This is a list of rulers of Saba and Himyar.
Mukarrib (Mukrab, Karab), a religious title that means "near to God", was used by rulers of Saba' until Karib'il Watar changed his title to Malik at the time of the kingdom of Saba' and Dhu Raydan that was established between Himyarites and Sabaeans, both descending from ancient South Arabian patriarch Qahtan.[1] The title Tubba, which means "the one who follows the sun like a shadow" was used by Himyarites to refer to their rulers.[2]
Mukaribs of Saba'
| Mukarib | Reigned | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yatha' Amr Bayin I | circa 1000–950 BC | |
| 2 | Yada'il Bayin I | ||
| 3 | Samah'ali Yanuf I | ||
| 4 | Yatha' Amar Watar I | ||
| 5 | Yakrib Malek Dzarah | ||
| 6 | Yakrib Malek Watar I | ||
| 7 | Samah'ali Yanuf II | ||
| 8 | Yada'il Bayin II | ||
| 9 | Yatha' Amar Watar II | Contemporary with Sargon II | |
| 10 | Yada' Ab I | ||
| 11 | Yada'il Bayin III | ||
| 12 | Yakrib Malek Watar II | ||
| 13 | Yatha' Amar Bayin II | ||
| 14 | Karibil Watar I | Contemporary with Sennacherib | |
| 15 | Yada' Ab II | ||
| 16 | Akh Karab | ||
| 17 | Samah'ali Watar | ||
| 18 | Yada'il Dharih I | Son of 17 | |
| 19 | Samah'ali Yanuf III | Son of 18 | |
| 20 | Yatha' Amar Watar III | Son of 18 | |
| 21 | Yada'il Bayin IV | Son of 20 | |
| 22 | Yada'il Watar I | Son of 20 | |
| 23 | Zamir Ali Zarih I | Son of 21 | |
| 24 | Yatha' Amar Watar IV | son of Samah'ali Yanuf son of 20 | |
| 25 | Karabil Bayin I | Son of 24 | |
| 26 | Samah'ali Yanuf IV | Son of 24 | |
| 27 | Zamir Ali Watar | Son of 26 | |
| 28 | Samah'ali Yanuf V | Son of 27 | |
| 29 | Yatha' Amar Bayin III | Son of 28 | |
| 30 | Yakrib Malek Watar III | ||
| 31 | Zamir Ali Yanuf | Son of 30 |
Kings of Saba'
| King | Reigned | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32 | Karabil Watar II | 620–600 BC | Son of 31 |
| 33 | Samah'ali Zarih | 600–580 BC | Son of 32 |
| 34 | Karabil Watar III | 580–570 BC | Son of 33 |
| 35 | Ilsharih I | 570–560 BC | Son of 33 |
| 36 | Yada'il Bayin V | 560–540 BC | Son of 34 |
| 37 | Yakrib Malek Watar IV | 540–520 BC | Son of 36 |
| 38 | Yatha' Amar Bayin IV | 520–500 BC | Son of 37 |
| 39 | Karabil Watar IV | 500–480 BC | Son of 38 |
| 40 | Samah'ali Yanuf VI | 480–460 BC | Son of 39 |
| 41 | Yada'il Bayin VI | Son of 39 | |
| 42 | Yatha' Amar Watar V | Son of 39 | |
| 43 | Ilsharih II | 460–445 BC | Son of 41 |
| 44 | Zamir Ali Bayin I | 445–430 BC | Son of 41 |
| 45 | Yada'il Watar II | 430–410 BC | Son of 44 |
| 46 | Zamir Ali Bayin II | 410–390 BC | Son of 45 |
| 47 | Samah'ali Yanuf VII | Son of 46 | |
| 48 | Karabil Watar V | 390–370 BC | Possibly son of 46 |
| — | Unknown | 370–350 BC | |
| 49 | Karab Yuhan'em | 350–330 BC | Son of Ham Athat |
| 50 | Karabil Watar VI | 330–310 BC | Son of 49 |
| 51 | Wahab Shamsam/El Yahiz I | 310–290 BC | Son of Halik Amar or Saraw |
| 52 | Anmar Yuha'man I | 290–270 BC | Son of 51 |
| 53 | Zamir Ali Zarih II | 270–250 BC | Son of 52 |
| 54 | Nasha Karab Yuha'man | 250–230 BC | Son of 53 |
| — | Unknown | 230–200 BC | |
| 55 | Nasir Yuhan'em | 200–180 BC | |
| 56 | Zamir Ali Bayin III | ||
| 57 | Wahab El Yahiz II | 180–160 BC | |
| 58 | Karabil Watar Yuhan'em I | 160–145 BC | Son of 57 |
| 59 | Anmar Yuha'man II | Son of 57 | |
| 60 | Yarim Aymin | 145–115 BC | Son of Awsalat Rafshan; usurped the throne with his son |
| 61 | Alhan Nahfan | Son of 60 | |
| 62 | Far'am Yanhab | 130–125 BC | He managed to partially regain the legitimate throne |
Kings of Saba' & Dhu Raydan
| King | Reigned | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63 | Sha'ram Awtar | Son of 61 | |
| 64 | Il Sharih Yahdhib | Son of 62. He was probably Strabo's "Ilasarus". Contemporary with Sha'ram Awtar, see # 63 | |
| 65 | Yazil Bayin | Son of 62. He allied with his brother see # 64 against Sha'ram Awtar see # 63 | |
| 67 | Hayu Athtar Yazi' | Son of 63? | |
| 68 | Karabil Watar Yuhan'em II | Son of 56. Probably the Charibael of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, said to have dominion over the major ports of Azania (the Swahili coast) through a vassal in Saba | |
| 69 | Watar Yuha'min | Son of 64. | |
| 70 | Zamir Ali Zarih III | Son of 68 | |
| 71 | Nasha Karab Yuha'min Yuharhib | Son of 64 | |
| 72 | Karabil Bayin II | Son of 68 | |
| 73 | Yasir Yuhasdiq | ||
| 74 | Sa'd Shams ʽAsri' | Son of 64 | |
| 75 | Murthid Yuhahmid | Son of 74 | |
| 76 | Zamir Ali Yahbir I | Son of 73 | |
| 77 | Tharin Ya'ib Yuhan'im | Son of 76 | |
| 78 | Zamir Ali Yahbir II | Son of 77 | |
| 79 | Shamdar Yuhan'im | ||
| 80 | Amdan Bayin Yuhaqbiz | ||
| 81 | Hutar Athat Yafish | ||
| 82 | Karab Athat Yuhaqbiz | ||
| 83 | Shahar Aymin | ||
| 84 | Rab Shams Namran | ||
| 85 | El Ez Nawfan Yuhasdiq | ||
| 86 | Sa'd Um Namran | ||
| 87 | Yasir Yuhan'em |
Kings of Saba' & Dhu Raydan & Hadhramaut & Yamnat 2nd Himyarite Kingdom
| King | Reigned | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 88 | Shammar Yahr'ish | AD 275–300 | Son of 87 |
| 89 | Yarim Yuharhib | Son of 88 | |
| 90 | Yasir Yuhan'im III | Son of 88 | |
| 91 | Tharin Ayfi' | Son of 90 | |
| 92 | Dhara'amar Ayman I | Son of 90 | |
| 93 | Karabil Watar Yuhan'em III | ||
| 94 | Tharin Yakrib | Son of 88 | |
| 95 | Zamir Ali Yahbir III | Son of 94 | |
| 96 | Tharin Yuhan'im | Son of 95 | |
| 97 | MalikiKarab Yuha'min | Son of 96 | |
| 98 | Dhara'amar Ayman II | Son of 97 |
King of Saba', Dhu Raydan, Hadramawt, Yamnat and their Arabs, on Tawdum (the high plateau) and Tihamat
This period of time is most famously featured in Arabian legends, with some of the kings on this list being revered as heroes or vilified as villains. This is also the last period of native Yemeni rule, and the first period of Aksumite rule over Yemen. During this period, Judaism became the state religion of Himyar.
| King | Reigned | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 99 | Abu Karib As'ad | 390–420 | Son of (97). He is the first to become the official King of Saba', Dhu Raydan, Hadramawt, Yamnat and their Arabs, on Tawdum (the high plateau) and Tihamat. First king to officially convert to Judaism in Yemen and enforce it as a state religion. Arab traditions relate that he was the first to put a covering over the Kaaba. |
| 100 | Hassan Yuha'min | 420–448 | Son of (99). Known for destroying and eliminating the Jadis tribe.[3] |
| 101 | Sharhabil Yafar | 428–457 | Son of (99). Identified as 'Amr, the brother of Hassan (100) in Arab tradition. |
| 102 | 'Abd-kalal | Between 458 to 465 | Identified as Dhu Ra'yn al-Himyari in Arab tradition. Not a descendant of the Tubba' royal family, but from a noble family who had ties to them. |
| 103 | Sharhabil Yaqaf | 465–480 | Son of (101). first king recorded to have executed Christian missionaries in his lands to avoid Byzantine influence. [4] Some sources name him as “Tubba' ibn al-Hassan” which implies he was not the son of (101) but rather the son of (100). |
| 104 | Mu'di Karab Yan'im | Son of (103), ruled alongside his father and went on military campaigns together with him. | |
| 105 | Marthad'ilan Yun'im | 480–485 | No information is known about him except for a single inscription labelled "YM 1200" in the corpus of South Arabian inscriptions.[5] |
| 106 | Marthad'ilan Yanuf | 500–515 | |
| 107 | Lahi'ah Yanuf | 490–517 | Son of (103), although other historical sources state that he was an usurper to the throne. |
| 108 | Ma'dkarib Yafar | 517–522 | Only two archeological inscriptions exist, which prove his existence as a king.[6] |
| 109 | Dhu Nuwas | 522–527 | Assassinated (107) and became the ruler. Experienced a brief interruption by an Aksumite conquest which he later overpowered and forced out of Yemen. He was the last native Jewish-convert ruler of Himyar to have full power over his country. His origins are not clear, Arabian legends identity him as being son of (99) yet other Islamic narrations state him to be son of (101) or (103). |
| 110 | Sumyafa Ashwa | 527–535 | Appointed by Kaleb after the demise of (110) and the ultimate Aksumite conquest of Yemen. A convert to Christianity and the first Christian ruler of Himyar. |
| 111 | Abraha | 535–unknown | Usurper, he overthrew (111) and turned against Kaleb, but later reconciled with him. Known for his attempt to demolish the Kaaba in Arab tradition. |
| 112 | Masruq ibn Abraha | unknown–558 | Son of (111), he was killed in 558 AD by the Sassanian forces who arrived to assist the Yemenis regain control of their own country. |
| 113 | Ma'ad Yakrib ibn Abi Murrah | 558–575/578 | A native prince of the Du Yazan dynasty, he was reinstated as a vassal king by the Sassanians after (113) was killed. He was later murdered; stabbed to death by Ethiopian assailants. Some sources have stated that he was the son of (111) and the half-brother of (112). Commonly known by his legendary title, Sayf ibn Dhi-Yazan. |
| 114 | Ma'di-Karib | 575/578–unknown | Became the next vassal king after his father (113) was assassinated. Assisted by Sassanid military general Wahrez, who was his governor. |
References
- ↑ محاسن, بلعيد (2015-01-01). الرقم سبعة (7) أثره في المعتقدات والآداب والفنون وغيرها (من روائع الإعجاز العددي) (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN 9782745179661.
- ↑ Brannon M. Wheeler (2002). Prophets in the Quran: An Introduction to the Quran and Muslim Exegesis. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 166. ISBN 0-8264-4956-5.
- ↑ The History of Al-Tabari: The Sasanids, the Lakhmids, and Yemen. SUNY Press. p. 184-186. ISBN 9780791443569.
- ↑ https://www.scribd.com/document/87719351/Beeston-Martyrdom-of-Azqir
- ↑ http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=30&prjId=1&corId=0&colId=0&navId=227618498&recId=7357
- ↑ http://dasi.cnr.it/index.php?id=91&prjId=1&corId=27&colId=0&navId=103724072&recId=2421
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