Süper Lig
Organising bodyTurkish Football Federation (TFF)
Founded21 February 1959 (1959-02-21)
CountryTurkey
ConfederationUEFA (Europe)
Number of teams20
Level on pyramid1
Relegation toTFF First League
Domestic cup(s)
International cup(s)UEFA Champions League
UEFA Europa League
UEFA Europa Conference League
Current championsGalatasaray (23rd title)
(2022–23)
Most championshipsGalatasaray (23rd title)
Most appearancesUmut Bulut (515)[1]
Top goalscorerHakan Şükür (249)[2]
TV partnersList of broadcasters
Websitetff.org
Current: 2023–24 Süper Lig

The Süper Lig (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈsypæɾ liɟ], Super League), officially known as Trendyol Süper Lig for sponsorship reasons,[3] is a Turkish professional league for association football clubs. It is the top-flight of the Turkish football league system and is run by the Turkish Football Federation. In the 2023-24 season, twenty clubs compete, where a champion is decided and three clubs are promoted from, and relegated to the 1. Lig. The season runs from August to May, with each club playing 38 matches. Matches are played Friday through Monday.

The league succeeded the Turkish Football Championship and the National Division, both being former top-level national competitions. The Süper Lig is currently 9th in the UEFA coefficient ranking of leagues based on club performances in European competitions over the last five years. A total of 75 clubs have competed in the Süper Lig, but only six have won the title to date: Galatasaray (23), Fenerbahçe (19), Beşiktaş (16), Trabzonspor (7), İstanbul Başakşehir (1) and Bursaspor (1).

History

Football in Turkey stems back to the late 19th century, when Englishmen brought the game with them while living in Salonica (then part of the Ottoman Empire).[4] The first league competition was the Istanbul Football League, which took place in the 1904–05 season. The league went through several variations until the creation of the Millî Lig (Süper Lig) in 1959. Between the creation of the Istanbul League and Millî Lig, several other regional leagues took place: Adana (1924), Ankara (1922), Eskişehir (1924), İzmir (1924), Bursa (1924), and Trabzon (1922), to name a few. The first competition to bring forth a national champion was the former Turkish Football Championship, which began in 1924 and continued until 1951.[5] The championship format was based on a knockout competition, contested between the winners of each of the country's top regional leagues.[6] The National Division (Turkish: Millî Küme) was the first national league competition in Turkey. Started in 1937, the National Division consisted of the strongest clubs from the Ankara, Istanbul, and İzmir leagues. The championship lasted until 1950.[7][8]

Fenerbahçe–Galatasaray match in the Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium

The Federation Cup was established in 1956 to decide a national champion. This champion would go on to participate in the European Cup. The competition was held for two seasons until it was replaced by the Millî Lig. Beşiktaş won both editions and qualified for the European Cup during the two-year span. However, since the TFF failed to register their name for the draw in time, Beşiktaş could not participate in the 1957–58 season after all.[9][10]

The top clubs of Ankara, Istanbul, and İzmir competed in the 1959 Turkish National League. The first season took place in the calendar year of 1959, instead of 1958-59, since the qualifying stages took place in 1958. The 16 clubs who competed in the first season were: Adalet (Istanbul), Altay (İzmir), Ankaragücü (Ankara), Ankara Demirspor (Ankara), Beşiktaş (Istanbul), Beykoz (Istanbul), Karagümrük (Istanbul), Fenerbahçe (Istanbul), Galatasaray (Istanbul), Gençlerbirliği (Ankara), Göztepe (İzmir), Hacettepe Gençlik (Ankara), İstanbulspor, İzmirspor, Karşıyaka (İzmir), and Vefa (Istanbul). The first champions were Fenerbahçe and the first "Gol Kralı" (top scorer) was Metin Oktay. No clubs were promoted or relegated at the end of the first season.[11]

The 2. Lig (Second League) was created at the start of the 1963–64 season and the Millî Lig became known as the 1.Lig (First League). Before the foundation of a second division, the bottom three clubs competed with regional league winners in a competition called the Baraj Games. The top three teams of the group were promoted to the Süper Lig. After the foundation of a new second division in 2001, known as the 1. Lig, the formerly titled 1. Lig was rebranded as Süper Lig.[12] The Süper Lig is home of the Fenerbahçe–Galatasaray derby, the most watched football game in Turkey. It is considered to be one of the best and most intense in the world, being ranked among the greatest football rivalries of all-time by various international sources.[13][14][15]

On 12 December 2023, the Turkish Football Federation suspended all league games indefinitely following an incident during a match between MKE Ankaragucu and Caykur Rizespor which involved fans being able to successfully invade the pitch and people, including recent MKE Ankaragucu president Faruk Koca, being arrested after attacking referee Halil Umut Meler.[16][17] Koca would resign from MKE Ankaragucu as well.[17] However, on 13 December, the same day Meler was discharged from the hospital it was soon agreed that Super Lig matches would resume on 19 December.[18][19]

Format

Former design of the Süper Lig Trophy, used from 2015 until 2022.

There were 18 clubs in the Süper Lig until 2020. 20 Clubs are competing in the Süper Lig starting from 2020. During the course of the season (from August to May) each club plays the others twice (a double round robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then head-to-head record, then goal difference, and then goals scored. At the end of each season, the club with the most points is crowned champion. If points are equal, the head-to-head record and then goal difference determine the winner. The three lowest placed teams are relegated to the 1. Lig and the top two teams from the 1. Lig, together with the winner of play-offs involving the third to seventh placed 1. Lig clubs are promoted in their place.[20]

  • 16 clubs: 1959
  • 20 clubs: 1959–1962
  • 22 clubs: 1962–1963
  • 18 clubs: 1963–1964
  • 16 clubs: 1964–1966
  • 17 clubs: 1966–1968
  • 16 clubs: 1968–1981
  • 17 clubs: 1981–1982
  • 18 clubs: 1982–1985
  • 19 clubs: 1985–1987
  • 20 clubs: 1987–1988
  • 19 clubs: 1988–1989
  • 18 clubs: 1989–1990
  • 16 clubs: 1990–1994
  • 18 clubs: 1994–2020
  • 21 clubs: 2020–2021
  • 20 clubs: 2021–2022
  • 19 clubs: 2022–2023
  • 20 clubs: 2023–present

Qualification for European competitions

The champions qualify for the second qualifying round of the Champions League. The runners-up, third place and the Turkish Cup winners qualify for the second qualifying round of the Europa Conference League. If the Turkish Cup winner has already qualified for European competition through their league finish, then the team that finishes fourth in the league takes their place.

UEFA ranking

As of June 7, 2023[21]

Süper Lig ranks 12th in UEFA Country Rankings 2023. The league made a big breakthrough in the early 90s and became one of the most valuable leagues in Europe. Süper Lig achieved the best ranking in its history in 2001 by rising to 7th place. In 1982, the league dropped to 28th place, achieving the worst ranking in its history.

Ranking Member association Coefficient
2022 2023 Mvmt 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 Total
1111–Serbia Serbian SuperLiga 6.000 6.000 5.500 9.500 5.375 32.375
20121 +8Turkey Turkish Süper Lig 5.500 5.000 3.100 6.700 11.800 32.100
14131 +1Switzerland Swiss Super League 3.900 6.400 5.125 7.750 8.500 31.675
Süper Lig UEFA ranking by years[22]
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
0 18 Decrease 19 Decrease 20 Rise 19 Rise 15 Decrease 18 Decrease 19 Decrease 21 0 21 Decrease 22
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
Rise 18 Decrease 19 Rise 17 Decrease 18 Decrease 19 Decrease 23 0 23 0 23 Rise 22 Decrease 23
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
Decrease 25 0 25 Decrease 28 Rise 27 Rise 26 Decrease 27 Rise 26 Rise 24 Decrease 26 Rise 24
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
0 24 Rise 23 Rise 18 Rise 13 Rise 12 Rise 10 Decrease 11 Rise 8 Decrease 14 0 14
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Rise 11 Rise 7 Decrease 8 Decrease 10 0 10 Decrease 11 Decrease 15 Rise 14 Rise 11 0 11
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
0 11 Rise 10 Decrease 11 Rise 10 Decrease 11 Decrease 12 Rise 11 Rise 10 0 10 0 10
2020 2021 2022 2023
Decrease 11 Decrease 13 Decrease 20 Rise 12

Clubs

Stadiums and locations

Team Home city Stadium Capacity
Adana Demirspor Adana New Adana Stadium 33,543
Alanyaspor Antalya (Alanya) Kırbıyık Holding Stadium 10,130
Ankaragücü Ankara Eryaman Stadium 20,560
Antalyaspor Antalya (Muratpaşa) Corendon Airlines Park 32,537
Beşiktaş Istanbul (Beşiktaş) Beşiktaş Stadium 42,590
Çaykur Rizespor Rize City of Rize Stadium 15,332
Fatih Karagümrük Istanbul (Fatih) Atatürk Olympic Stadium 74,753
Fenerbahçe Istanbul (Kadıköy) Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium 47,834
Galatasaray Istanbul (Sarıyer) Rams Park 52,280
Gaziantep Gaziantep Kalyon Stadium 33,502
Hatayspor Antakya New Hatay Stadium 25,000
İstanbul Başakşehir Istanbul (Başakşehir) Başakşehir Fatih Terim Stadium 17,156
İstanbulspor Istanbul (Büyükçekmece) Esenyurt Necmi Kadıoğlu Stadium 7,500
Kasımpaşa Istanbul (Beyoğlu) Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Stadium 14,234
Kayserispor Kayseri RHG Enertürk Enerji Stadium 32,864
Konyaspor Konya Konya Metropolitan Municipality Stadium 42,000
Pendikspor Istanbul (Pendik) Pendik Stadium[23] TBA
Samsunspor Samsun Samsun Stadium 33,919
Sivasspor Sivas New Sivas 4 Eylül Stadium 27,532
Trabzonspor Trabzon Şenol Güneş Sports Complex 40,782

Champions

Only six clubs have been champions since the introduction of the Super League: Galatasaray 23 times, Fenerbahçe 19 times, Beşiktaş 16 times (see note below), Trabzonspor 7 times, and Bursaspor and İstanbul Başakşehir once each.

Teams in bold compete in the Süper Lig as of the 2023–24 season.

Club Champ­ions[24] Runners-up Winning seasons Runners-up seasons
Galatasaray
 23 13 1961–62, 1962–63, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2022–23 1956–571, 1957–581, 1959, 1960–61, 1965–66, 1974–75, 1978–79, 1985–86, 1990–91, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2013–14, 2020–21
Fenerbahçe
 19 24 1959, 1960–61, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1977–78, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1988–89, 1995–96, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2010–11, 2013–14 1959–60, 1961–62, 1966–67, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1983–84, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1993–94, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2021–22, 2022–23
Beşiktaş 16 14 1956–571, 1957–581, 1959–60, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1981–82, 1985–86, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1994–95, 2002–03, 2008–09, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2020–21 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1967–68, 1973–74, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1992–93, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2006–07
Trabzonspor
 7 9 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1983–84, 2021–22 1977–78, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2010–11, 2019–20
İstanbul Başakşehir 1 2 2019–20 2016–17, 2018–19
Bursaspor 1 — 2009–10

1 Beşiktaş formally requested that championships won in the 1956–57 and 1957–58 editions of the Turkish Federation Cup be counted as Turkish Professional First Division championships to the Turkish Football Federation. The Cup was established in 1956 to find a national champion to represent Turkey, after UEFA decided that only national champions could participate in the European Cup.[25] Beşiktaş had therefore earned the right to represent Turkey in the European Cup in the 1957–58 and 1958–59 seasons.[26] The ruling on this matter was announced in a press release on March 25, 2002 which indicated that the championships won by Beşiktaş in the Federation Cup would be counted as national league championships.

Star rating system

The honor of Golden Stars was introduced in football to recognize sides that have won multiple championships or other honours by the display of gold stars on their team badges and jerseys. In Turkey, clubs are permitted to place a golden star above their crest for every five national championships won. As of the 2023-24 season Galatasaray are permitted four golden stars, Fenerbahçe and Beşiktaş are permitted three golden stars, and Trabzonspor are permitted one golden star to be placed above their crest on their jerseys.

League participation

As of 2024, 75 clubs have participated. Note: The tallies below include up to the 2023–24 season. Teams denoted in bold are current participants.

Player records

  • Bold denotes players still active in the league.
  • All players are Turkish unless otherwise indicated.

Turkish football clubs in UEFA competitions

European Cup / UEFA Champions League UEFA Cup / Europa League UEFA Cup Winners' Cup UEFA Super Cup UEFA Intertoto Cup
Club Semi-finalist Quarter-finalist Winner Semi-finalist Quarter-finalist Quarter-finalist Winner Winner Semi-finals Quarter-finalist
Galatasaray 1989 1963, 1970, 1994‡, 2001, 2013 2000 - - 1992 2000 - - -
Fenerbahçe - 2008 - 2013 - 1964 - - - -
Beşiktaş - 1987 - - 2003, 2017 - - - - -
Bursaspor - - - - - 1975 - - - 1995
Göztepe - - - 1969# - 1970 - - - -
Kayserispor - - - - - - - 2006 - -
Trabzonspor - - - - - - - - 1999 -
Samsunspor - - - - - - - - 1998 -
İstanbulspor - - - - - - - - 1997 -

‡ Galatasaray was one of the final eight teams of the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League group stage, however UEFA does not consider this a quarter-final participation.

# Inter–Cities Fairs Cup

Sponsorship

Period Sponsor Brand
1959–1963No sponsorMillî Lig
1963–2001Süper Lig
2001–2005Süper Lig
2005–2010TurkcellTurkcell Süper Lig[46]
2010–2017Spor TotoSpor Toto Süper Lig[47]
2017–2018No sponsorSüper Lig
2018–2019Spor TotoSpor Toto Süper Lig[48]
2019–2021No sponsorSüper Lig
2021–2023Spor TotoSpor Toto Süper Lig[48]
2023–presentTrendyolTrendyol Süper Lig[3]

Official match ball

  • 2008–2010: Nike T90 Omni
  • 2010–2011: Nike T90 Tracer
  • 2011–2012: Nike Seitiro
  • 2012–2013: Nike Maxim
  • 2013–2014: Nike Incyte
  • 2014–2015: Nike Ordem 2
  • 2015–2016: Nike Ordem 3
  • 2016–2017: Nike Ordem 4
  • 2017–2018: Nike Ordem 5
  • 2018–2020: Nike Merlin
  • 2020–2021: Adidas Uniforia
  • 2021–2022: Adidas Conext 21 Pro
  • 2022–present: Puma Orbita

See also

References and notes

  1. ↑ "Türkiye Spor Toto Süper Lig". mackolik.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  2. ↑ "Hakan Şükür". Mackolik.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Süper Lig ve 1. Lig'in İsim Sponsoru Trendyol Oldu". tff.org (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  4. ↑ "Before the national Turkish Leagues". turkish-soccer.com. Erdinç Sivritepe. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  5. ↑ "Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu Kuruluyor". tff.org (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2017. 1936'ya kadar süren bu dönemde ilk Türkiye Şampiyonası Ankara'da yapılmış ve şampiyon Harbiye olmuştur.
  6. ↑ "Türkiye Futbol Birinciliği". Erdinç Sivritepe. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  7. ↑ "Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu Kuruluyor". tff.org (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2017. ...ilk deplasmanlı lig kapsamındaki Milli Küme maçları da yine bu dönemde tertip edilmiştir.
  8. ↑ "Milli Küme". Erdinç Sivritepe. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  9. ↑ Sivritepe, Erdinç Federation Cup 56/57 Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine turkish-soccer.com, accessed 22 July 2010
  10. ↑ Sivritepe, Erdinç Federation Cup 57/58 Archived 2017-04-08 at the Wayback Machine turkish-soccer.com, accessed 22 July 2010
  11. ↑ Sivritepe, Erdinç 1959 Milli Lig Archived 2019-04-21 at the Wayback Machine turkish-soccer.com, accessed 22 July 2010
  12. ↑ Sivritepe, Erdinç 1963-1964 1. Lig Archived 2019-04-11 at the Wayback Machine turkish-soccer.com, accessed 22 July 2010
  13. ↑ "FourFourTwo's 50 Biggest Derbies in the World, No. 6: Fenerbahce vs Galatasaray". fourfourtwo.com. FourFourTwo. 29 April 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  14. ↑ "The 50 greatest derbies in football throughout the world". givemesport.com. 14 April 2020. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  15. ↑ "History of the Istanbul Derby - Fenerbahce vs Galatasaray". sportskeeda.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  16. ↑ "Turkish football club president arrested for punching referee on the field". Al Jazeera. 12 December 2023.
  17. 1 2 Fraser, Suzan (12 December 2023). "Turkish club president arrested and league games suspended after referee is punched at match". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  18. ↑ "Turkish referee Halil Umut Meler leaves hospital after attack from Ankaragucu president Faruk Koca | Super Lig matches to resume on Tuesday". Sky Sports. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  19. ↑ Mintah, Yaw Loic (13 December 2023). "Turkey referee punch: League to resume on December 19 after official leaves hospital". Citi Sports Online. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
  20. ↑ Official TFF competition rules Archived 2010-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ "UEFA Country Ranking 2023". kassiesa.net. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  22. ↑ "UEFA Country Ranking 2023". kassiesa.net. Archived from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  23. ↑ @PendiksporK (19 July 2023). "Önemli Duyuru" (Tweet) (in Turkish) – via Twitter.
  24. ↑ "Süper Lig Şampiyonu Takımlar". www.tff.org (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  25. ↑ "Turkey – List of Champions". RSSSF. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  26. ↑ "Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu Ana Sayfa TFF". www.tff.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  27. ↑ Dissolved in 2020.
  28. ↑ Played as İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor before 2014-15 season.
  29. ↑ Later renamed as Mersin Talim Yurdu. Dissolved in 2019.
  30. ↑ Later renamed as Fenerspor. Dissolved in 2012. - Zonguldakspor Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ↑ Played as Kayserispor before 2005-06 season. Dissolved in 2018.
  32. ↑ Later renamed as Türk Telekom. Dissolved in 2011.
  33. ↑ Later renamed as Turanspor. Dissolved in 2017.
  34. ↑ Ankara Keçiörengüçü since 1988.
  35. ↑ Played as Akhisar Belediyespor before 2017-18 season.
  36. ↑ Later renamed as İl Özel İdaresi Vanspor. Dissolved in 2014.
  37. ↑ Dissolved in 2015.
  38. ↑ Later renamed as Yozgatspor Ticaret. Dissolved in 2015.
  39. ↑ Alibeyköyspor since 1971.
  40. ↑ Dissolved in 2018.
  41. ↑ Erzurumspor FK since 2022.
  42. ↑ Later renamed as Buca Geliştirmespor. Dissolved in 2020.
  43. ↑ Dissolved in 2010. (TFF Archived 2018-04-07 at the Wayback Machine)
  44. ↑ Later renamed as Siirt Yeni Köy Hizmetleri. Dissolved in 2020. Siirtspor Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
  45. 1 2 "Türkiye Spor Toto Süper Lig". mackolik.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  46. ↑ "Süper Lig, 50 milyon dolara 'Turkcell'in". hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Hürriyet. 12 August 2005. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  47. ↑ "Spor Toto ile Süper Lig isim sponsorluğu anlaşması imzalandı". tff.org (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. 12 August 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  48. 1 2 "Süper Lig Tarihçe". tff.org (in Turkish). Turkish Football Federation. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
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