The Vergulde Draeck (pronounced [vɛrˈɣʏldə ˈdraːk]), also spelled Vergulde Draak and Vergulde Draek, was a 41.8-metre (137 ft), 260-tonne (290-ton) ship constructed in 1653 by the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, commonly abbreviated to VOC).[1][2]

The wrecking of the Vergulde Draeck

Vergulde Draeck was a ship purchased by the Amsterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company in 1653. On 4 October 1655 she departed Texel under the command of Pieter Albertszoon to sail for Batavia. The ship stopped at the Cape of Good Hope on 9 March 1656, having lost two crewmembers on the journey out. Vergulde Draeck left port four days later to continue on to Batavia.[3]

On the night of the 28 April 1656, Vergulde Draeck struck a submerged coral reef midway between what are now the coastal towns of Seabird and Ledge Point, Western Australia. On board were 193 crew, eight boxes of silver coins worth 78,600 guilders and trade goods to the value of 106,400 guilders.[4][5][6]

Of the 193 crew, 118 are believed to have perished. The initial 75 survivors, including the ship's captain Pieter Albertszoon, and the under steersman, made it to shore. They had with them the ship's boat, a schuyt, along with a small amount of provisions and stores washed on shore.[4][5]

Arrival in Batavia

On 7 May 1656, approximately nine days after the loss of the Vergulde Draeck, the under steersman and six crew members were dispatched to Batavia to summon help. They carried with them letters written by the crew which described the loss of the schuyt, the crew's decision to await rescue from Batavia, and their steadfast faith in the Lord God.

After a journey of some 1,400 nautical miles (2,600 km; 1,600 mi), lasting 41 days, with little water, little food and suffering from exposure, they arrived at Batavia. The alarm was raised and the search for the survivors of the Vergulde Draeck and cargo began.[7][6]

Rescue attempts

A number of rescue attempts were conducted by the Dutch East India Company once the loss was reported.[7]

Beardman Jug found on the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck

The Goede Hoop and the Witte Valck (1656)[4][7]

On 7 June 1656, two rescue vessels, the Goede Hoop and the Witte Valck, were dispatched from Batavia. Large storms off the Western Australian coast meant that both ships were unsuccessful.

The Witte Valck failed to land men on the coast.

On 18 July 1656, the Goede Hoop managed to disembark men upon the shoreline; however, they lost three men along the coast who had wandered into the bush, before losing another eight men who went in search of them.

No sign of the survivors or wreckage was found.

The Vinck (1657)[4][5][7]

On 23 April 1657, the Vinck in the process of setting sail from the Cape of Good Hope was instructed to search for the survivors on its passage to Batavia.

No sign of the survivors or wreckage was found.

The Waeckende Boey & the Emeloordt (1658)[4][7]

On 1 January 1658, the Waeckende Boey and the Emeloordt were dispatched from Batavia. This time the rescue attempt was made in the more favourable summer months.

On 23 February 1658, Captain Volkersen of the Waeckende Boey sighted the Western Australian coastline, perhaps being the first European to sight what is today Rottnest Island, though it is possible Houtman may have sighted it in 1619.

Coin from the Vergulde Draeck

On 26 February 1658, a shore party from the Waeckende Boey returning from the coast recorded the discovery of wreckage believed to be of the Vergulde Draeck. Most notable was a plank circle, a collection of some 12 to 13 planks placed in a circular fashion, dug into the beach sand with their ends facing skyward.

During the various searches, a small shore party from the Waeckende Boey led by Abraham Leeman became separated. Bad weather prevented Leeman from returning to the Waeckende Boey and after four days Leeman and his party were assumed lost. The modern town of Leeman, Western Australia is named after this Dutch explorer. Leeman eventually made it back to Batavia, his diary is in the National Maritime Museum in Amsterdam.[1]

On 9 March 1658, Captain Jonck of the Emeloordt managed to send a small party to land. Upon returning, the shore party reported having seen three Aboriginal natives of tall stature who attempted to communicate with them using basic hand signals. This story of 'first contact' was a peaceful exchange, likely with the Yuet people of Western Australia.

The Emmenhorn (1659)[4][5][7]

A further rescue attempt was made in 1659 by the vessel Emmenhorn but no sign of survivors or wreckage was found.

Discovery of the Vergulde Draeck

The wreck of the Vergulde Draeck was discovered was on 14 April 1963 south of Ledge Point, about 100 km north of Perth.[8]

The identity of the official discoverers of the Vergulde Draeck has been a contentious issue over many years though it is generally accepted that the wreck was found by John Cowen; Jim, Alan and Graeme Henderson; and Alan Robinson. An alternative claim was made by Robinson in his In Australia Treasure is not for the Finder.[9]

Artifacts from the wreckage were salvaged in 1963 and are located in the Fremantle Maritime Museum in Australia. They include lead, ivory, amber, coral and 10,000 coins.[1]

Archaeological investigation

The wreck was put under control of archaeologists in 1972. Despite the loss of archaeological integrity caused by those salvaging artefacts for financial gain, useful information was gained to add to the small number of recorded excavations of VOC ships.[lower-alpha 1] The sternpost was covered with protective layers of lead sheeting covered by copper sheeting. Some of the copper had been recovered by treasure hunters before 1972, making interpretation of this aspect difficult. The hull construction method was the "bottom first" tradition, which was used in Dutch shipyards after frame-first carvel construction had become common elsewhere in northern Europe.[lower-alpha 2] Below the waterline, the hull was sheathed with a layer of pine planking, applied over a layer of goat hair mixed with tar – this would slow the effect of teredo worm. Study of the small amount of timber excavated from the wreck shows the regular saw marks of windmill-powered sawmills. This technology was a Dutch innovation which greatly reduced the cost of construction of ships and helped make them the leading shipbuilders in northern Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries.[10]: 36, 297–329 

Letters written by the survivors of the Vergulde Draeck

In March 2015, Steve Caffery, of Gilt Dragon Research Group, claimed to have discovered copies of two letters carried by the seven survivors to Batavia in 1656. The letters, dated 5 and 7 May 1656, were said to indicate there were two separate camp sites.[11]

Notes

  1. ↑ VOC wrecks are a favoured target for treasure hunting expeditions, since they often carried large amounts of bullion and jewels to pay for the spices they bought in the Far East. The consequence is that many have had items of monetary value retrieved in a way that ignores and destroys archaeological evidence. Of 50 VOC shipwrecks that have been identified around the world, 29 have been systematically destroyed by treasure hunters. The majority of these had the permission of the Dutch government, the legal heir to the VOC.[10]: 264 
  2. ↑ As well as clinker construction, a "planking first" or "shell first" method of building a hull and carvel, which usually refers to a "frame first" construction sequence, Dutch shipyards of the 17th century continued to use the "bottom-based" technique which had been used to build cogs and earlier craft. The bottom-based tradition involves the shaping and positioning of the lower hull planks, from the keel up to the turn of the bilge. They are temporarily fastened together with cleats, clamps and levers that pull the boards against the keel. The shaping of the individual planks determines the shape of that part of the hull. Only then is the first part (the floor) of each of the frames made and fastened to the planks and the keel. The next section of frame (the first futtock) is then fastened to the planking (but not to the floor – it is therefore termed a "floating futtock") and planking is then continued up the hull in the "plank-on-frame" method used in carvel. The bottom-based tradition goes back to Romano-celtic boats built in northern Europe.[10]: 30–32 

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Vergulde Draak (1653)". De VOCsite (in Dutch). 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  2. ↑ "The Dutch East India Company's shipping between the Netherlands and Asia 1595-1795". huygens.knaw.nl. Huygens ING. 2 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  3. ↑ Penman, Leigh T. I. (2022). "New Light on the Survivors of the Vergulde Draak, a VOC Ship Wrecked on the Australian Coast (1656)". The Mariner's Mirror. 108 (2): 152. doi:10.1080/00253359.2022.2048525.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Henderson, James (1982). Marooned: the wreck of the Vergulde Draeck and the Abandonment and Escape from the Southland of Abraham Leeman in 1658. Perth: St. George Books. ISBN 0-86778-018-5.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Green, Jeremy N. (1977). "The Loss of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Jacht 'Vergulde Draeck', Western Australia 1656: An historical background and excavation report with an appendix on similar loss of the fluit 'Lastdrager'". BAR Supplementary Series. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (36). ISBN 9780904531978. ISSN 0143-3016. OCLC 4388980.
  6. 1 2 "Vergulde Draeck (Gilt Dragon)". The Maritime Archaeology shipwreck database. Western Australian Museum. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Gilt Dragon History". Gilt Dragon Research Group. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  8. ↑ "Shipwrecks » Vergulde Draeck". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
  9. ↑ Robinson, Alan (1980). In Australia Treasure is not for the Finder. Perth, Western Australia: Vanguard Service Print. ISBN 0-9594957-0-3.
  10. 1 2 3 Duivenvoorde, Wendy van; Green, Jeremy N. (2015). Dutch East India Company shipbuilding: the archaeological study of Batavia and other seventeenth-century VOC ships (First ed.). College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-62349-231-1.
  11. ↑ Jarvis, Lucy (31 March 2015). "Chasing the Dragon". North Coast Times. Retrieved 1 January 2019.

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