Umpaku Japanese
Native toJapan
Regioneastern San'in
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologumpa1238
Umpaku-dialect area

The Umpaku dialect (雲伯方言, Unpaku hōgen) is a group of Japanese dialects spoken in central San'in.[1] The name Unpaku (雲伯) is constructed by extracting a representative kanji from Izumo (出雲) and Hōki (伯耆), the names of former provinces of this region.

The Umpaku dialects are:

Pronunciation

Umpaku dialect, especially Izumo-ben, uniquely among dialects in the Chūgoku region, superficially resembles Tōhoku dialects in pronunciation and is thus also called Zūzū-ben. It has neutralization of the high vowels "i" and "u".

Vowels

Voiceless vowel sounds are common in most western Japanese accents and this is no different in Izumo where they are commonly heard. In Izumo and western Hoki, just like the Tohoku dialects "i" and "u" sounds are centralized. "i" is commonly pronounced [ï] and "u" [ɯ̈].

Consonants

The dropping of "r" sounds

In Izumo and western Hoki dialects, "r" sounds are often dropped and replaced with an elongation of the previous vowel. e.g. dare > daa "who", arimasu > aamasu "there is". In particular this often happens to "ri" and "ru" sounds which are almost all replaced by this elongated sound. In some areas, shiroi "white" becomes shie and akeru "to open" becomes akyae. In Oki, these sounds are also replaced by sokuon such as sono tsumodda (sono tsumori da).

Remnants of archaic sounds

kwa, gwa
The retention of /w/ in these syllables, prominent in Unpaku dialect, is non-standard in modern Japanese.
f instead of h
In the Heian period, all of the "h" row of sounds were pronounced with an "f" sound [ɸ] rather than with a "h" i.e. fa, fi, fu, fe, fo. Izumo still keeps this pronunciation. For example： fashi [ɸasï] = hashi "chopsticks", febi [ɸebï] = hebi "snake"
se, ze
In pronunciation "se" becomes "she" and "ze" becomes "je", similar to the Kyushu dialect.

Pitch Accent

Grammar

Vocabulary

  • kariru (かりる) "to borrow"; karu in other forms of western Japanese.
  • dandan (ダンダン) "thank you"; arigatō in Standard Japanese. It is not used within the family, but rather in conversation with strangers, in much the same way as in Standard Japanese dōmo is used as an abbreviation.
  • gosu (ごす) "to give (to speaker)"; kureru in Standard Japanese. E.g. X-san ga wa ni yasai o goita wa "Mr. X gave me vegetables." For a more polite form, goshinaru is also used。
  • kyotoi (きょとい) "scary, frightening"; kowai in Standard Japanese. E.g. maa, ano hito wa kyotoi wa! "Oh, that person is scary!", aa! kyoto, kyoto! nigetoku da wa! "Oh, how scary he is! Let's escape!"
  • chonboshi (ちょんぼし)/chokkoshi (ちょっこし) "a little"; sukoshi or chotto in Standard Japanese.
  • gaina (がいな) "giant"; sugoi or gotsui in Standard Japanese. The animation studio Gainax is named for gaina.
  • banjimashite (ばんじまして) "good evening"; konbanwa in Standard Japanese.

References

  1. ↑ Boberg, Charles; Nerbonne, John; Watt, Dominic (2018-01-04). The Handbook of Dialectology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 563–566. ISBN 978-1-118-82755-0.
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