Number One Observatory Circle, the official residence of the vice president of the United States, pictured in July 2001

There have been 49 vice presidents of the United States since the office was created in 1789. Originally, the vice president was the person who received the second-most votes for president in the Electoral College. But after the election of 1800 produced a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, requiring the House of Representatives to choose between them, lawmakers acted to prevent such a situation from recurring. The Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1804, creating the current system where electors cast a separate ballot for the vice presidency.[1]

The vice president is the first person in the presidential line of succession—that is, they assume the presidency if the president dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office.[2] Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way: eight (John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson) through the president's death and one (Gerald Ford) through the president's resignation. The vice president also serves as the president of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this latter power to varying extents over the years.[1]

Before adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the office of the vice president could not be filled until the next post-election inauguration. Several such vacancies occurred: seven vice presidents died, one resigned and eight succeeded to the presidency. This amendment allowed for a vacancy to be filled through appointment by the president and confirmation by both chambers of the Congress. Since its ratification, the vice presidency has been vacant twice (both in the context of scandals surrounding the Nixon administration) and was filled both times through this process, namely in 1973 following Spiro Agnew's resignation, and again in 1974 after Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency.[1] The amendment also established a procedure whereby a vice president may, if the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office, temporarily assume the powers and duties of the office as acting president. Three vice presidents have briefly acted as president under the 25th Amendment: George H. W. Bush on July 13, 1985; Dick Cheney on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007; and Kamala Harris on November 19, 2021.

The persons who have served as vice president were born in or primarily affiliated with 27 states plus the District of Columbia. New York has produced the most of any state as eight have been born there and three others considered it their home state. Most vice presidents have been in their 50s or 60s and had political experience before assuming the office.[1] Two vice presidents—George Clinton and John C. Calhoun—served under more than one president. Ill with tuberculosis and recovering in Cuba on Inauguration Day in 1853, William R. King, by an Act of Congress, was allowed to take the oath outside the United States. He is the only vice president to take his oath of office in a foreign country.

Vice presidents

No.[lower-alpha 1] Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Term Party[lower-alpha 2] Election President
1 John Adams
(1735–1826)
[3][4][5]		 April 21, 1789[lower-alpha 3]
–
March 4, 1797		 Pro-Administration[lower-alpha 4] 1788–89 George Washington[lower-alpha 5]
Federalist 1792
2 Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[6][7][8]		 March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801		 Democratic-Republican 1796 John Adams[lower-alpha 6]
3 Aaron Burr
(1756–1836)
[9]		 March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1805		 Democratic-Republican 1800 Thomas Jefferson
4 George Clinton[lower-alpha 7]
(1739–1812)
[10]		 March 4, 1805
–
April 20, 1812		 Democratic-Republican 1804
1808 James Madison
Office vacant April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813[lower-alpha 8]
5 Elbridge Gerry[lower-alpha 7]
(1744–1814)
[11]		 March 4, 1813
–
November 23, 1814		 Democratic-Republican 1812
Office vacant November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817[lower-alpha 8]
6 Daniel D. Tompkins
(1774–1825)
[12]		 March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825		 Democratic-Republican 1816 James Monroe
1820
7 John C. Calhoun[lower-alpha 9]
(1782–1850)
[13]		 March 4, 1825
–
December 28, 1832		 Democratic-Republican 1824 John Q. Adams
Nullifier[lower-alpha 10] 1828 Andrew Jackson[lower-alpha 11]
Office vacant December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833[lower-alpha 8]
8 Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[14][15][16]		 March 4, 1833
–
March 4, 1837		 Democratic 1832
9 Richard Mentor Johnson
(1780–1850)
[17]		 March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841		 Democratic 1836 Martin Van Buren
10 John Tyler[lower-alpha 12]
(1790–1862)
[18][19][20]		 March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841		 Whig[lower-alpha 13] 1840 William H. Harrison
Office vacant April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845[lower-alpha 8] John Tyler
11 George M. Dallas
(1792–1864)
[21]		 March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849		 Democratic 1844 James K. Polk
12 Millard Fillmore[lower-alpha 12]
(1800–1874)
[22][23][24]		 March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850		 Whig 1848 Zachary Taylor
Office vacant July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853[lower-alpha 8] Millard Fillmore
13 William R. King[lower-alpha 7]
(1786–1853)
[25]		 March 4, 1853
–
April 18, 1853		 Democratic 1852 Franklin Pierce
Office vacant April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857[lower-alpha 8]
14 John C. Breckinridge
(1821–1875)
[26]		 March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861		 Democratic 1856 James Buchanan
15 Hannibal Hamlin
(1809–1891)
[27]		 March 4, 1861
–
March 4, 1865		 Republican 1860 Abraham Lincoln
16 Andrew Johnson[lower-alpha 12]
(1808–1875)
[28][29][30]		 March 4, 1865
–
April 15, 1865		 National Union[lower-alpha 14] 1864
Office vacant April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869[lower-alpha 8] Andrew Johnson
17 Schuyler Colfax
(1823–1885)
[31]		 March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1873		 Republican 1868 Ulysses S. Grant
18 Henry Wilson[lower-alpha 7]
(1812–1875)
[32]		 March 4, 1873
–
November 22, 1875		 Republican 1872
Office vacant November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877[lower-alpha 8]
19 William A. Wheeler
(1819–1887)
[33]		 March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881		 Republican 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes
20 Chester A. Arthur[lower-alpha 12]
(1829–1886)
[34][35][36]		 March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881		 Republican 1880 James A. Garfield
Office vacant September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885[lower-alpha 8] Chester A. Arthur
21 Thomas A. Hendricks[lower-alpha 7]
(1819–1885)
[37]		 March 4, 1885
–
November 25, 1885		 Democratic 1884 Grover Cleveland
Office vacant November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889[lower-alpha 8]
22 Levi P. Morton
(1824–1920)
[38]		 March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893		 Republican 1888 Benjamin Harrison
23 Adlai Stevenson I
(1835–1914)
[39]		 March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897		 Democratic 1892 Grover Cleveland
24 Garret Hobart[lower-alpha 7]
(1844–1899)
[40]		 March 4, 1897
–
November 21, 1899		 Republican 1896 William McKinley
Office vacant November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901[lower-alpha 8]
25 Theodore Roosevelt[lower-alpha 12]
(1858–1919)
[41][42][43]		 March 4, 1901
–
September 14, 1901		 Republican 1900
Office vacant September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905[lower-alpha 8] Theodore Roosevelt
26 Charles W. Fairbanks
(1852–1918)
[44]		 March 4, 1905
–
March 4, 1909		 Republican 1904
27 James S. Sherman[lower-alpha 7]
(1855–1912)
[45]		 March 4, 1909
–
October 30, 1912		 Republican 1908 William H. Taft
Office vacant October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913[lower-alpha 8]
28 Thomas R. Marshall
(1854–1925)
[46]		 March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921		 Democratic 1912 Woodrow Wilson
1916
29 Calvin Coolidge[lower-alpha 12]
(1872–1933)
[47][48][49]		 March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923		 Republican 1920 Warren G. Harding
Office vacant August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925[lower-alpha 8] Calvin Coolidge
30 Charles G. Dawes
(1865–1951)
[50]		 March 4, 1925
–
March 4, 1929		 Republican 1924
31 Charles Curtis
(1860–1936)
[51]		 March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933		 Republican 1928 Herbert Hoover
32 John Nance Garner
(1868–1967)
[52]		 March 4, 1933
–
January 20, 1941		 Democratic 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt
1936
33 Henry A. Wallace
(1888–1965)
[53]		 January 20, 1941
–
January 20, 1945		 Democratic 1940
34 Harry S. Truman[lower-alpha 12]
(1884–1972)
[54][55][56]		 January 20, 1945
–
April 12, 1945		 Democratic 1944
Office vacant April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949[lower-alpha 8] Harry S. Truman
35 Alben W. Barkley
(1877–1956)
[57]		 January 20, 1949
–
January 20, 1953		 Democratic 1948
36 Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[58][59][60]		 January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1961		 Republican 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower
1956
37 Lyndon B. Johnson[lower-alpha 12]
(1908–1973)
[61][62]		 January 20, 1961
–
November 22, 1963		 Democratic 1960 John F. Kennedy
Office vacant November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965[lower-alpha 8] Lyndon B. Johnson
38 Hubert Humphrey
(1911–1978)
[63]		 January 20, 1965
–
January 20, 1969		 Democratic 1964
39 Spiro Agnew[lower-alpha 9]
(1918–1996)
[64]		 January 20, 1969
–
October 10, 1973		 Republican 1968 Richard Nixon
1972
Office vacant October 10 – December 6, 1973[lower-alpha 15]
40 Gerald Ford[lower-alpha 12]
(1913–2006)
[65][66][67]		 December 6, 1973
–
August 9, 1974		 Republican
Office vacant August 9 – December 19, 1974[lower-alpha 15] Gerald Ford
41 Nelson Rockefeller
(1908–1979)
[68]		 December 19, 1974
–
January 20, 1977		 Republican
42 Walter Mondale
(1928–2021)
[69]		 January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981		 Democratic 1976 Jimmy Carter
43 George H. W. Bush
(1924–2018)
[70][71][72]		 January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1989		 Republican 1980 Ronald Reagan
1984
44 Dan Quayle
(b. 1947)
[73]		 January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993		 Republican 1988 George H. W. Bush
45 Al Gore
(b. 1948)
[74]		 January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 2001		 Democratic 1992 Bill Clinton
1996
46 Dick Cheney
(b. 1941)
[75]		 January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2009		 Republican 2000 George W. Bush
2004
47 Joe Biden
(b. 1942)
[76]		 January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2017		 Democratic 2008 Barack Obama
2012
48 Mike Pence
(b. 1959)
[77][78]		 January 20, 2017
–
January 20, 2021		 Republican 2016 Donald Trump
49 Kamala Harris
(b. 1964)		 January 20, 2021
–
Incumbent		 Democratic 2020 Joe Biden

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The U.S. vice presidents are counted according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, John Adams served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first vice president (not the first and second). Likewise, George Clinton is counted as the fourth and John Calhoun as the seventh, even though each one's consecutive terms in office were served under more than one president. Following the resignation of 39th vice president Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford became the 40th vice president even though he was chosen to serve out the remainder of Agnew's second term. Then, after Ford succeeded to the presidency later in that same term, Nelson Rockefeller became the 41st vice president and served out the remainder of the term.
  2. ↑ Reflects the vice president's political party at the start of their vice presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
  3. ↑ Due to logistical delays, John Adams assumed the vice presidency 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789, scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who served a full term.
  4. ↑ Pro-Administration is a contemporary term for the supporters of the political and economic policies of the Washington administration prior to the formation of the Federalist and Democratic–Republican parties.
  5. ↑ George Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, he was, and remains, the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party.
  6. ↑ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and resulted in a situation where the persons elected president and vice president belonged to opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Died in office
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, February 10, 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could not be filled.
  9. 1 2 Resigned from office
  10. ↑ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the political coalition emerging around Jackson.
  11. ↑ Andrew Jackson's supporters from the former Democratic-Republican Party, which had largely collapsed by the mid-1820s, began calling themselves 'Democrat' during his first term in office, thus marking the evolution of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party into the modern Democratic Party.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Succeeded to the presidency intra-term.
  13. ↑ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.
  14. ↑ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
  15. 1 2 The Twenty-fifth Amendment established a process whereby an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency is filled by presidential appointment.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Vice President of the United States (President of the Senate)". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
  2. ↑ Kallenbach, Joseph E. (October 1947). "The New Presidential Succession Act". American Political Science Review. 41 (5): 931–941. doi:10.1017/S0003055400260619. S2CID 146420289.
  3. ↑ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  4. ↑ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  5. ↑ "Life Portrait of John Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  7. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  8. ↑ "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Aaron Burr (1801–1805) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  10. ↑ "George Clinton (1805–1809) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  11. ↑ "Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  13. ↑ "John C. Calhoun (1825–1829) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  14. ↑ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  15. ↑ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  16. ↑ "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  18. ↑ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  19. ↑ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  20. ↑ "Life Portrait of John Tyler". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  21. ↑ "George M. Dallas (1845–1849) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  22. ↑ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  23. ↑ "Millard Filmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  24. ↑ "Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  25. ↑ "William R. D. King (1853) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  26. ↑ "John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  27. ↑ "Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Biography of Andrew Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  29. ↑ "Andrew Johnson – National Union Party – 17th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  30. ↑ "Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  31. ↑ "Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Henry Wilson (1873–1875) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  33. ↑ "William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  34. ↑ "Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  35. ↑ "Chester A. Arthur – Republican Party – 21st President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  36. ↑ "Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  37. ↑ "Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  38. ↑ "Levi P. Morton – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  39. ↑ "Adlai E. Stevenson (1893–1897) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  40. ↑ "Garret A. Hobart (1897–1899) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  41. ↑ "Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  42. ↑ "Theodore Roosevelt – Republican, Bull Moose Party – 26th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  43. ↑ "Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  44. ↑ "Charles W. Fairbanks – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  45. ↑ "James S. Sherman – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Thomas R. Marshall – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  47. ↑ "Biography of Calvin Coolidge". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  48. ↑ "Calvin Coolidge – Republican Party – 30th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  49. ↑ "Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Charles G. Dawes – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  51. ↑ "Charles Curtis – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  52. ↑ "John N. Garner (1933–1941) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  53. ↑ "Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  54. ↑ "Biography of Harry S Truman". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  55. ↑ "Harry S Truman – Democratic Party – 33rd President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  56. ↑ "Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  57. ↑ "Alben W. Barkley – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  58. ↑ "Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  59. ↑ "Richard Nixon – Republican Party – 37th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  60. ↑ "Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  61. ↑ "Lyndon B. Johnson – Democratic Party – 36th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  62. ↑ "Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  63. ↑ "Hubert H. Humphrey – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  64. ↑ "Spiro T. Agnew (1969–1973) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  65. ↑ "Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  66. ↑ "Gerald Ford – Republican Party – 38th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  67. ↑ "Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  68. ↑ "Nelson A. Rockefeller – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  69. ↑ "Walter Mondale – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  70. ↑ "Biography of George Herbert Walker Bush". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  71. ↑ "George H. W. Bush – Republican Party – 41st President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  72. ↑ "Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  73. ↑ "J. Danforth Quayle – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  74. ↑ "Albert Gore, Jr. – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  75. ↑ "Richard B. Cheney – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  76. ↑ "Joseph Biden – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  77. ↑ Flegenheimer, Matt; Barbaro, Michael (November 9, 2016). "Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  78. ↑ "Vice President Mike Pence". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
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