This is a list of U.S. Marine Hospitals and Public Health Service Hospitals that operated during the system's existence from 1798 to 1981. The primary beneficiary of the hospitals were civilian mariners known as the Merchant Marine, although they had other beneficiaries at various times; the system was unrelated to the U.S. Marine Corps.

The Marine Hospital Fund was founded in 1798; it was reorganized into the Marine Hospital Service in 1871 and renamed the U.S. Public Health Service in 1912. The hospital system became part of the Public Health Service's Bureau of Medical Services when it was created in 1943. The number of major hospitals peaked at thirty in 1943, and declined to nine in 1970. The system was abolished in 1981. Many of the hospitals were transferred to other organizations and are still in use as a variety of purposes, including as hospitals, offices, apartments, and historical sites.

History

A map of the United States with locations marked
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
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Locations of Marine Hospitals opened prior to 1872. The hospitals still operating in 1872 are marked in blue.[1]
A map of the United States with locations marked
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
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List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
List of U.S. Marine Hospitals
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Locations of major PHS hospitals in 1936. The cities that retained PHS hospitals after 1953 are marked in yellow, and those that retained them after 1970 are marked in blue.[2][3][4]

The Marine Hospital Fund was founded in 1798. Although the system was funded and largely operated by the federal government, they were locally managed with little centralized oversight, and with many positions filled through political patronage. In 1871, it was reorganized into a centralized administration, the Marine Hospital Service, led by the Surgeon General and staffed by a Commissioned Corps of officers.[5]

As of 1873, 31 Marine Hospitals had been built by the government, of which 10 remained in operation: Chelsea, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Louisville, Mobile, Pittsburgh, Portland, St. Louis, and Key West. Of the rest, fourteen were sold, one was transferred to the War Department, one abandoned, one burned, one destroyed by a flood, one by a hurricane, one was damaged by an earthquake and abandoned; one remained unfinished due to its completion being impracticable.[6]

Over the late nineteenth century, the Marine Hospital Service was given authority over domestic and foreign quarantine functions, and expanded into other public health activities. In 1899 it formed internal divisions for the first time, with the Division of Hospitals administering the hospital system. The Marine Hospital Service changed its name to the Public Health Service (PHS) in 1912.[7]

At the end of World War I, PHS instituted a numbering system for hospitals, with numbers 1–23 assigned alphabetically to major Marine Hospitals that were operating or recently closed, with higher numbers going to a large number of new Public Health Service Hospitals at facilities transferred from the U.S. Army.[8] Many of these new hospitals were transferred in 1922[7] to the newly created Veterans Bureau, which assumed responsibility for veterans' health benefits from the PHS.[9][10]

Beginning in the late 1920s and continuing through the New Deal era, a significant building campaign upgraded several hospitals into large, monumental buildings, in contrast with the smaller buildings common for the 19th-century buildings.[10] By 1936, hospitals were divided into first-class Marine Hospitals, plus second- through fourth-class hospitals.[2]

In 1943, PHS collected its divisions into three operating agencies, and the Division of Hospitals became part of the Bureau of Medical Services.[7][11] That year, the hospital system had reached its peak of 30 hospitals.[12] In 1951, all hospitals were redesignated Public Health Service Hospitals.[3] As of 1957, the Division of Hospitals operated 13 hospitals, 24 outpatient clinics, plus two neuropsychiatric hospitals and the National Leprosarium, and contracted with 155 other locations.[13] In 1965, there were 12 general hospitals and the 3 special hospitals.[12][14]

During the PHS reorganizations of 1966–1973, The Bureau of Medical Services was broken up, and the Division of Hospitals became the Federal Health Programs Service, and then in 1973 became a different Bureau of Medical Services within the Health Services Administration.[7][15]

The system came under pressure for closure starting in the late 1970s, as healthcare needs for sailors were dwindling, and healthcare for veterans was being taken over by the Veterans Administration.[10] The PHS hospital system was finally abolished during the Reagan administration in 1981, with the last eight general hospitals transferred to other organizations.[3][16] The federal government would however continue to operate the National Leprosarium until 1999.[17]

List

The start year indicates when the hospital opened or was acquired by MHS/PHS. The end year indicates when the hospital was closed, converted to a clinic, or transferred to another organization. This list emphasizes hospitals considered major at some point in the system's history; there were also very many hospitals of lower statuses.[2][7][8]

Photo Location Start End Status Notes Refs

East Coast

Portland, Maine 1859 1952 Extant In use as private medical facility; see United States Marine Hospital (Portland, Maine) [1][3][8][18][19]
Boston, Massachusetts/
Chelsea, Massachusetts		 1800 1804 The first Marine Hospital established; temporary location in rebuilt barracks at Castle Island [4][8][18][20][21][22]
1804 1825 Demolished At Charlestown Navy Yard; transferred to the Navy and demolished
1825 1827 Temporary rented facility in Charlestown
1827 1857 Destroyed In Chelsea; after being sold, it was used as the Hawthorne School and then burned in the 1908 Chelsea fire.
1857 1940 Extant Built near Chelsea Naval Hospital; in use as apartments
1940 1981 Extant In Brighton; in use as private hospital facility
Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts 1879 1952 Extant In use as Martha's Vineyard Museum [3][8][18][23]
Newport, Rhode Island ca. 1802 May have been temporary [1][5]
Stapleton, Staten Island, New York 1831 1981 Extant Notable for the 1858 Staten Island Quarantine War at a satellite location, and being the birthplace of the National Institutes of Health in 1887 [4][8][24][25]
1930s 1981 Extant In use as Bayley Seton Hospital
Neponsit, Queens, New York 1945 1950 Extant Neponsit Beach Hospital; leased from City of New York and replaced by Manhattan Beach hospital [3]
Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn, New York 1950 1960 [3][26]
Ellis Island, New York 1902 1951 Extant See Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital [3][18]
Cape Henlopen, Delaware 1894 1903 [18]
Baltimore, Maryland 1887 1981 Extant [4][8][27]
1934 1981 Extant Became a private hospital, now in use as an academic building for Johns Hopkins University
Washington, D.C. 1940 1961–
1967		 Extant Freedmen's Hospital; previously operated by Department of the Interior; became Howard University Hospital [7][28][29]
Washington, D.C. 1940 1968 Extant See St. Elizabeths Hospital. Opened 1855 and was operated by the U.S. Army and then the Department of the Interior, transferred to PHS in 1940, and then to the National Institute of Mental Health in 1968; the eastern half of the campus is now operated by the District of Columbia, while the western half is now the headquarters of the Department of Homeland Security [7][30]
Norfolk, Virginia 1800 1860s Demolished Built in 1787 by the State of Virginia, transferred to the federal government in 1800, sold off shortly after the Civil War, demolished in 1933 [4][8][18][31][32]
1922 1981 Extant In use as U.S. Navy Lafeyette River Annex
Portsmouth, North Carolina 1847 Abandoned before 1869 [1][18][33]
Wilmington, North Carolina 1881 1898 Constructed in 1860 but taken over by the Confederacy, and later became first site of Wilmington City Hospital; repurchased and used as Marine Hospital [1][7][8][18][34][35]
1898 1918 Converted to PHS laboratory
Charleston, South Carolina 1833 Extant NRHP-listed. See United States Marine Hospital (Charleston, South Carolina) [7][18][36]
Savannah, Georgia 1906 1969 Extant In use as Bradley Hall of Savannah College of Art and Design [3][8]
San Juan, Puerto Rico 1952 [3]

Gulf Coast

Key West, Florida 1845 1943 Extant [1][3][8][18][37]
St. Marks, Florida 1859 ca. 1861 Demolished Museum currently exists on its site at San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park [1][18]
Pensacola, Florida First planned in 1840s and 1850s but never built [1][7][18]
Mobile, Alabama 1843 1952 Extant Became Class II hospital after Civil War; NRHP-listed. See United States Marine Hospital (Mobile, Alabama) [1][3][8][18]
New Orleans, Louisiana 1847 1858 Destroyed Abandoned after floods; destroyed in 1861 explosion [1][8][10][4][18][19][38]
N/A N/A Demolished Building partially constructed but never used as Marine Hospital; later used as insane asylum; hospital operated out of several temporary locations
1883 1933 Demolished Demolished and replaced with current building on same site
1933 1981 Extant
Galveston, Texas/
Nassau Bay, Texas		 1931 [4][39][40][41]
1970s 1981 Extant Nassau Bay hospital opened in 1972 as a private hospital, but went bankrupt a few years later and was taken over by PHS, replacing the Galveston hospital; became Houston Methodist Clear Lake Hospital
Fort Worth, Texas 1938 1967 Extant Narcotics hospital; now Federal Medical Center, Fort Worth [3]

Mississippi River

Carville, Louisiana 1921 1999 Extant National Leprosarium; became NRHP-listed Carville Historic District [3][17]
Natchez, Mississippi 1852 1867 Destroyed Leased out after Civil War; became Natchez City Hospital; burned down in 1984 [1][5][18]
Vicksburg, Mississippi 1856 1870 Demolished [1][5][18]
Napoleon, Arkansas 1855 ca. 1861 Destroyed Destroyed by flood in 1868. See Napoleon Marine Hospital [1][5][18]
Memphis, Tennessee 1884 1965 Extant NRHP-listed; now Metal Museum [3][8][18][19][42][43]
1937 1965 Extant
St. Louis, Missouri/
Kirkwood, Missouri		 1858 1939 Demolished Larger building constructed adjacent in 1882; demolished in 1959 [1][3][5][7][8][18][19][44][45]
1939 1952 Demolished
Cairo, Illinois 1886 1919 Demolished [8][18]
Galena, Illinois 1861 1868 Extant Later used as school and private residence [1][5][18]
Burlington, Iowa 1858 1865 Demolished [1][18]

Ohio River

Paducah, Kentucky 1852 1861 Destroyed During the Civil War, Fort Anderson was constructed around the hospital building, which burned in 1862 [1][5][18]
Evansville, Indiana 1856 1867 Demolished Demolished around 1912 [1][3][8][18]
1892 1947 Demolished Demolished early 1980s
Louisville, Kentucky 1852 1946 Extant NRHP-listed. See United States Marine Hospital (Louisville, Kentucky) [1][3][8][18]
1933 1946 Extant
Cincinnati, Ohio 1860 1860 Demolished Became a military hospital upon completion and was never used as a Marine Hospital, later used by Good Samaritan Hospital; demolished ca. 1970. See United States Marine Hospital (Cincinnati) [1][7][18][19][46][47][48][49]
1882 1905 Demolished Located in former Kilgour Mansion, built around 1815; in 1912 it was reopened as PHS Stream Pollution Investigations Station. See United States Marine Hospital (Cincinnati)
Lexington, Kentucky 1935 1967 Extant Narcotics hospital; now Federal Medical Center, Lexington [3]
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1851 1875 Demolished Demolished in late 1880s [1][3][8][50][51]
1909 1949 Extant Converted to clinic, now occupied by Allegheny County Health Department's Frank B. Clack Health Center; part of NRHP-listed Lawrenceville Historic District. See United States Marine Hospital (Pittsburgh)

Great Lakes

Burlington, Vermont 1858 1866 Destroyed Never used due to lack of patients; became Home for Destitute Children; burned down in 1893 [1][18]
Buffalo, New York 1909 1949 Extant [3][8]
Cleveland, Ohio 1852 1929 Demolished Sold to Pennsylvania Railroad in 1929 and demolished [1][3][8][18][52][53]
1929 1953
Detroit, Michigan 1857 1930 Demolished Main building demolished in 1962; 1933 building on site NRHP-listed as U.S. Immigration Station Detroit [1][3][8][18][54][55]
1930 1969 Demolished Demolished in 1984
Chicago, Illinois 1852 1864 Destroyed At Fort Dearborn; sold; burned down in 1871 Great Chicago Fire [1][3][8][18][19][56]
1873 1965 Demolished Demolished for Disney Magnet School

Western U.S.

Port Townsend/Port Angeles, Washington
 1855 1858 Privately built and operated [1][3][18][19][8][57][58][59]
1858 1893 Destroyed Originally privately built and operated under contract; purchased by government in 1883; burned down
1862 1866 Destroyed Relocated to Port Angeles; destroyed by flood and restored to Port Townsend
1896 1933 Demolished Demolished in 1971
Seattle, Washington 1933 1981 Extant Replaced Port Townsend hospital; transferred to City of Seattle and became Pacific Tower [3][4][60][61][62]
San Francisco, California 1854 1868 Demolished At Rincon Point; damaged by the 1868 Hayward earthquake and temporarily abandoned; later used as Sailor's Home and demolished in 1920s [1][4][8][18][63][64]
1875 1932 On the Presidio of San Francisco
1932 1981 Extant On the Presidio of San Francisco; reopened as apartments in 2010. See Public Health Service Hospital (San Francisco)
Fort Stanton, New Mexico 1898 1953 Extant Tuberculosis sanatorium; created from former Fort Stanton; NRHP-listed [3][18]
Lahaina, Hawaii 1844 1862 Destroyed See United States Marine Hospital (Lahaina, Hawaii) [18][65]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Annual report of the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine Hospital Service of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1872. pp. 7–21.
  2. 1 2 3 Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service of the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1936. pp. 114ff.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 "United States. Public Health Service. Division of Hospitals". SNAC. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bureau of Medical Services. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1980. [[[File:Bureau of Medical Services (IA bureauofmedicals00unit).pdf]] Archived] from the original on 2020-06-29. {{cite book}}: Check |archive-url= value (help)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jensen, J. (1997-11-01). "Before the Surgeon General: marine hospitals in mid-19th-century America". Public Health Reports. 112 (6): 525–527. ISSN 0033-3549. PMC 1381932. PMID 10822481.
  6. ↑ Annual Report of the Supervising Surgeon General of the Marine Hospital Service of the United States. U.S. Marine Hospital Service. 1873. p. 18.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Records of the Public Health Service [PHS], 1912-1968". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service of the United States. U.S. Public Health Service. 1921. pp. 274, 294ff.
  9. ↑ "VA History". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. 2018-08-06. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Burke, Eleanor S. (2015-05-22). "Designation Report: 210 State Street" (PDF). City of New Orleans. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  11. ↑ "Reorganization and functions of the Public Health Service". United States Senate. 1943. pp. 4–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2020-09-15 – via Internet Archive.
  12. 1 2 Public Health Service Hospital Closings. U.S. House of Representatives. 1965. p. 3.
  13. ↑ Executive Reference Book (Public Health Service Portion). U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1957. pp. 4–19.
  14. ↑ Handbook on programs of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1965.
  15. ↑ "Records of the Health Resources and Services Administration [HRSA]". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Section 512.2. Retrieved 2020-08-29.
  16. ↑ Driscoll, Robert S. (1986-02-01). "What Happened to the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital?". Military Medicine. 151 (2): 128–129. doi:10.1093/milmed/151.2.128. ISSN 0026-4075. PMID 3083292.
  17. 1 2 "History of the National Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Program". HHS-Health Resources and Services Administration. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Brooks, Carolyn (1994-03-15). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: United States Marine Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky". pp. 24–36. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Annual report of the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service of the United States for the fiscal year 1897. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1899. pp. 299–329.
  20. ↑ "About". Brighton Marine. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  21. ↑ Morgan, Keith N. (2018-07-17). "Chelsea Marine Hospital". SAH ARCHIPEDIA. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  22. ↑ "The United States Marine Hospital, port of Boston: an account of its origin and briefly of its history and of the physicians who have been in charge". U.S. National Library of Medicine. 1940. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  23. ↑ "MV Museum Quarterly: Special Marine Hospital Issue" (PDF). Martha's Vineyard Museum. February 2019. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  24. ↑ Top 100 Historical Events in Staten Island, Richmond County, NY, from the Staten Island Advance.
  25. ↑ "Clifton Hospital's Former Staff Holds Dinner for 10th Reunion Recalling Times at Public Health". Staten Island Advance. October 20, 1991.
  26. ↑ "MOEN v. ENDRESEN, (S.D.N.Y. 1952)". www.casemine.com. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  27. ↑ Gunts, Ed (2019-01-11). "Former Baltimore Marine Hospital, once targeted for demolition, will now be renovated by Hopkins". Baltimore Fishbowl. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  28. ↑ Transfer of Freedmen's Hospital: Hearing, Eighty-fifth Congress, Second Session, on S. 3626, August 7, 1958. U.S. Senate. 1958. p. 57.
  29. ↑ Annual Report of the Federal Security Agency for the Fiscal Year. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1947. p. 346.
  30. ↑ Otto, Thomas J. (2013-05-01). "St. Elizabeths Hospital: A History" (PDF). U.S. General Services Administration. pp. 269, 306. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  31. ↑ McPhillips, Peggy Haile. "United States Marine Hospital". Norfolk Public Library. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  32. ↑ Cook, Darrell E. (2017-08-01). "The demolition of Lafayette Rive Annex Building C". Atlantic Observer. Retrieved 2021-03-10.
  33. ↑ "Portsmouth Marine Hospital - Cape Lookout National Seashore". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
  34. ↑ Steelman, Ben (2010-08-30). "What was the history of the Wilmington City Hospital?". Wilmington Star News. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
  35. ↑ "Marine Hospital has been converted into laboratory". The Wilmington Morning Star. 1918-11-14. p. 5. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  36. ↑ Tray Stephenson and Bernard Kearse (April 25, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Old Marine Hospital" (pdf). National Park Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) and Accompanying two photos, exterior, from 1973 (32 KB)
  37. ↑ "Marine Hospital – Historic Walking Tour". Fun in Key West. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  38. ↑ "New Orleans Marine Hospital 1867 was Rammed Earth". Earth Architecture. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  39. ↑ "Images From the History of the Public Health Service: Disease Control and Prevention, Health Care for Seamen". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  40. ↑ Public Health Service Hospital Closings. U.S. House of Representatives. 1972. pp. 4, 10.
  41. ↑ "St. John Hospital now part of Houston Methodist". Bay Area Houston Magazine. 2014-03-01. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  42. ↑ Abandoned Southeast (2016-05-16). "U.S. Marine Hospital". Abandoned Southeast. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  43. ↑ MHI2016 (2018-04-04). "U.S. Marine Hospital Executive Building and Laundry-Kitchen (listed in 1980)". Memphis Heritage. Retrieved 2021-05-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ Nicklemen (2014-12-05). "Marine Villa's Lost Marine Hospital". St. Louis History Blog. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  45. ↑ Naffziger, Chris (2019-04-01). "Old Marine Hospital". St. Louis Patina. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  46. ↑ Furman, Bess (1973). A Profile of the United States Public Health Service, 1798–1948. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. pp. 295–298.
  47. ↑ Rogers, Gregory Parker (2010-09-24). Cincinnati's Hyde Park: A Queen City Gem. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 59–61. ISBN 978-1-61423-166-0.
  48. ↑ Rogers, Jerry R.; Symons, James M.; Sorg, Thomas J. (2013-05-28). "The History of Environmental Research in Cincinnati, Ohio: From the U.S. Public Health Service to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency". World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. American Society of Civil Engineers: 33–37. doi:10.1061/9780784412947.004. ISBN 978-0-7844-1294-7.
  49. ↑ "Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990-04-01. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  50. ↑ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Lawrenceville Historic District" (PDF). City of Pittsburgh. National Park Service. p. 37. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  51. ↑ Caruso, Stephen (2018-03-19). "A clash over how Allegheny County should spend millions collected from the region's polluters". PublicSource | News for a better Pittsburgh. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
  52. ↑ "Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: U.S. Marine Hospital". Case Western Reserve University. 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
  53. ↑ "History of the Structures and Grounds at Fairhill Partners" (PDF). Fairhill Partners. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  54. ↑ Austin, Dan. "Marine Hospital". Historic Detroit. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
  55. ↑ "Detroit Station". U.S. Customs and Border Patrol. 2012-10-03. Archived from the original on 2014-04-23. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
  56. ↑ Miles, W. D. (1970-06-01). "Clinical instruction in marine hospitals in the 19th century". Public Health Reports. 85 (6): 471–477. doi:10.2307/4593883. ISSN 0094-6214. JSTOR 4593883. PMC 2031725. PMID 4987766.
  57. ↑ "U.S. Marine Hospital - Port Townsend". Washington Rural Heritage. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  58. ↑ Reed, Meribeth Meixner (April 2005). "Describing the Life Cycle of U.S. Marine Hospital #17, Port Townsend, Washington, 1855–1933". Military Medicine. 170 (4): 259–267. doi:10.7205/MILMED.170.4.259. ISSN 0026-4075. PMID 15916290.
  59. ↑ Becker, Paula (2007-07-24). "Federal Maritime Quarantine Station for Puget Sound opens at Diamond Point in November 1893". HistoryLink. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
  60. ↑ Gordon, Karen (August 18, 1989). "Report on Designation" (PDF). the City of Seattle Landmarks and Preservation Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 24, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  61. ↑ Kolerich, Kristina (November 25, 2001). "Preserving the past: The PacMed Building is a structure that time won't forget". Puget Sound Business Journal. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  62. ↑ "History". Pacific Hospital Preservation & Development Authority. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  63. ↑ Presidio of San Francisco - Public Health Service Hospital (U.S. National Park Service)(archived version at the Wayback Machine, 2007)
  64. ↑ King, John (July 6, 2010). "S.F. hospital gets proper treatment in makeover". San Francisco Chronicle.
  65. ↑ "HABS HI,5-LAHA,10- (sheet 1 of 5) - U. S. Marine Hospital, 1038 Front Street, Lahaina, Maui County, HI". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
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