Tunicotheres
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Subphylum:
Crustacea
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Decapoda
Infraorder:
Brachyura
Family:
Pinnotheridae
Genus:
Tunicotheres

E. Campos, 1996[1]
Species:
T. moseri
Binomial name
Tunicotheres moseri
(Rathbun, 1918)[2]
Synonyms[2]
  • Pinnotheres moseri Rathbun, 1918

Tunicotheres is a monotypic genus of crabs in the family Pinnotheridae, and Tunicotheres moseri is the only species in the genus. This crab lives commensally in the atrial chamber of a small ascidian (sea squirt).[3] It is found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.[2]

Taxonomy

In Mary J. Rathbun's original description of this species, she placed it in the then broadly defined Pinnotheres.[4] It remained there for most of the 20th century until Ernesto Campos, while revising the Pinnotheridae, noted that most species with a 2-segmented palp on the third maxilliped were anomalous in Pinnotheres. This led to the segregation of multiple genera, of which Tunicotheres, defined in 1996, was one.[5]

Description

Members of this family are tiny, soft-bodied crabs commonly known as pea crabs. Males of this species have carapace widths of up to 6 mm (0.24 in) and females of up to 13 mm (0.5 in).[6]

Ecology

This crab has been found as an endosymbiont of several species of host tunicate including Styela plicata, Phallusia nigra, Molgula occidentalis and Polycarpa spongiabilis.[7] Usually, a single crab occupies the atrial chamber of a single tunicate. Questing males will seek to enter tunicates that are occupied by unberried females (those not brooding eggs), but will avoid those containing males, or females carrying eggs and developing larvae.[8] Tunicotheres moseri has a reduced developmental cycle, with the eggs and all larval stages being retained in the brood pouch of the female. The developing young finally leave the abdominal pouch and the host tunicate as first instar juveniles.[3]

The crabs are found in solitary residence in their tunicate host far more often than would be expected statistically. This seems to be due to territoriality, but does not occur because of aggression between a resident and an invading crab; the resident crab stations itself close to the atrial siphon and in most cases the intruder is deterred from attempting to enter. Additionally, the crabs seem to use an agonistic avoidance strategy and likely detect, by chemical or tactile cues, which tunicates are already occupied, moving on promptly from occupied hosts to find unoccupied ones.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Davie, Peter (2011). "Tunicotheres E. Campos, 1996". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 Davie, Peter (2010). "Tunicotheres moseri (Rathbun, 1918)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  3. 1 2 Baeza, JA; Ocampo, EH & Luppi, TA (2018). "The life cycle of symbiotic crustaceans: a primer". In Wellborn, Gary A. & Thiel, Martin (eds.). Life Histories. The Natural History of the Crustacea. Vol. 5. Oxford University Press. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-19-062027-1.
  4. ↑ Rathbun, Mary J. (1918). The grapsoid crabs of America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Vol. 97. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 94. doi:10.5479/si.03629236.97.i. BHL page 7637301.
  5. ↑ Campos, Ernesto (1996). "Partial revision of pinnotherid crab genera with a two-segmented palp on the third maxilliped (Decapoda: Brachyura)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 16 (3): 556–563. doi:10.1163/193724096X00595.
  6. ↑ Lopez Greco, L.S.; Bolanos, J.; Rodriguez, Marcelo & Hernandez, G. (2001). "Survival and molting of the pea crab larvae Tunicotheres moseri Rathbun 1918 (Brachyura, Pinnotheridae) exposed to copper". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 40 (4): 505–510. doi:10.1007/s002440010203. PMID 11525493. S2CID 23983305.
  7. 1 2 Ambrosio, Louis J.; Baeza, J. Antonio & Chen, Chaolun Allen (2016). "Territoriality and conflict avoidance explain asociality (solitariness) of the endosymbiotic pea crab Tunicotheres moseri". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0148285. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1148285A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148285. PMC 4766240. PMID 26910474.
  8. ↑ Fransen, Charles (2018). Studies on Decapoda and Copepoda in Memory of Michael Türkay. Brill. p. 68. ISBN 978-90-04-36643-5.
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