Uman
Умань | |
|---|---|
    _P1260332.jpg.webp) | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Uman Location of Uman  Uman Uman (Ukraine) | |
| Coordinates: 48°45′0″N 30°13′0″E / 48.75000°N 30.21667°E | |
| Country |  Ukraine |
| Oblast | Cherkasy Oblast |
| Raion | Uman Raion |
| Hromada | Uman urban hromada |
| Founded | 1616 |
| Magdeburg rights | 1760 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Iryna Pletnyova |
| Area | |
| • Total | 41 km2 (16 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 166 m (545 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
| • Total | 81,525 |
| • Density | 2,000/km2 (5,100/sq mi) |
| [1] | |
| Postal code | 20300 |
| Area code | +380 4744 |
| Website | https://uman-rada.gov.ua/ |
Uman (Ukrainian: Умань, IPA: [ˈumɐnʲ]) is a city in Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine. It is located to the east of Vinnytsia. Located in the east of the historical region of Podolia, the city rests on the banks of the Umanka River. Uman serves as the administrative center of Uman Raion (district). It hosts the administration of Uman urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[2] Population: 81,525 (2022 estimate).[1]
Among Ukrainians, Uman is known for its depiction of the Haidamak rebellions in Taras Shevchenko's longest of poems, Haidamaky ("The Haidamaks", 1843).[3] The city is also a pilgrimage site for Breslov Hasidic Jews and a major center of gardening research containing the dendrological park Sofiyivka and the University of Gardening.
Uman (Humań) was a privately owned city of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Name
In addition to the Ukrainian Умань (Uman), in other languages the name of the city is Polish: Humań and Yiddish: אומאַן.
History
Polish rule
Uman was first mentioned in historical documents in 1616, when it was under Polish rule.[4] It was part of the Bracław Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province. Its role at this time was as a defensive fort to withstand Tatar raids, containing a prominent Cossack regiment that was stationed within the town. In 1648 it was taken from the Poles by Ivan Hanzha, colonel to Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky, and Uman was converted to the administrative center of cossack regiment for the region.[4]
Poland retook Uman in 1667, after which the town was deserted by many of its residents who fled eastward to Left-bank Ukraine.[4] From 1670–1674, Uman was a residence to the Hetman of right-bank Ukraine.. It was part of Ottoman Empire between 1672 and 1699.
Under the ownership of the Potocki family of Polish nobles (1726–1832) Uman grew in economic and cultural importance. A Basilian monastery and school were established in this time.[4]
The Uman region was site of haidamaky uprisings in 1734, 1750, and 1768.[4] Notably during the latter, Cossack rebels Maksym Zalizniak and Ivan Gonta captured Uman during the Koliyivshchyna uprising against Polish rule. During this revolt, a massacre took place against Jews, Poles and Ukrainian Uniates.[4] On the very first day large numbers of Ukrainians deserted the ranks of Polish forces and joined the rebels when the city was surrounded. Thousands from the surrounding areas fled to the Cossack garrison in Uman for protection. The military commander of Uman, Mladanovich, betrayed the city's Jews and allowed the pursuing Cossacks in, in exchange for clemency towards the Polish population. In the span of three days an estimated 20,000 Poles and Jews were slain with extreme cruelty, according to numerous Polish sources, with one source[5] giving an estimate of 2,000 casualties.
The Polish 8th National Cavalry Brigade was garrisoned in the city in 1790.[6]
Russian and Soviet rule
With the 1793 Second Partition of Poland, Uman became part of the Russian Empire and a number of aristocratic residences were built there. In 1795, Uman became a povit/uezd center in Voznesensk Governorate, and in 1797, in Kyiv Governorate.[4]
Into the 20th century, Uman was linked by rail to Kyiv and Odesa, leading to rapid development of its industrial sector.[4] Its population grew from 10,100 in 1860 to 29,900 in 1900 and over 50,000 in 1914.[4] According to the Russian census of 1897, Uman with a population of 31,016 was the second largest city of Podolia after Kamianets-Podilskyi.
In 1941, the Battle of Uman took place in the vicinity of the town, where the German army encircled Soviet positions. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini visited Uman in 1941. Uman was occupied by German forces from August 1, 1941, to March 10, 1944. The Germans operated the AGSSt 16 assembly center for prisoners of war in 1941, and the Stalag 349 POW camp from September 1941 to October 1943.[7]
Independent Ukraine
As of 2011, the city has optical and farm-machinery plants, a cannery, a brewery, a vitamin factory, a sewing factory, a footwear factory, and other industrial enterprises. The main architectural monuments are the catacombs of the old fortress, the Basilian monastery (1764), the city hall (1780–1782), the Dormition Roman Catholic church in the Classicist style (1826), and 19th-century trading stalls.[4]
Uman's landmark is a famous park complex, Sofiyivka (Ukrainian: Софiївка; Polish: Zofiówka), founded in 1796 by Count Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, a Polish noble, who named it for his wife Sofia. The park features a number of waterfalls and narrow, arching stone bridges crossing the streams and scenic ravines.
Until 18 July 2020, Uman was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Uman Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Cherkasy Oblast to four, the city was merged into Uman Raion.[10][11]
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Uman was hit by Russian artillery on 24 February 2022, which led to the death of a cyclist. The incident was caught on camera.[12] Another Russian missile strike on 28 April 2023 hit a residential building in the city, killing at least 23 people including 6 children and injuring dozens more.[13][14] The airstrike was quickly followed by a Telegram post by the Russian Ministry of Defense of an image of a missile launch with the caption "right on target".[15]
Population
Language
Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:[16]
| Language | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Ukrainian | 93.27% |
| Russian | 6.38% |
| other/undecided | 0.35% |
Jewish community
A large Jewish community lived in Uman in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the Second World War, in 1941, the Battle of Uman took place in the vicinity of the town, where the German army encircled Soviet positions. The Germans deported the entire Jewish community, murdering around 17,000 Jews,[17] and completely destroyed the Jewish cemetery, burial place of the victims of the 1768 uprising as well as Rebbe Nachman of Breslov. After the war, a Breslov Hasid managed to locate the Rebbe's grave and preserved it when the Soviets turned the entire area into a housing project.[17]
Since the 1990s there has been a small, but growing, Jewish population in Uman, concentrated around Rebbe Nachman of Breslov tomb on Pushkina street. The local Jews are mostly involved in pilgrimage of Jewish tourists that arrive to the town. In 2018, the community saw large growth with about 10–20 families coming from Israel, accompanied by a small movement of young American couples. Newcomers to the city are concentrating around Skhidna St, with some toward Nova Uman area. In conjunction with this growth in the community, a new school of Yiddish was established.
Pilgrimage to Rebbe Nachman's grave
Every Rosh Hashana, there is a major pilgrimage by tens of thousands of Hasidim and others from around the world to the burial site of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov, located on the former site of the Jewish cemetery in a rebuilt synagogue.[18] Rebbe Nachman Me'Uman spent the last five months of his life in Uman,[19] and specifically requested to be buried there. As believed by the Breslov Hasidim, before his death he solemnly promised to intercede on behalf of anyone who would come to pray on his grave on Rosh Hashana, "be he the worst of sinners"; thus, a pilgrimage to this grave provides the best chance of getting unscathed through the stern judgement which, according to Jewish faith, God passes everybody on Yom Kippur.[20]
The Rosh Hashana pilgrimage dates back to 1811, when the Rebbe's foremost disciple, Nathan of Breslov, organized the first such pilgrimage on the Rosh Hashana after the Rebbe's death. The annual pilgrimage attracted hundreds of Hasidic Jews from Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, until the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 sealed the border between Russia and Poland. A handful of Soviet Hasidic Jews continued to make the pilgrimage clandestinely; some were discovered by the KGB and exiled to Siberia, where they died.
The pilgrimage ceased during World War II and resumed on a drastically smaller scale in 1948. From the 1960s until end of the Cold War in 1989, several hundred American and Israeli Hasidic Jews made their way to Uman, both legally and illegally, to pray at the grave of Rebbe Nachman. In 1988, the Soviets allowed 250 men to visit the Rebbe's grave for Rosh Hashana. In 1989, over 1,000 Hasidic Jews gathered in Uman for Rosh Hashana 1989. In 1990, 2,000 attended.[17][21] In 2008, attendance reached 25,000 men and boys.[22] In 2018, over 30,000 Jews made the Rosh Hashanah pilgrimage to Uman.[23]
In the mid-2010s, Israelis from many sectors of Israel's Ultra-Orthodox community, including many Mizrahi Jewish rabbis, make the pilgrimage. The event brings together a wide variety of Orthodox society, from Yemenite yeshiva students, to former Israeli prison inmates, and American hippies.[24] In 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the number of pilgrims coming to Uman for Jewish New Year was approximately 10,000, or about one-third of the number in 2021.[25]
The annual pilgrimage is regarded as Uman's main economic industry.[26]
Controversy
Personnel of Ben Gurion airport, other Israeli tourists and El Al pilots have complained about pilgrims abusing drugs and hard liquor and harassing fellow passengers to Ukraine.[27][28] Common complaints from Uman residents relate to the loud noise, singing, rowdiness, widespread drinking, drug use, and fighting the pilgrims cause.[29] Locals have also complained about the cordoning off of neighborhoods by police and the internal trade that has developed among pilgrims.[28]
Heavy alcoholic drinking and cannabis smoking is prevalent amongst the pilgrims, many of them young men, with some describing it as a party event.[30] Participants have been seen taking LSD on the pilgrimage.[24] Dancing in the streets to trance music is common and the event has been likened to the Burning Man festival.[26]
The pilgrimage has led to several clashes over the years. In September 2010, several cases of violence and riots broke out among pilgrims after members of the Evangelical Church arrived from Odesa to preach their faith, leading to 10 pilgrims being deported.[31] A few days later, ten pilgrims were deported back to Israel and banned from Ukraine for five years for disrupting public order and causing bodily harm to citizens.[31] At the end of September 2010, an Israeli was stabbed and killed in an altercation that broke out following the vandalism of a car owned by Jews. Allegedly, his stabbing was a retaliation for the stabbing and wounding of a local (Ukrainian) by an Israeli.[32][33]
In September 2013, three Israeli police officers were deported after getting involved in a bar brawl during the Rosh Hashanah gathering in Uman.[34] In the 2014 pilgrimage, organizers were fined $15,000 by the city of Uman for illegally operating a "tent city" to house 2,500 pilgrims.[35] The controversy is the subject of the 2015 documentary film, The Dybbuk. A Tale of Wandering Souls.[36] In 2015, pilgrims staying in a residential tower began tossing rocks and bottles from above onto a car, and when at one point a local policeman's hat was knocked off, police with German Shepherds were called to scatter the crowd.[29]
In 2010, an Israeli police officer sent to monitor security commented "people get drunk and act crazy in the streets, go out to pubs and hit on women and harass them. They do all types of things that they would never do in Israel, but they come out here and feel like they can do it."[37] Anshel Pfeffer reported for Haaretz in 2018 that an Israeli diplomat told him that "roughly only half of those who come to Uman do so for religious reasons, and the other half are simply the dregs who come to get drunk, take drugs and visit prostitutes," Pfeffer himself did not find any evidence of prostitution in Uman.[38]
Geography
Climate
| Climate data for Uman (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.2 (54.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
23.6 (74.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
34.3 (93.7) |
35.0 (95.0) |
38.9 (102.0) |
37.3 (99.1) |
32.8 (91.0) |
28.1 (82.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
38.9 (102.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
0.2 (32.4) |
5.9 (42.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
19.9 (67.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
5.2 (41.4) |
0.2 (32.4) |
12.9 (55.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
1.6 (34.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
13.9 (57.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.3 (20.7) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.8 (47.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.2 (−26.0) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−23.8 (−10.8) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
0.0 (32.0) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−20.0 (−4.0) |
−27.2 (−17.0) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 36.7 (1.44) |
35.0 (1.38) |
35.0 (1.38) |
43.7 (1.72) |
46.6 (1.83) |
89.7 (3.53) |
78.9 (3.11) |
59.6 (2.35) |
61.2 (2.41) |
39.9 (1.57) |
44.6 (1.76) |
39.8 (1.57) |
610.7 (24.04) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.2 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 10.0 | 8.6 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 89.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84.6 | 82.1 | 76.9 | 67.4 | 65.9 | 71.5 | 71.3 | 69.8 | 75.3 | 79.7 | 85.8 | 87.1 | 76.5 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[39] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Climatebase.ru (extremes)[40] | |||||||||||||
Science and education
| Universities |
|
|---|---|
| Institutes and colleges |
|
| Academy of Sciences (research institutes) |
The city's highest educational institutions are the Uman National University of Horticulture and the Uman State Pedagogical University.[4]
Twin towns – sister cities
Ashkelon, Israel
Davis, California, United States
Gniezno, Poland
Haapsalu, Estonia- Kórnik, Poland
- Łańcut, Poland
Milford Haven, Wales, United Kingdom- Nof HaGalil, Israel
Radviliškis, Lithuania
Romilly-sur-Seine, France- Safed, Israel
Gallery
%252C_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_39.jpg.webp)
Church (19th century)
The Ohel of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov
An office building in Uman
Late 19th century architecture in Uman
School building (mid-19th century)
Hotel Sofiivskyi in Uman.jpg.webp)
Uman University.jpg.webp)
Soviet apartment blocks.jpg.webp)
Agrotechnical college.jpg.webp)
Police department%252C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB._2.jpg.webp)
Sadova Street
Commercial Bank (mid-19th century)
See also
- Sofiyivsky Park – a landscape park near the city
References
- 1 2 Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
- ↑ "Уманська територіальна громада" (in Ukrainian). decentralization.gov.ua.
- ↑ Magocsi, A History of Ukraine, 1996, p297
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Uman". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ↑ Paul Robert Magocsi "A History of Ukraine", Univ. of Washington Press 1996, p.300
- ↑ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. p. 10.
- ↑ Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 49, 350. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
- ↑ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность городского населения союзных республик, их территориальных единиц, городских поселений и городских районов по полу
- ↑ Умань // Большой энциклопедический словарь (в 2-х тт.). / редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. том 2. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1991. стр.525
- ↑ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ↑ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. 17 July 2020.
- ↑ "Ukraine Casualties in the Hundreds As Civilians Bear Brunt of Russia's Attack". Newsweek. 24 February 2022.
- ↑ "Death toll in Uman rises to 14 including 2 children". Ukrainska Pravda. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ↑ Karolina Hird; Riley Bailey; Grace Mappes; George Barros; Layne Philipson; Frederick W. Kagan (28 April 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, April 28, 2023". understandingwar.org. ISW. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
Geolocated footage shows large-scale damage to a residential building in Uman, with the death toll reaching 20 civilians, including children, as of 1700 local time on April 28.
- ↑ Rosa, Andrea; Arhirova, Hanna; Rising, David (28 April 2023). "Russian missile and drone attack in Ukraine kills 23 people". Associated Press.
- ↑ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
- 1 2 3 "Uman! Uman! Rosh HaShanah! A guide to Rebbe Nachman's Rosh HaShanah in Uman". Breslov.
- ↑ David M. Gitlitz & Linda Kay Davidson Pilgrimage and the Jews (Westport: CT: Praeger, 2006), 115-117.
- ↑ Kaplan, Aryeh (1985). "Until the Mashiach: Rabbi Nachman's biography: an annotated chronology". Jerusalem/New York: Breslov Research Institute. Chapter 24: Uman 5570 (1810).
- ↑ "Anyone in the world, be he the worst and most corrupt of sinners, would he come to my grave, give a penny to charity on my behalf and chant the Ten Mizmorim, then would I overturn the very Heavens on his behalf, and from the Most High of Heights would I descend to the Deepest Depths of Hell, to pull him out" (Breslov website (Hebrew) ).
- ↑ See the article "A New Phase in Jewish-Ukrainian Relations" by Mitsuharo Akao
- ↑ "Hasidic Jews celebrate holiday in Uman" Archived 2010-05-14 at the Wayback Machine Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 2008-10-02. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ↑ "30,000 Israelis Heading to Uman for Rosh Hashanah". 5 September 2018.
- 1 2 Rosh Hashana in Uman: A Jewish anarchy By NATAN ODENHEIMER, 10/02/2016, Jerusalem Post
- ↑ This year's Jewish New Year celebrations in Uman were unlike the previous years, Hromadske International, via Twitter. 4 October 2022.
- 1 2 How Do You Say Shofar in Ukrainian? The strange and wonderful Hasidic pilgrimage to Uman, Ukraine., By Menachem Kaiser
- ↑ Watch: Fighting on Uman-bound flight, shenanigans at Kiev airport Itay Blumental|Published: 06.10.16, ynetnews
- 1 2 In first, Israel sets up temporary consulate in Uman for Rosh Hashanah, The Times of Israel (29 August 2018)
- 1 2 Hartman, Ben. "Uman: Riot erupts between pilgrims and Ukrainian police - Jewish World - Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Jpost.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- ↑ Rabbi rolling in his grave, Akiva Novick, 14.09.10
- 1 2 Interfax-Ukraine (10 September 2010). "Ten Hasidic pilgrims deported from Ukraine". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019.
- ↑ Breslov Hasid murdered in Uman ynetnews.com
- ↑ "Yanukovych orders to control investigation into murder of Israeli citizen in Uman". Kyiv Post. 27 September 2010.
- ↑ Reback, Gedalyah (8 September 2013). "Israeli cops sent home after Uman bar fight". Timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- ↑ Reback, Gedalyah (25 September 2014). "Uman fines Jewish community for pilgrims' unlicensed tent city". Timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- ↑ ""A tale of wandering souls" - interview with Krzysztof Kopczyński". Polish Docs. 29 May 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ↑ Hartman, Ben. "Uman: Riot erupts between pilgrims and Ukrainian police". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- ↑ My Pilgrimage Into the Jewish Future: Partying, Praying, Prostitution and Absolution in Uman, Haaretz (15 September 2018)
- ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ↑ "Uman, Ukraine Climate Data". Climatebase. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ↑ "Міжнародні зв'язки". uman-rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Uman. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
Bibliography
- (in Ukrainian) (1972) Історіа міст і сіл Української CCP - Черкаська область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR - Cherkasy Oblast), Kyiv.
External links
(in English) Uman in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- (in Ukrainian) Uman informational portal
- (in Ukrainian) Evening Uman. Uman informational portal and newspaper
- (in Ukrainian) Uman photos. Uman biggest photos collection portal
- (in Ukrainian) Uman videos. YouTube channel of videos of Uman
- The Remarkable-And Tragic History-Of a Ukrainian Jewish Town
- (in English) All about Uman Archived 2007-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
- History of Jewish Community in Uman
- Uman News and informational portal
| Raions |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Hromadas |
| |
| Cities | ||
| Urban-type settlements | ||