a two-game total goals series by 6–5. Ottawa won the first game 4–3, and Toronto won the second game 3–1.

Toronto played the Elmwood Millionaires from Winnipeg, Manitoba, in a best of three series starting on March 29 at the Arena Gardens (Mutual Street Arena) for the Memorial Cup. The Marlboros won the first game 4–2 in overtime. On March 31, Toronto won game 2 by an identical score of 4–2 for its first Memorial Cup.

1955

Turk Broda took over the coaching duties of the Marlboros midway through the 1954–55 season. In the playoffs the Marlboros defeated the reigning Memorial Cup champions St. Catharines Teepees, followed by the Quebec Remparts to win the Eastern Canadian championship.

After a long train ride to Regina, Saskatchewan, to Marlboros and the Regina Pats took part in the First Annual Memorial Cup Dinner. The idea of the banquet was one of Harold Ballard's many long-lasting effects on the game. The next day the two teams would start a best of seven series for the Cup.

Regina won the first game 3–1. Toronto won the next two games scores of 5–2, and 3–2. Regina tied up game four at 2 goals each in the dying minutes of regulation to send the match to overtime. Billy Harris scored in overtime to give the Marlboros a 3 games to 1 lead. Game five was also tied after three periods. Toronto scored three unanswered goals, winning 8–5 in overtime, and their second Memorial Cup.

1956

Toronto defeated the Montreal Junior Canadiens in an 8-game series to return to the Memorial Cup and a rematch versus the Regina Pats. The championship series started at Maple Leaf Gardens on April 27.

The teams tied the first game at 4 goals each. Toronto put together three consecutive victories by scores of 5–1, 4–2, and 6–1. The Marlboros captured their second consecutive Memorial Cup in game five by a score of 7–4. The Oshawa Generals were the first team to accomplish the feat in 1938–39 and 1939–40.

1964
Toronto defeated the defending OHA champions Niagara Falls Flyers and the Montreal Jr. Canadiens to win the J. Ross Robertson Cup. The Marlboros swept the NOHA champion North Bay Trappers to play the Quebec champion Notre-Dame-de-Grace Monarchs, who were coached by Scotty Bowman. Toronto prevailed to return to the Memorial Cup after an eight-year absence. Their opponent was the perennial Abbott Cup champion Edmonton Oil Kings.

The series opened at Maple Leaf Gardens with a 5–2 Toronto victory. The Marlboros won games two and three with scores of 3–2 and 5–2. Toronto finished the series sweep with a 7–2 win in game 4. Many of the players on the 1964 Marlboros team, including Ron Ellis, Mike Walton and Pete Stemkowski, helped the Maple Leafs capture the Stanley Cup in 1967.

1967

Toronto defeated the Montreal Jr. Canadiens and Hamilton Red Wings for the OHA title, then eliminated the Thetford Mines Canadiens to capture the eastern Canadian championships. The Marlboros played the Port Arthur Marrs in the Memorial Cup series hosted at the Fort William Gardens in what is now the city of Thunder Bay, Ontario.

The Marlboros won the first two games by scores of 6–3, and 8–4. Port Arthur won the third game 6–4 in a heavily penalized match, including a bench brawl with one second left in the game. Toronto won the last two games by scores of 6–0, and 6–3 capturing its 5th Memorial Cup. In 1966–67, the Maple Leafs also won the Stanley Cup, the last year the two clubs were national champions at the same time.

1973

The Marlboros of 1972–73 lost only seven games in the regular season. The team was ranked # 1 in Canada going into the playoffs. Toronto eliminated the St. Catharines Black Hawks and Ottawa 67's before meeting the Peterborough Petes in the OHA finals.

The series versus the Petes went to a seventh game played at Maple Leaf Gardens in front of 16,485 spectators, a record at the time for junior hockey attendance. Toronto needed only a tie game to advance, and did so in dramatic fashion. Paulin Bordeleau scored on a penalty shot in the last minute to tie the game at 5 goals each.

After winning the OHA title, the Marlboros travelled to Memorial Cup hosted at the Montreal Forum where their opponents would be the Quebec Remparts and the Medicine Hat Tigers, who were led by future NHL star Lanny McDonald.

The Marlies beat Quebec 5–2 in the first game, and lost 3–2 to the Tigers in the second game. The Remparts then beat the Tigers 8–3 in game three. Since each team had won a game, Toronto and Quebec played each other in the finals based on goals for and against. The Marlboros scored a 9–1 victory for their 6th Memorial Cup.

1975

The 1975 playoff run for the Marlboros was complicated by Mark Napier and John Tonelli signing professional contracts before the season ended. Tonelli would sit out all the Marlboros games after his 18th birthday so he would not jeopardize playing for the Houston Aeros.

Toronto stumbled through the playoffs managing come-from-behind victories in series versus the 8th place Kingston Canadians and 5th place Sudbury Wolves. Both series went 8 games, and the Marlboros were a point away from being eliminated each time but stayed alive. The Marlboros then beat the Hamilton Fincups in the finals for their last OHA championship. Toronto would face the New Westminster Bruins, and the Sherbrooke Castors in the Memorial Cup series played at the Kitchener Memorial Auditorium Complex.

Toronto beat Sherbrooke 5–4 in overtime in game 1 after coming back from three goals down. The Bruins beat the Castors (Beavers in English) 7–5 in game two, defeated Toronto 6–2 in the third game to reach the finals. In a rematch versus the Castors in the semi-final, Toronto won 10–4 to reach the finals versus New Westminster.

The Marlboros continued their momentum in the finals winning 7–3, and capturing their seventh and final Memorial Cup championship. Coach Armstrong said it was all worth it, even after his team had tossed him into the hotel swimming pool during a victory party.

Coaches

One of the most famous Maple Leafs and Marlboros of all time, George Armstrong, coached the Marlboros to their final two Memorial Cup victories in 1972–73 and 1974–75.

Two Toronto Marlboros coaches have been awarded the Matt Leyden Trophy as the OHA Coach of the Year: George Armstrong 1972–73 in his first year, and Dave Chambers in 1979–80.

Partial list of Toronto Marlboros coaches.

Players

Until the NHL instituted the Entry Draft in 1967, the Maple Leafs relied heavily on the Jr. A. Marlboros to produce NHL players. Many players were part of Maple Leafs Stanley Cup winning teams. In total, 202 OHA Junior Marlboros went on to play in the National Hockey League.

Award winners

Hockey Hall of Famers

Six players who played for the Marlboros and Maple Leafs have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. They are George Armstrong, Charlie Conacher, Red Horner, Harvey Jackson, Joe Primeau and Bob Pulford. Former Marlboros Brad Park and Mark Howe were also inducted into the Hall of Fame as NHL defenceman, and Carl Voss was inducted as a builder.

NHL alumni

Other alumni

Season results

Results prior to 1937 are currently unavailable.

Legend: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

Memorial Cup champions OHL champions OHL runners-up
SeasonGPWLTPtsWin %GFGAStandingPlayoffs
1937–38121200241.00080271st, OHAWon Quarterfinal (St. Michael's Majors) 2–0 (games)
Lost Semifinal (Oshawa Generals) 2–1–1 (games)
1938–391449190.32133533rd, Group 1Lost Quarterfinal (Toronto Native Sons) 2–0 (games)
1939–40191153250.658106492nd, OHAWon Semifinal (Guelph Biltmores) 2–1 (games)
Lost OHL Championship (Oshawa Generals) 3–2 (games)
1940–41161231250.781113511st, OHAWon Semifinal (Guelph Biltmores) 3–2 (games)
Lost OHL Championship (Oshawa Generals) 4–3 (games)
1941–422412102260.54273794th, OHALost Quarterfinal (Guelph Biltmores) 2–0 (games)
1942–43218121170.4051051196th, OHALost Quarterfinal (St. Michael's Majors) 2–1 (games)
1943–44248151180.354731224th, Group 1
1944–4520218040.100521416th, OHALost Quarterfinal (Toronto Young Rangers) 2–0 (games)
1945–462811161230.411781115th, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Toronto Young Rangers) 2–0 (games)
Lost Semifinal (Oshawa Generals) 2–0 (games)
1946–473620160400.55687845th, OHALost Quarterfinal (Barrie Flyers) 2–0 (games)
1947–483212200300.375971497th, OHA
1948–494820244440.4581681766th, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Stratford Kroehlers) 2–1 (games)
Won Semifinal (St. Catharines Teepees) 3–0 (games)
Lost OHL Championship (Barrie Flyers) 4–0 (games)
1949–50483792760.7922531191st, OHALost Semifinal (Windsor Spitfires) 4–1 (games)
1950–515432166700.6482201672nd, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Stratford Kroehlers) 3–0 (games)
Won Semifinal (St. Catharines Teepees) 3–1 (games)
Lost OHL Championship (Barrie Flyers) 4–2 (games)
1951–52533986840.7923021461st, OHALost Semifinal (Guelph Biltmores) 4–2 (games)
1952–535632177710.6341991392nd, OHALost Semifinal (Barrie Flyers) 5–2 (games)
1953–545934187750.6362421602nd, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Kitchener Greenshirts) 3–1 (games)
Won Semifinal (Hamilton Tiger Cubs) 3–0–1 (games)
Lost OHL Championship (St. Catharines Teepees) 4–3 (games)
1954–554929173610.6221891423rd, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Galt Black Hawks) 3–1 (games)
Won Semifinal (Guelph Biltmores) 3–0 (games)
Won OHL Championship (St. Catharines Teepees) 4–2 (games)
Won Eastern Canada Championship (Quebec Frontenacs) 4–1–1 (games)
Won Memorial Cup Final (Regina Pats) 4–1 (games)
1955–564823214500.5211741644th, OHAWon Semifinal (St. Catharines Teepees) 4–1–1 (games)
Won OHL Championship (Barrie Flyers) 4–1 (games)
Won Eastern Canada Championship (Montreal Junior Canadiens) 4–3–1 (games)
Won Memorial Cup Final (Regina Pats) 4–0–1 (games)
1956–575235143730.7021891332nd, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Hamilton Tiger Cubs) 3–1 (games)
Lost Semifinal (St. Catharines Teepees) 3–2 (games)
1957–5852212110520.5002101864th, OHAWon Semifinal (St. Catharines Teepees) 4–3 (games)
Won OHL Championship (Hamilton Tiger Cubs) 4–0–1 (games)
Lost Eastern Canada Championship (Ottawa–Hull Canadiens) 4–1 (games)
1958–595419278460.4261602136th, OHALost Quarterfinal (Guelph Biltmores) 4–1 (games)
1959–604828173590.6152221801st, OHALost Semifinal (St. Michael's Majors) 4–0 (games)
1960–61489309270.2811362117th, OHA
1961–62[lower-alpha 1]331896440.6361411032nd, Metro JrWon Semifinal (Brampton 7Ups) 4–1 (games)
Lost Final (St. Michael's Majors) 4–3 (games)
1962–63[lower-alpha 1]4022126500.6252171592nd, Metro JrWon Semifinal (Whitby Dunlops) 4–1 (games)
Lost Final (Neil McNeil Maroons) 4–2 (games)
1963–64564097870.7773361951st, OHAWon Semifinal (Niagara Falls Flyers) 4–0 (games)
Won OHL Championship (Montreal Junior Canadiens) 4–0–1 (games)
Won Eastern Canada Semifinal (North Bay Trappers) 4–0 (games)
Won Eastern Canada Championship (Montreal N.D.G. Monarchs) 3–1 (games)
Won Memorial Cup Final (Edmonton Oil Kings) 4–0 (games)
1964–655632177710.6342592222nd, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Montreal Junior Canadiens) 4–2–1 (games)
Won Semifinal (Peterborough Petes) 4–3–1 (games)
Lost OHL Championship (Niagara Falls Flyers) 4–1 (games)
1965–6648201810500.5212032116th, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Peterborough Petes) 4–2 (games)
Lost Semifinal (Kitchener Rangers) 4–3–1 (games)
1966–6748231510560.5832081843rd, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Montreal Junior Canadiens) 3–1–2 (games)
Won Semifinal (Kitchener Rangers) 4–2–1 (games)
Won OHL Championship (Hamilton Red Wings) 4–0 (games)
Won Eastern Canada Championship (Thetford Mines Canadiens) 3–1 (games)
Won Memorial Cup Final (Port Arthur Marrs) 4–1 (games)
1967–685431176680.6302731795th, OHALost Quarterfinal (Kitchener Rangers) 4–1 (games)
1968–695421276480.4442222396th, OHALost Quarterfinal (St. Catharines Black Hawks) 3–1–2 (games)
1969–7054261711630.5832392014th, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Oshawa Generals) 4–0–1 (games)
Won Semifinal (London Knights) 3–0–3 (games)
Lost OHL Championship (Montreal Junior Canadiens) 4–3 (games)
1970–716228268640.5163533045th, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Peterborough Petes) 4–0 (games)
Won Semifinal (Ottawa 67's) 4–0 (games)
Lost OHL Championship (St. Catharines Black Hawks) 4–0 (games)
1971–726345153930.7383632561st, OHAWon Quarterfinal (Kitchener Rangers) 4–1 (games)
Lost Semifinal (Peterborough Petes) 4–1 (games)
1972–736347791030.8174161991st, OHAWon Quarterfinal (St. Catharines Black Hawks) 4–0 (games)
Won Semifinal (Ottawa 67's) 4–0 (games)
Won OHL Championship (Peterborough Petes) 3–2–2 (games)
1st place in Memorial Cup Round-robin
Won Memorial Cup Final (Quebec Remparts) 9–1
1973–747030319690.4932932768th, OHAWon Quarterfinal (London Knights) 4–0–1 (games)
Lost Semifinal (St. Catharines Black Hawks) 4–0 (games)
1974–7570481391050.7504693031st, OMJHLWon Quarterfinal (Kingston Canadians) 4–3–1 (games)
Won Semifinal (Sudbury Wolves) 4–3–1 (games)
Won OHL Championship (Hamilton Fincups) 4–3 (games)
2nd place in Memorial Cup Round-robin
Won Memorial Cup Semifinal (Sherbrooke Castors) 10–4
Won Memorial Cup Final (New Westminster Bruins) 7–3
1975–7666263010620.4702782943rd, EmmsWon Quarterfinal (London Knights) 4–1 (games)
Lost Semifinal (Hamilton Fincups) 4–0–1 (games)
1976–7766312312740.5613352863rd, EmmsLost Quarterfinal (London Knights) 4–1–1 (games)
1977–786824368560.4122633415th, EmmsLost First-round (Kitchener Rangers) 3–2 (games)
1978–796827401550.4043083515th, EmmsLost First-round (Kitchener Rangers) 3–0 (games)
1979–806833323690.5073423102nd, EmmsLost Quarterfinal (Brantford Alexanders) 4–0 (games)
1980–816831370620.4562983364th, EmmsLost First-round (Niagara Falls Flyers) 3–2 (games)
1981–826837310740.5443162904th, LeydenWon First-round (Cornwall Royals) 2–1–2 (games)
Lost Quarterfinal (Ottawa 67's) 4–1 (games)
1982–837036295770.5503253114th, LeydenLost First-round (Cornwall Royals) 3–0–1 (games)
1983–847045241910.6503923172nd, LeydenWon Quarterfinal (Peterborough Petes) 4–1 (games)
Lost Semifinal (Ottawa 67's) 4–0 (games)
1984–856635283730.5533153023rd, LeydenLost First-round (Cornwall Royals) 4–1 (games)
1985–866622413470.3562973456th, LeydenLost First-round (Peterborough Petes) 4–0 (games)
1986–876622413470.3562983767th, Leyden
1987–886626391530.4022923486th, LeydenLost First-round (Peterborough Petes) 4–0 (games)
1988–896632313670.5083193323rd, LeydenLost First-round (Cornwall Royals) 4–2 (games)
Notes
  1. 1 2 The Toronto Marlboros moved to the newly-formed Metro Junior A League for the 1961–62 and 1962–63 seasons, but returned to the OHA for the 1963–64 season and onwards.

Uniforms and logos

In 1903 club secretary Fred Waghorne wrote to the Duke of Marlborough in England for permission to use the storied name and crest. In choosing its logo the club took the Marlborough family crown and added the initials A.C. for Athletic Club.

The Toronto Marlboros used the same colour scheme as the NHL Toronto Maple Leafs from 1927 when the two clubs came under common ownership. The Marlborough crown was originally displayed by itself on the jersey chest. It was not until the late 1950s that the crown was set against the present day Maple Leaf.

Arenas

In the beginning both the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Marlboros practised and were headquartered out of the old Ravina Gardens in Toronto's west end. Home games were played downtown at the Arena Gardens.[1]

In 1931 Maple Leaf Gardens opened up for business and the Marlboros had a new home again.[1] In 1964 the Marlboros won the Memorial Cup on home ice, the same year the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup on home ice.

The Marlboros occasionally also played games in the 1970s at the North York Centennial Centre and the Markham Centennial Centre when Maple Leaf Gardens was unavailable, usually due to scheduling conflicts at MLG with both the Toronto Maple Leafs and also the Toronto Toros of the WHA. They also played part of their home schedule in the 1976–77 season in Brantford, Ontario out of the Brantford Civic Centre.

Perpetuations

Minor hockey

The Toronto Marlboros Hockey Club operates several minor ice hockey teams in the Greater Toronto Hockey League (GTHL). This club operated independently to the former OHA Junior 'A' team. After the Junior 'A' team left for Hamilton, the then Maple Leafs owner Harold Ballard granted permission for the Minor Marlboros to retain the Marlborough name.[1][3] Three years later in the fall of 1992 the Marlboros combined their fabled crest with the current NHL Maple Leafs' uniform.

NHL alumni of the GTHL Marlboros include, Sam Gagner, Ron Handy, Mike Hough, Peter Ing, Chris Kelly, Nathan LaFayette, Connor McDavid, Rick Nash, Mike Ricci, Jason Spezza, Brian Wilks, Wojtek Wolski and John Tavares.

American Hockey League

When Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment decided to relocate their American Hockey League minor league team, the St. John's Maple Leafs to Toronto, they renamed the team the Toronto Marlies after the original Toronto Marlboros club.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Marlies history". Toronto Marlies. Archived from the original on 2013-12-08. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  2. ↑ "Senior Series". Ontario Hockey Association. 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Marlies timeline". Toronto Marlies. Archived from the original on 2013-12-08. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
  4. ↑ "Toronto Maple Leafs and Marlboros Had Agreement". The Winnipeg Tribune. Winnipeg, Manitoba. June 20, 1933. p. 12.Free access icon; "Marlboro Receipts Were To Be Split". The Kingston Whig-Standard. Kingston, Ontario. June 20, 1933. p. 8.Free access icon
  5. 1 2 Houston, William (1988-10-20). "Hamilton lawyer, realtor purchase OHL Marlboros". The Globe and Mail.
  6. ↑ Oliver, Greg (2017). Father Bauer and the Great Experiment: The Genesis of Canadian Olympic Hockey. Toronto, Ontario: ECW Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-77041-249-1.
  7. 1 2 Kalchman, Lois (1988-10-20). "Hamilton new home as Marlies are bought". Toronto Star.
  8. 1 2 Hunter, Paul (1989-03-18). "Death of the Marlies: The cold, hard facts Rising costs and dwindling attendance have sunk once-proud Toronto Marlies, seven- time winners of Memorial Cup". Toronto Star.
  9. 1 2 3 "Marlies fare well as end nears Club on a win streak before transformation to Dukes of Hamilton". The Globe and Mail. 1989-03-13.
  10. ↑ Proudfoot, Jim (1989-02-08). "Toronto should miss Marlies, but it won't". Toronto Star.
  11. ↑ Annual Report: Constitution, Regulations and Rules of Competition. Cambridge, Ontario: Ontario Hockey Association. 2006. p. W-13.
  12. ↑ "Hockey Hall of Fame - Time Capsule".
  13. ↑ Dryden, Ken (1983). The Game. Wiley. pp. 212. ISBN 978-0470835845.
  14. ↑ Sears, Thom (2012). Straight Shooter: The Brad Park Story. Wiley. pp. 18–29, 291, 308, 312. ISBN 978-1118329573.
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