A tyre pressure gauge displaying bar (outside) and pounds per square inch (inside)

Cold inflation pressure is the inflation pressure of tires before a car is driven and the tires (tyres) warmed up. Recommended cold inflation pressure is displayed on the owner's manual and on the placard (or sticker) attached to the vehicle door edge, pillar, glovebox door or fuel filler flap. Most passenger cars are recommended to have a tire pressure of 2.1 to 2.4 bars (210 to 240 kPa; 30 to 35 psi) when not warmed by driving.[1] A 2001 NHTSA study found that 40% of passenger cars have at least one tire under-inflated by 0.4 bars (6 psi) or more.[2] Drivers are encouraged to make sure their tires are adequately inflated, as under inflated tires can greatly reduce fuel economy, increase emissions, cause increased wear on the edges of the tread surface, and can lead to overheating and premature failure of the tire. Excessive pressure, on the other hand, will lead to impact-breaks, decreased braking performance, and cause increased wear on the center part of the tread surface.

Tire pressure is commonly measured in psi in the imperial and US customary systems, bar, which is deprecated but accepted for use with SI or the kilopascal (kPa), which is an SI unit.

Ambient temperature affects the cold tire pressure. Cold tire absolute pressure (gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure) varies directly with the absolute temperature, measured in kelvin.

From physics, the ideal gas law states that PV = nRT, where P is absolute pressure, T is absolute temperature, V is the volume, and nR is constant for a given number of molecules of gas. If the volume of the tire remains constant, a 1% increase in absolute temperature results in a 1% increase in absolute pressure.

As an example, a tire is inflated to 2.2 bar (220 kPa; 32 psi) at an ambient temperature of 300 K (27 °C; 80 °F). If the absolute temperature of the air in the tire increases by 1% to 303 K (30 °C; 86 °F), the absolute pressure also increases by 1%. The absolute pressure is the sum of the ambient atmospheric pressure (approximately 1.01 bars [101 kPa; 14.7 psi] at sea level) and the gauge pressure, giving a total of 3.21 bar (321 kPa; 46.6 psi). This 3 K (3.0 °C; 5.4 °F) increase results in a change of .0321 bar (3.21 kPa; 0.466 psi). However, a similar tire inflated at an ambient temperature of 250 K (−23 °C; −10 °F) only needs to be warmed up by 2.5 K (2.5 °C; 4.5 °F) to see the same 1% increase in pressure.

Due to the temperature-dependent pressure changes, seasonal temperature fluctuations can result in appreciable changes in tire pressure.[1]

Variation of tire pressure with temperature in Fahrenheit and Celsius

(Assuming standard sea-level atmospheric pressure of 14.696 pounds per square inch or 101.33 kilopascals)[3]

Pressure at
20 °C (68 °F)		 10 psi 20 psi 30 psi 40 psi 50 psi 60 psi 70 psi 80 psi 90 psi 100 psi  
104 °F 11.7 psi 22.4 psi 33.1 psi 43.7 psi 54.4 psi 65.1 psi 75.8 psi 86.5 psi 97.1 psi 107.8 psi 40 °C
86 °F 10.8 psi 21.2 psi 31.5 psi 41.9 psi 52.2 psi 62.5 psi 72.9 psi 83.2 psi 93.6 psi 103.9 psi 30 °C
68 °F 10.0 psi 20.0 psi 30.0 psi 40.0 psi 50.0 psi 60.0 psi 70.0 psi 80.0 psi 90.0 psi 100.0 psi 20 °C
50 °F 9.2 psi 18.8 psi 28.5 psi 38.1 psi 47.8 psi 57.5 psi 67.1 psi 76.8 psi 86.4 psi 96.1 psi 10 °C
32 °F 8.3 psi 17.6 psi 26.9 psi 36.3 psi 45.6 psi 54.9 psi 64.2 psi 73.5 psi 82.9 psi 92.2 psi 0 °C
14 °F 7.5 psi 16.4 psi 25.4 psi 34.4 psi 43.4 psi 52.4 psi 61.3 psi 70.3 psi 79.3 psi 88.3 psi −10 °C
−4 °F 6.6 psi 15.3 psi 23.9 psi 32.5 psi 41.2 psi 49.8 psi 58.4 psi 67.1 psi 75.7 psi 84.3 psi −20°C
−22°F 5.8 psi 14.1 psi 22.4 psi 30.7 psi 39.0 psi 47.3 psi 55.5 psi 63.8 psi 72.1 psi 80.4 psi −30 °C
−40 °F 4.9 psi 12.9 psi 20.8 psi 28.8 psi 36.8 psi 44.7 psi 52.7 psi 60.6 psi 68.6 psi 76.5 psi −40 °C
Pressure at
20 °C (68 °F)		 69 kPa 138 kPa 207 kPa 276 kPa 345 kPa 414 kPa 483 kPa 551 kPa 620 kPa 689 kPa  
104°F 81 kPa 154 kPa 228 kPa 301 kPa 375 kPa 449 kPa 522 kPa 596 kPa 670 kPa 743 kPa 40 °C
86 °F 75 kPa 146 kPa 217 kPa 289 kPa 360 kPa 431 kPa 502 kPa 574 kPa 645 kPa 716 kPa 30 °C
68 °F 69 kPa 138 kPa 207 kPa 276 kPa 345 kPa 414 kPa 483 kPa 551 kPa 620 kPa 689 kPa 20°C
50 °F 63 kPa 130 kPa 196 kPa 263 kPa 329 kPa 396 kPa 463 kPa 529 kPa 596 kPa 662 kPa 10 °C
32 °F 57 kPa 122 kPa 186 kPa 250 kPa 314 kPa 378 kPa 443 kPa 507 kPa 571 kPa 635 kPa 0 °C
14 °F 52 kPa 113 kPa 175 kPa 237 kPa 299 kPa 361 kPa 423 kPa 485 kPa 546 kPa 608 kPa −10 °C
−4 °F 46 kPa 105 kPa 165 kPa 224 kPa 284 kPa 343 kPa 403 kPa 462 kPa 522 kPa 581 kPa −20 °C
−22 °F 40 kPa 97 kPa 154 kPa 211 kPa 269 kPa 326 kPa 383 kPa 440 kPa 497 kPa 554 kPa −30 °C
−40 °F 34 kPa 89 kPa 144 kPa 199 kPa 253 kPa 308 kPa 363 kPa 418 kPa 473 kPa 527 kPa −40 °C

See also

Tyre pressure measuring instrument

References

  1. 1 2 Bruzek, Joe (May 15, 2018). "How Do I Find the Correct Tire Pressure for My Car?". NEWS. Cars.com. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  2. ↑ "National Automotive Sampling System Tire Pressure Special Study" (PDF). NHTSA. July 26, 2001.
  3. ↑ "Tire Pressure Math". mathscinotes.com. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
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