1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections

November 3, 1874[lower-alpha 1]
All 292 seats in the United States House of Representatives[lower-alpha 2] 147 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader Michael Kerr James G. Blaine Party Democratic Republican Leader's seat Indiana 3rd Maine 3rd Last election 88 seats 195 seats Seats won 180[1] 103[1] Seat change 92 92 Popular vote 3,061,888 2,766,257 Percentage 49.12% 44.38% Swing 7.12% 8.47%   Third party Fourth party   Party Anti-Monopoly Reform Last election 0 seats 0 seats Seats won 1 1 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 79,816 9,546 Percentage 1.28% 0.15% Swing New New   Fifth party   Party Independent Last election 1 seat[lower-alpha 3] Seats won 4[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5] Seat change 3 Popular vote 276,554 Percentage 4.44% Swing 2.19%
Results:      Democratic hold      Democratic gain      Republican hold      Republican gain      Independent hold
Speaker before election James G. Blaine Republican Elected Speaker Michael Kerr Democratic

The 1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 1, 1874, and September 7, 1875. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 44th United States Congress convened on December 6, 1875. Elections were held for all 292 seats, representing 37 states.

These elections were held in the middle of President Ulysses S. Grant's second term with a deep economic depression underway. It was an important turning point, as the Republicans lost heavily and the Democrats gained control of the House. It signaled the imminent end of Reconstruction, which Democrats opposed. Historians emphasize the factors of economic depression and attacks on the Grant administration for corruption as key factors in the vote.^[2]

With the election following the Panic of 1873, Grant's Republican Party was crushed in the elections, losing their majority and almost half their seats to the Democratic Party. This was the first period of Democratic control since the pre-war era. The economic crisis and the inability of Grant to find a solution led to his party's defeat. This was the second-largest swing in the history of the House (only behind the 1894 elections), and is the largest House loss in the history of the Republican Party.

In the south, the Democrats continued their systematic destruction of the Republican coalition. In the South, Scalawags moved into the Democratic Party. The Democratic landslide signaled the imminent end of Reconstruction, which Democrats opposed and a realignment of the Republican coalition that had dominated American politics since the late 1850s.^[3]

While the ongoing end of Reconstruction in the South was one of the main reasons for the shift, turn-of-the-century historian James Ford Rhodes explored the multiple causes of the results in the North:^[4]

In the fall elections of 1874 the issue was clearly defined: Did the Republican President Ulysses S. Grant and Congress deserve the confidence of the country? and the answer was unmistakably No ... The Democrats had won a signal victory, obtaining control of the next House of Representatives which would stand Democrats 168, Liberals and Independents 14, Republicans 108 as against the two-thirds Republican majority secured by the election of 1872. Since 1861 the Republicans had controlled the House and now with its loss came a decrease in their majority in the Senate ...

Rhodes continues:

The political revolution from 1872 to 1874 was due to the failure of the Southern policy of the Republican party, to the Credit Mobilier and Sanborn contract scandals, to corrupt and inefficient administration in many departments and to the persistent advocacy of Grant by some close friends and hangers-on for a third presidential term. Some among the opposition were influenced by the President's backsliding in the cause of civil service reform, and others by the failure of the Republican party to grapple successfully with the financial question. The depression, following the financial Panic of 1873, and the number of men consequently out of employment weighed in the scale against the party in power. In Ohio, the result was affected by the temperance crusade in the early part of the year. Bands of women of good social standing marched to saloons before which or in which they sang hymns and, kneeling down, prayed that the great evil of drink might be removed. Sympathizing men wrought with them in causing the strict law of the State against the sale of strong liquor to be rigidly enforced. Since Republicans were in the main the instigators of the movement, it alienated from their party a large portion of the German American vote.

Special elections

• South Carolina 3: 1874
• Pennsylvania 23: 1874
• Massachusetts 1: 1875
• Oregon at-large: 1875
• Maine 4: 1875

Election summaries

State	Type	Total seats	Democratic		Republican		Independent
			Seats	Change	Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Alabama	District + 2 at-large	8	6	4	2	4	0
Arkansas	District	4	4	4	0	4	0
California[lower-alpha 7]	District	4	3	2	1	2	0
Connecticut[lower-alpha 7]	District	4	3	2	1	2	0
Delaware	At-large	1	1	1	0	1	0
Florida	District	2	1	1	1	1	0
Georgia[lower-alpha 8]	District	9	9[lower-alpha 5]	2	0	2	0
Illinois	District	19	11	6	6	8	2	2
Indiana[lower-alpha 8]	District	13	8	5	5	5	0
Iowa[lower-alpha 8]	District	9	1	1	8	1	0
Kansas	District	3	1	1	2	1	0
Kentucky	District	10	9	1	1	1	0
Louisiana	District	6	4	3	2	2	0
Maine[lower-alpha 8]	District	5	0		5		0
Maryland	District	6	6	2	0	2	0
Massachusetts	District	11	5	5	4	7	2	2
Michigan	District	9	3	3	6	3	0
Minnesota	District	3	0		3		0
Mississippi	District	6	4	3	2[lower-alpha 9]	3	0
Missouri	District	13	13	4	0	4	0
Nebraska[lower-alpha 8]	At-large	1	0		1		0
Nevada	At-large	1	0	1	1	1	0
New Hampshire[lower-alpha 7]	District	3	2	1	1	1	0
New Jersey	District	7	5	4	2	4	0
New York	District	33	17	8	16[lower-alpha 9]	8	0
North Carolina[lower-alpha 8]	District	8	7	2	1	2	0
Ohio[lower-alpha 8]	District	20	13	7	7	7	0
Oregon[lower-alpha 8]	At-large	1	1	1	0	1	0
Pennsylvania	District	27	17	12	10	12	0
Rhode Island	District	2	0		2		0
South Carolina	District	5	0		5		0
Tennessee	District	10	9	6	1	6	0
Texas	District	6	6		0		0
Vermont[lower-alpha 8]	District	3	0		3[lower-alpha 9]		0
Virginia	District	9	8	4	1	4	0
West Virginia[lower-alpha 8]	District	3	3	1	0	1	0
Wisconsin	District	8	3	1	5	1	0
Total		293[lower-alpha 2]	183[lower-alpha 5] 62.5%	94	105[lower-alpha 4] 36.2%	93	4 1.4%	4

House seats by party holding plurality in state   80+% Democratic   80+% Republican   60+% to 80% Democratic   60+% to 80% Republican   Up to 60% Democratic   Up to 60% Republican

Net gain in party representation   6+ Democratic gain   6+ Republican gain   3-5 Democratic gain   3-5 Republican gain   1-2 Democratic gain   1-2 Republican gain   no net change

Election dates

In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors.^[5] This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the states moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1874–75, there were still 10 states with earlier election dates, and 3 states with later election dates:

• Early elections (1874):
  • June 1 Oregon
  • August 6 North Carolina
  • September 1 Vermont
  • September 14 Maine
  • October 7 Georgia
  • October 13 Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, West Virginia
• Late elections (1875):
  • March 9, 1875 New Hampshire
  • April 5, 1875 Connecticut
  • September 7, 1875 California

Alabama

Arkansas

Arizona Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

California

Colorado Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Idaho Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

New York

North Carolina

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

Texas

Utah Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont

Virginia

Washington Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Non-voting delegates

See also

• 1874 United States elections
  • 1874–75 United States Senate elections
• 43rd United States Congress
• 44th United States Congress

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)