Dongshan Liangjie
TitleChan master (禅師)
Personal
Born807
China
Died869
ReligionChan Buddhism
NationalityChinese
SchoolCaodong school (曹洞宗, J. Sōtō)
Notable work(s)Song of the Precious Mirror Samadhi (《寶鏡三昧歌》) (attrib.); Recorded dialogues (《洞山語録》)
Senior posting
TeacherYunyan Tansheng
PredecessorYunyan Tansheng
SuccessorYunju Daoying / Caoshan Benji (the latter's branch discontinued)
Students
  • (other than successors)
    Longya Judun
    Jiufeng Puman
    Qinshan Wensui
    Yuezhou Qianfeng
    Qinglin Shiqian
    Shushan Kuangren

Dongshan Liangjie (807–869) (Chinese: 洞山良价; pinyin: Dòngshān Liángjiè; Wade–Giles: Tung-shan Liang-chieh; Japanese: Tōzan Ryōkai; Korean: Tongsan Lianggye; Vietnamese: Động Sơn Lương Giới) was a Chan Buddhist monk of the Tang dynasty. He founded the Caodong school (Chinese: 曹洞宗), which was transmitted to Japan in the thirteenth century (Song-Yuan era) by Dōgen and developed into the Sōtō school of Zen.

The Song of the Precious Mirror Samadhi has been attributed to him by the Chinese tradition. However, modern scholars now argue that there is no evidence for this and that this text first appears in the 12th century.[1]

Biography

Start of Chan studies

Dongshan was born during the Tang dynasty in Kuaiji (present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang) to the south of Hangzhou Bay.[2] His secular birth surname was Yu (兪氏).[2]

He started his private studies in Chan Buddhism at a young age,[3] as was popular among educated elite families of the time. At the village cloister, Dongshan showed promise by questioning the fundamental Doctrine of the Six Roots during his tutor's recitation of the Heart Sutra.[2] Though aged only ten, he was sent away from his home village to train under Lingmo (霊黙) at the monastery on nearby Wutai Mountain (五台山). He also had his head shaved and took on yellow robes, which represented the first steps in his path to becoming a monk, ordaining as a śrāmaṇera. At the age of twenty-one, he went to Shaolin Monastery on Mount Song, where he took the complete monk's precepts as a bhikṣu.

Wandering life

Dongshan Liangjie spent a large portion of his early life wandering between Chan masters and hermits in the Hongzhou (Chinese: 洪州; Wade–Giles: Hung-chou) region.

According to the traditional sources, he obtained instruction from Nanquan Puyuan (南泉普願),[2] and later from Guishan Lingyou (溈山靈祐).[2] But the teacher of preeminent influence was Master Yunyan Tansheng, of whom Dongshan became the dharma heir. According to the work Rentian yanmu (《人天眼目》, "The Eye of Humans and Gods," 1188), Dongshan inherited from Yunyan Tansheng the knowledge of the Three Types of Leakage (三種滲漏, shenlou) and the baojing sanmei (宝鏡三昧 "jewel mirror samādhi or precious mirror samādhi"; Japanese: hōkyō zanmai).[4]

Most of what is recorded regarding his journey and studies exists in the form of encounter dialogues between him and his various teachers. These provide very little insight into his personality or experiences beyond his daily rituals, style of spiritual education, and a few specific events.

During the later years of his pilgrimage Emperor Wuzong's Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution (843–845) reached its height, but it had little effect on Dongshan or his newfound followers. A little over a decade later, in 859, Dongshan felt he had completed his role as an assistant instructor at Hsin-feng Mountain, so with the blessing of his last masters, he took some students and left to establish his own school.

Establishing the Caodong school of Chan

At the age of fifty-two, Dongshan established a mountain school at the mountain named Dongshan (in what is now the city of Gao'an in Jiangxi province).[5] The cloister temple he founded bore such names as Guanfu (広福寺), Gongde (功德寺), Chongxian Longbao (崇先隆報寺) but was named Puli Yuan (普利院) in the early Song dynasty period.[5] [6][7] Here, according to tradition, he composed the Song of the Precious Mirror Samādhi.[8] Modern scholars now see no evidence for this, and this text is now seen as being a later 12th century Caodong composition.[1]

His disciples here are said to have numbered between five hundred and one thousand.[5][8]

This Caodong school became regarded as one of the Five Houses of Zen. At the time, they were just considered schools led by individualistic masters with distinct styles and personalities; in reality, the fact that they were all—with the exception of Linji—located in close geographic proximity to each other and that they all were at the height of their teaching around the same time, established a custom among students to routinely visit the other masters.

Death

Dongshan Liangjie

Dongshan died at the age of sixty-three, in the tenth year of the Xiantong era (869), having spent forty-two years as a monk. His shrine, built in keeping with Buddhist tradition, was named the Stūpa of Wisdom-awareness, and his posthumous name was Chan Master Wu-Pen. According to one of the kōans of his sect, Dongshan announced the end of his life several days before the event, and used the opportunity to teach his students one final time. In response to their grief over the news of his impending death, he told them to create a "delusion banquet." After a week of preparations, he took one bite of the meal and, telling the students not to "make a great commotion over nothing," went to his room and died.

Teaching

Although Lin-chi and Liang-chieh shared pupils, Liang-chieh had a particular style. Since his early life he had utilized gātha, or small poems, in order to try better to understand and to expound the meaning of Chan principles for himself and others.

Examples are

Avoid seeking elsewhere, for that's far from the self.
Now I travel alone, everywhere I meet it.
Now it's exactly me, now I'm not it.
It must thus be understood to merge with thusness.[9]

and

Students as numerous as sands in the Ganges but none are awakened.
They err by searching for the path in another person's mouth.
If you wish to forget form and not leave any traces,
Wholeheartedly strive to walk in emptiness.[9]

Further features of the school included particular interpretations of kōan, an emphasis on "silent illumination" Chan, and organization of students into the "three root types." He is still well known for his creation of the Five Ranks.

Use of kōan and silent illumination

Some descendants of Dongshan much later in the Song dynasty, around the twelfth century, argued that the kōan, which developed over centuries based on dialogues attributed to Dongshan and his contemporaries, should not have a specific goal, because that would naturally "[imply] a dualist distinction between ignorance and enlightenment." This view is based on Dongshan's perspective of not basing practice on stages of attainment. Instead, such Dongshan lineage descendants as Hongzhi encouraged the use of Silent Illumination Chan (mo-chao chán) as a way to take a self-fulfilling, rather than a competitive, path to enlightenment. These two differences contrasted especially with the style of Linji's descendants; "silent illumination Chan" was originally one of many pejorative terms created by successors of Linji regarding successors of Dongshan.

Three categories of students

Dongshan was distinguished by his ability to instruct all three categories of students, which he defined as

  • "Those who see but do not yet comprehend the Dharma"
  • "Those in the process of understanding"
  • "Those who have already understood"

Five Ranks

A large portion of Master Dongshan's fame came from his having attributed to him the Verses of the Five Ranks. The Five Ranks were a doctrine which mapped out five stages of comprehension of the relationship between the absolute and relative realities. The Five Ranks are:[10]

  • The Absolute within the Relative (Cheng chung p'ien)
  • The Relative within the Absolute (P'ien chung cheng)
  • The Coming from Within the Absolute (Cheng chung lai)
  • The Contrasted Relative Alone (Pien chung chih)
  • Unity Attained (Chien chung tao), when the two previously opposite states become one

For each of these ranks, Dongshan wrote a verse trying to bring such abstract ideals into the realm of real experience. He used metaphors of day-to-day occurrences that his students could understand. His student Ts'ao-shan Pen-chi later went on to relate the Five Ranks to the classic Chinese text, the I Ching.

Lineage

Dongshan's most renowned students were Caoshan Benji (W-G: T'sao-shan, 840–901) and Yunju Daoying (W-G: Yun-chu Taoying, 835–902).

Caoshan refined and finalized on Dongshan's works on Buddhist doctrine. The sect's name, Caodong, may possibly take after the names of these two teachers. (An alternate theory says the "Cao" refers to Caoxi Huineng [曹渓慧能 W-G: Ts'ao-hsi Hui-neng], the sixth ancestor of Chan; see Sōtō#Chinese origins.)

The lineage that T'sao-shan began did not last beyond his immediate disciples. Yunju Daoying started a branch of Dongshan's lineage which lasted in China until the seventeenth century. Thirteen generations later, the Japanese Buddhist monk Dōgen Kigen (1200–1253) was educated in the traditions of Dongshan's Caodong school of Chan. Following his education, he returned to his homeland and started the Sōtō school ("Sōtō" is the Japanese reading of "Caodong").

Six Patriarchs
Huineng (638-713)
(WG: Hui-neng. Jpn: Enō)
Qingyuan Xingsi (660-740)
(WG: TCh'ing yüan Hsing-ssu. Jpn: Seigen Gyōshi)
Shitou Xiqian (700-790)
(WG: Shih-t'ou Hsi-ch'ien. Jpn: Sekitō Kisen)
Yaoshan Weiyan (ca.745-828)
(Yao-shan Wei-yen, Jpn. Yakusan Igen)
Yunyan Tansheng (780-841)
(Yün-yen T'an-shen, Jpn. Ungan Donjō)		 Linji lineage
Linji school
0 Dongshan Liangjie (807-869)
Tung-shan liang-chieh, Jpn. Tōzan Ryōkai)		 Linji Yixuan[11]
1 Caoshan Benji (840-901)
(Ts'ao-shan Pen-chi, Jpn. Sōzan Honjaku)		 Yunju Daoying (d.902)
(Yün-chü Tao-ying, Jpn. Ungo Dōyō)		 Xinghua Cunjiang[12]
2 Tongan Daopi (Daopi[13]) Nanyuan Huiyong[14]
3 Tongan Guanzhi (Tongan[13]) Fengxue Yanzhao[15]
4 Liangshan Yuanguan Shoushan Xingnian[16]
5 Dayang Jingxuan (942-1027)[17] (Dayang)[13] Shexian Guixing[18]
Fushan Fayuan (Rinzai-master) [19])
6 Touzi Yiqing (1032-1083)[20] (Touzi)[13]
7 Furong Daokai (1043-1118) (Daokai)[13]
8 Danxia Zichun (1064-1117) (Danxia)[13]
9 Hongzhi Zhengjue (1091-1157)[21] Zhenxie Qingliao (Wukong[13])
10 Tiantong Zongjue (Zongjue[13])
11 Xuedou Zhijian (Zhijian[13])
12 Tiantong Rujing (Rujing[13])
13 Dōgen

Soto-lineage
Soto school

Modern scholarship

Very little documentation remains about Dongshan's life. Information is usually limited to dates, names, and general locations.

The only primary sources available are two collections of doctrine and lineage, T'su-t'ang-chi (Records from the Halls of the Patriarchs) and Ching-tê chʻuan teng lu (Transmission of the Lamp). Both only indicate the name as having been generated from Tun-shan's connections to "T'sao," and they are equally ambiguous on most other facts.

References

  1. 1 2 Schlütter, Morten (2010), How Zen Became Zen: The Dispute Over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 158, 230, ISBN 978-0-8248-3508-8
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 鎌田, 茂雄 (Shigeo Kamata) (1981), 中国仏教史辞典 (Chūgoku Bukkyō shi jiten) (snippet), 東京堂出版, p. 272, ASIN B000J7UZNG
  3. ↑ 山折, 哲雄 (Tetsuo Yamaori) (2000), 仏教用語の基礎知識 (preview), 角川学芸出版, p. 71, ISBN 9784047033177
  4. ↑ 大本山永平寺大遠忌事務局; 永平寺古文書編纂委員会 (2005). 道元禅師七百五十回大遠忌記念出版, 永平寺史料全書: 禅籍編 (snippet). Vol. 3. 大本山永平寺. ISBN 9784642013826.
  5. 1 2 3 中村, 元 (Hajime Nakamura); 石田, 瑞麿 (Mzumaro Ishida) (1980), 新・佛教辞典 (Shin Bukkyō jiten) (snippet), 誠信書房, ISBN 9784414105018
  6. ↑ 金岡, 秀友 (Hidetomo Kaneoka) (1987). 宋代禅宗史の研究: 中国曹洞宗と道元禅 石井修道 (snippet). 大東出版社. ISBN 9784500004836.
  7. ↑ 谢军; 范银飞; 刘斌 (2000). 江西省志 (snippet). 方志出版社. p. 130., p.62
  8. 1 2 金岡, 秀友 (Shūyū Kanaoka) (1974), 仏教宗派辞典 (Bukkyō shūha jiten ) (snippet), 東京堂出版, p. 130, ISBN 978-4490100792
  9. 1 2 Ferguson, Andy. Zen’s Chinese Heritage: The Masters and Their Teachings. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, 2011.
  10. ↑ Hakuin, Secrets of the Five Ranks of Soto Zen. In: Thomas Cleary (2005), Classics of Buddhism and Zen. The Collected Translations of Thomas Cleary. Volume Three, Part Three, Kensho: The Heart of Zen. p. 297–305
  11. ↑ Ferguson 2009, p. 223.
  12. ↑ Ferguson 2009, p. 273.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cleary 1990, p. .
  14. ↑ Ferguson 2009, p. 313.
  15. ↑ Ferguson 2009, p. 335.
  16. ↑ Ferguson 2009, p. 359.
  17. ↑ Schlütter 2008, p. 80.
  18. ↑ Ferguson 2009, p. 386.
  19. ↑ Bodiford 1991, p. 428.
  20. ↑ Schlütter 2008, p. 79.
  21. ↑ Ferguson 2011, p. 454.

Sources

  • Bodiford, William M. (Winter 1991). "Dharma Transmission in Soto Zen: Manzan Dohaku's Reform Movement". Monumenta Nipponica. Sophia University. 46 (4): 423–451. doi:10.2307/2385187. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2385187.
  • Cleary, Thomas (1990), Transmission of Light, Zen in the Art of Enlightenment by Zen Master Keizan. Translated and introduction by Thomas Cleary, San Francisco: North Point Press, ISBN 0-86547-433-8
  • Demiéville, Paul. Choix d'études sinologiques. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1970.
  • Ferguson, Andrew E. (2009). Zen's Chinese heritage : the masters and their teachings (Illustrated ed.). Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0-86171-163-5.
  • Ferguson, Andy (2011), Zen's Chinese Heritage. The Masters and their Teachings, Wisdom publications
  • Dumoulin, Heinrich. Zen Buddhism: A History. Trans. James W. Heisig and Paul F. Knitter. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan, 1988.
  • Keown, Damien. A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003.
  • Ku, Y. H. History of Zen. Privately published by Y. H. Ku, Emeritus Professor, University of Pennsylvania, 1979.
  • Lai, Whalen, and Lewis R. Lancaster, eds. Early Ch'an in China and Tibet. Berkeley, California: Asian Humanities Press, 1983.
  • Leighton, Taigen Dan. Just This Is It: Dongshan and the Practice of Suchness. Boston & London: Shambhala, 2015. ISBN 978-1-61180-228-3
  • (Liang-chieh.) The Record of Tung-shan. Trans. William F. Powell. Kuroda Institute Classics in East Asian Buddhism. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1986. ISBN 0-8248-1070-8
  • Schlütter, Morten (2008), How Zen became Zen. The Dispute over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-3508-8
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