Virginia Vallejo
Vallejo in 1987
Born
Virginia Vallejo García

(1949-08-26) 26 August 1949
Cartago, Cauca Valley, Colombia
NationalityColombian
Occupations
Years active1972–present
Spouses
Fernando Borrero
​
​
(m. 1969; div. 1971)​
    David Stivel
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1978; div. 1981)​
    Parent(s)Juan Vallejo Jaramillo
    Mary García Rivera
    RelativesJaime Jaramillo (granduncle)
    Websitevirginiavallejo.com

    Virginia Vallejo García (born 26 August 1949) is a Colombian author, journalist, television director, anchorwoman,[1] media personality, socialite, and political asylee in the United States of America.

    On 18 July 2006, the DEA took her out of Colombia in a special flight to save her life and cooperate with the Department of Justice in high-profile cases, after she had publicly signaled several Colombian presidents and politicians of being beneficiaries or accomplices of the leading cocaine cartels.[2]

    In 2007, she published her first book, Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar, which led the Colombian justice system to reopen the cases of the Palace of Justice siege (1985), and the assassination of the presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán (1989).[3] The book was translated to fifteen languages and made into a movie in 2018.[4][5]

    Vallejo currently resides in Miami, Florida.[6] In 2019, she returned to her work as a television journalist for the international channel Actualidad RT.[7]

    Early life

    Family and childhood

    Virginia Vallejo was born on 26 August 1949 in Cartago, Valle del Cauca, Colombia, near her family's ranch. Her parents were Juan Vallejo Jaramillo, an entrepreneur, and Mary García Rivera.[8] Her paternal grandmother, Sofía Jaramillo Arango, was a descendant of Alonso Jaramillo de Andrade Céspedes y Guzmán, a nobleman from Extremadura, Spain.[9][10] Several members of her family were ministers, writers and ambassadors, such as her paternal grandfather Eduardo Vallejo Varela, minister of economy (1930);[11][12] her granduncle Alejandro Vallejo Varela, writer and close friend of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán;[13][14] and his granduncle Jaime Jaramillo Arango, minister of education (1934), ambassador to several countries in Europe, and co-founder of the Anglo Colombian School.[15][16]

    In 1950, the young family returned to Bogotá, where her siblings, Felipe (1951), Antonio (1955–2012), and Sofía (1957) were born.[17] She studied first in the kindergarten of Elvira Lleras Restrepo, sister of President Carlos Lleras Restrepo, a friend of her family.[18] She then attended the Anglo Colombian School.

    Early career and marriages

    In 1967 and 1968, she worked as an English teacher in the Centro Colombo Americano in Bogotá and, in 1969, in the presidency of Banco del Comercio. The same year, she married Fernando Borrero Caicedo, CEO of Borrero, Zamorano and Giovanelli, but they were divorced in 1971.[19][20] In 1972, while she was working as director of public relations of Cervecería Andina, she received an invitation to join an upcoming television program directed by Carlos Lemos Simmonds and Aníbal Fernández de Soto.[21]

    In 1978, she married David Stivel, the Argentinian television, theater and film director, and head of the Clan Stivel.[22] The marriage ended in 1981.

    Career in the media

    Introduction

    Until 1998, there were only three television channels in Colombia that belonged to the Government: two commercial and one official. Inravisión, the official broadcasting entity, leased spaces to independent television producers known as programadoras, many owned by prominent journalists or presidential families.[23][24] This was the reason why Vallejo could work simultaneously as a news anchor and presenter of other programs.

    1970s

    From 1972 to 1975, she was as the presenter of "¡Oiga Colombia, Revista del Sábado!", a program directed by Carlos Lemos Simmonds and Fernández de Soto.[21] From 1973 to 1975, she was the host of the television musical shows "Éxitos 73", "Éxitos 74" and "Éxitos 75", produced by THOY, the programadora of the family of President Julio César Turbay.[25]

    In 1973, she began working as a reporter on TV Sucesos-A3, the newscast directed by Alberto Acosta; and, from 1975 to 1977, she became the international editor.[26] In the early and mid seventies, she hosted other television programs, like the quiz show TV Crucigrama, a cooking show with chef Segundo Cabezas, and a program for children.[27]

    In January 1978, she became the anchorwoman of Noticiero 24 Horas, which aired at 7:00 PM, and was directed by Mauricio Gómez, Ernesto Rodríguez Medina[28] and Sergio Arboleda.[29] In March, the Government of Taiwan invited her to the inauguration of President Chiang Ching-kuo. The same year, she was elected as the vice-president of the board of directors of the ACL, Asociación Colombiana de Locutores (Association of Colombian Speakers). In 1978, 1979 and 1980, she won the award as the Best Television Anchor of the APE, Asociación de Periodistas del Espectáculo (Association of Entertainment Journalists).

    In 1979, she co-starred in the movie Colombia Connection by Gustavo Nieto Roa.[30] In November, she appeared in Town & Country, opening the section The Beautiful Women of El Dorado. In 1979 and 1980, she presented ¡Cuidado con las Mujeres!, a program by RTI Producciones, directed by David Stivel.[31]

    1980s

    In 1981, she founded her own programadora, TV Impacto, with the journalist Margot Ricci.[32] That same year, the Government of Israel invited them to do a special program about The Holy Land.

    In 1980 and 1982, she worked at Caracol Radio. She was the only journalist sent by a Colombian media outlet to London to cover the wedding of the Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981. Vallejo's broadcast for Caracol lasted three hours.[33] She covered the Miss Colombia pageant for the same station until 1985.

    Between 1981 and 1983, she directed her program ¡Al Ataque! She was the first television journalist to interview Pablo Escobar in January 1983. The interview was filmed at the garbage dump of Medellín. During the interview Pablo Escobar described the charity project Medellín Sin Tugurios (Medellin without slums) launched by Escobar and his partners. The interview propelled Escobar on to the national stage.[34]

    In 1983 and 1984, she presented Hoy por Hoy, Magazín del Lunes (Magazine Today, Monday) at 7 pm. In 1984, she made a television commercial for Medias Di Lido (pantyhose), in Venice, Italy, followed by another three in Rio de Janeiro, San Juan and Cartagena.[35] In 1983 and 1984, she presented the musical El Show de las Estrellas, directed by Jorge Barón.[36] In 1984, she became the international editor of the Grupo Radial Colombiano (a network founded by the Cali Cartel), directed by Carlos Lemos Simmonds. In 1985, she became the anchorwoman of the newscast Telediario, directed by Arturo Abella.[37]

    In 1985, she appeared on the covers of Harper's Bazaar and Cosmopolitan. Also, in Elenco, a magazine of El Tiempo that presented her as "the symbol of an era".[38] In 1988, she won a scholarship from the German Government, and she studied economic journalism in Berlin at the Internationales Institut für Journalismus.

    1990s

    In 1991, she returned to Colombia to co-star in the soap opera Sombra de tu Sombra of Caracol Televisión.[39] In 1992, she presented ¡Indiscretísimo!, directed by Manuel Prado.[40] From 1992 to 1994, she worked at Todelar radio. In October 1994, she ended her career in the Colombian media to open the South American operation of a multilevel company based in the United States.

    2000s

    Between 2009 and 2010, she worked as a columnist for the Venezuelan newspaper 6to Poder, directed by the opposition journalist Leocenis García; but, President Hugo Chávez closed the newspaper and jailed the director.[41][42]

    2019

    In 2019, Vallejo returned to her work as a television journalist for the international channel RT en Español or Actualidad RT. The twelve episodes, titled as "Sueños y Pesadillas" – "Dreams and Nightmares" in English – were inspired by the "American dream", and describe problems like the huge gap between wealth and poverty, violence and guns, LGBTQ and discrimination of gender, and the high cost of healthcare, among others.[43][44]

    Exile and asylum in the U.S.

    Departure from Colombia

    In early July 2006, Vallejo offered her testimony in the case against Alberto Santofimio,[45] a former Justice Minister and associate of Pablo Escobar, head of the Medellín cartel and her lover from 1983 to 1987. The politician was on trial for conspiracy in the assassination of Luis Carlos Galán, a presidential candidate killed by Pablo Escobar on 18 August 1989. The following week, the Prosecutor Edgardo José Maya Villazón closed the case "for lack of evidence". All of Escobar's hitmen in the crime and several key witnesses against Santofimio had been killed, so Vallejo contacted the American Embassy in Bogotá and asked the US Government to help save her life in exchange for information on the associates of Pablo Escobar and brothers Gilberto and Miguel Rodriguez Orejuela of the Cali cartel, Pablo Escobar's nemesis. The brothers had been extradited by President Álvaro Uribe,[46] and the trial was due to begin in Miami in a few weeks.

    Vallejo's flight made news worldwide, and a home video that Vallejo had taped before her departure to protect her life was aired by Canal RCN of Colombia; according to the channel, it was watched by 14 million people, with higher rates of audience than the Football World Cup final of 2006 on 9 July. Six weeks later, Miguel and Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela pleaded guilty; they were sentenced to 30 years in prison, and the United States Department of Justice collected $2.1 billion ($3 billion today) in assets without going to trial.[47]

    Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar

    In 2007, Vallejo published Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar (In English: Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar), in which she describes, among other topics, her romantic relationship with Pablo Escobar, head of the Medellín Cartel, from 1982 to 1987; the origins of the rebel organizations in Colombia; the reasons for the explosive growth of the cocaine industry; the birth of MAS (Muerte a Secuestradores), which in English means 'Death to Kidnappers', The Extraditables, and the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia; the links among the Medellin and Cali cartels, Caribbean dictators, and the Colombian presidents Alfonso López Michelsen,[48] Ernesto Samper,[49] and Álvaro Uribe;[3][50] the siege of the Palace of Justice in 1985;[51][52] Escobar's relationship with the extreme left and extreme right rebel groups; the horrors during the era of narcoterrorism from 1988 to 1993; and the hunt for and death of her former lover on 2 December 1993.[53] Vallejo's memoir became the number one bestselling Spanish-language book in both Colombia and the United States.[54]

    Political asylum

    Upon arriving to the United States in 2006, Vallejo requested political asylum. She knew that if returned to Colombia, she would be killed, like several witnesses in the cases vs. Alberto Santofimio[55] and the bosses of the Cali cartel.[56] To grant her political asylum, the State of Department and the Immigration Court of Miami examined Vallejo's life and could not find any investigation against her; only hundreds of threats from members of the Colombian government,[57] media outlets owned or directed by the family of vice president Francisco Santos Calderón[58] and defense minister Juan Manuel Santos,[59][60] and the paramilitary squads Águilas Negras (The Black Eagles).[61][62]

    On 3 May 2010, the United States of America granted Virginia Vallejo political asylum under the United Nations Convention against Torture. She received it due to her political opinion about powerful politicians,[63] her testimony in high-profile criminal cases, a brutal car crash she had suffered on her way to testify in the Colombian Miami consulate, and thousands of threats against her life and integrity posted under her name in the Internet.[64] Though most of them were withdrawn from the search engines in the following two weeks, they remain in Vallejo's case in the Miami immigration court.[65]

    Testimonies

    Siege of the Palace of Justice

    In July 2008, the Colombian Government ordered Virginia Vallejo to testify in the reopened case of the Palace of Justice siege ( 6 and 7 November 1985),[66] a massacre that cost the lives of more than 100 people, including 11 Supreme Court Justices, rebels of the M-19, government agents, and dozens of unarmed civilians.[67] In the Colombian Consulate in Miami, a prosecutor sent by the Colombian Attorney General asked the author to confirm the events described in her memoir, in the chapter "That Palace in Flames" (Aquel Palacio en Llamas).[68] So, during the next five hours, she explained the roles of all the actors involved in the tragedy: "Though the M-19 and the Medellín cartel were responsible for the siege, the military were responsible for the massacre".[69][70][71] The journalist signaled also the lack of action of President Belisario Betancur: "The rebel commanders of the M-19 took the Justices as hostages, to force the government to listen to their claims, including the elimination of the extradition treaty with the United States. But, President Betancur refused to take the calls of the President of the Supreme Court, Magistrate Alfonso Reyes Echandia, pleading to save their lives, and instead he allowed the army and the police to bomb a building with 400 people inside".[72][73] In her testimony under oath, she described what Pablo Escobar had told her the following year, after 10 months of separation: "The people detained after the fire, many with third degree burns, were sent to military garrisons where they were tortured – and the women gang-raped[74][75] – to find the hiding places of other rebel commanders, and the money that I had paid them to steal my files before the Court ruled on our extradition;[66] later, they were killed and disappeared in cans of quicklime and sulfuric acid."[76][77] At the end of that chapter, Virginia Vallejo summarized the tragic events: "That conflagration was the holocaust of the Colombian justice system, with the triumph of the establishment, the traditional parties, and "Los Extraditables" with Escobar at the head".[78][79]

    Case of Luis Carlos Galán

    In July 2009, Vallejo testified in the reopened case of the assassination of presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán[80] which occurred on 18 August 1989,[81] and signaled Alberto Santofimio as the main instigator of the candidate's assassination.[82] She described how, in 1984 and 1985 and in her presence, Alberto Santofimio had repeatedly asked Pablo Escobar to "...eliminate Senator Galan before he could become the president and extradite him".[83][84]

    Verdicts

    Twenty-five years after the Palace of Justice massacre, on 9 June 2010 judge Maria Stella Jara sentenced Colonel Alfonso Plazas of the army to 30 years in prison for forced disappearance of the detained.[85][86] President Uribe attacked the verdict on television and offered his protection to the military.[87][88] The next week, with a European human rights organization, Judge Jara had to flee Colombia and went into exile.[89][90][91]

    After 18 years of delays and appeals, in 2007 Alberto Santofimio received a sentence of 24 years in prison for conspiracy with Pablo Escobar in the assassination of Luis Carlos Galán.[92][93][94]

    Portrayals

    The romantic relationship between Virginia Vallejo and Pablo Escobar has inspired soap operas, serials, and movies, aired coast to coast in the United States and seen in many countries. All of them were fictional, and produced by two Colombian television channels owned by billionaires that Vallejo had mentioned in the memoir Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar;[95][96][97] or co-produced with a cousin of President Juan Manuel Santos that Vallejo had accused of corruption in her book, columns and interviews.[98] To sensationalize the character Escobar,[99] the scriptwriters fictionalized many historical events, ignored presidential corruption, and made derogatory assumptions.[100]

    Television

    The first was in El Capo (2009) of Canal RCN of Colombia, owned by the family of Carlos Ardila Lülle.[95] It was coproduced by Fox Telecolombia, and aired in the United States by UniMas, in 2010. The Colombian actress Marcela Mar plays the role of a middle-class reporter in love with a narco.[101][102]

    The second was in Escobar, The Drug Lord (2012) of Caracol Televisión, owned by the family of Julio Mario Santo Domingo.[96][97] The Colombian actress Angie Cepeda plays the role Regina Parejo, a naïve and elementary television presenter.[103][104]

    The third was in the serial Narcos (2015) of Netflix and Gaumont, co-produced with Dynamo of Colombia, directed by a cousin of President Juan Manuel Santos-Calderón that met the scriptwriters in the presidential palace.[98][105] The Mexican actress Stephanie Sigman plays the role Valeria Velez, an unscrupulous journalist and key supporter of Escobar's political ambitions that instigates crimes and is finally killed by The Pepes.[106][107][108]

    Cinema

    The fourth portrayal was in the movie Loving Pablo of Fernando León de Aranoa,[109] where the Spanish actress Penélope Cruz played the role of Vallejo, while Javier Bardem played Escobar. It was produced by Millennium of Nevada, and sponsored by the Colombian Government.[98][110] [111] The film was launched during the 74th Venice International Film Festival (30 August – 9 September 2017),[112] and the two leading actors were nominated for the Goya Awards of 2018.[113][114]

    Rotten Tomatoes gave 2.5 stars to the film.[115] Many criticized the poor English accent of the leading Spanish actors, and it was tagged as "frivolous" and as "the last soap opera about a legendary criminal".[116][117][118] Though the movie was inspired by Vallejo's bestselling book, the director and co-producers created an entire adaptation with fictional scenes and characters, like an agent of the DEA or an ex-husband plastic surgeon that never existed.[119] In real life, Vallejo and Escobar met in 1982, when they were both 32 years-old,[120][121] and she never met any officers of the DEA until she arrived to Miami in 2006. She was never fired to be replaced by a younger presenter, or threatened her directors or anyone. She was not living in Colombia during Escobar's bombings and kidnappings, and she never visited Escobar in La Catedral prison.[122] In fact, Vallejo had ended her relationship with Escobar in 1987, never saw him again, and spent the following years in Germany.[49]

    Journalists that had worked with Vallejo in Colombia could not understand why Cruz had changed completely the story to make such a derogatory portrayal of the author.[122] In an interview, Bardem explained that "the Colombian people had asked him not to glamorize Escobar";[123] but, Vallejo explained that behind her defamatory portrayals were not only the accusations she had made against members of the Colombian government and the Santos family,[63][122] but also the millions of dollars that the television and movie producers had received from the government of Juan Manuel Santos Calderón,[105][111] thanks to a cinema law that he had created in 2012 to promote Colombia as a touristic destination.[124]

    In Latin America, including Colombia, the title of the movie was changed to Escobar’s Treason,[125] possibly to distance Leon de Aranoa's fictional narrative from Vallejo's events described in Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar.[126]

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ Virginia Vallejo, anchorwoman 1994 on YouTube
    2. ↑ Goodman, Joshua (18 July 2006). "Pablo Escobar's Ex-Lover Flees Colombia". Fox News. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    3. 1 2 Relea, Francesc (14 October 2007). "El narcoestado soñado por Escobar tiene más vigencia que nunca". El País. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    4. ↑ "Covers of book Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar". Retrieved 3 October 2017.
    5. ↑ "Movie Loving Pablo in IMDb". Retrieved 15 November 2021.
    6. ↑ "Virginia Vallejo's home in Miami". Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
    7. ↑ "RT Spanish launches new show with Virginia Vallejo". 28 February 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
    8. ↑ "Genealogy of Juan Vallejo Jaramillo". Geneanet. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
    9. ↑ "Árbol genealógico de Sofia Jaramillo Arango" [Genealogies of Colombia: family tree of Sofia Jaramillo Arango]. Genealogías de Colombia (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 September 2017.
    10. ↑ "Ancestry of Alonso Jaramillo de Andrade". Geneall. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
    11. ↑ "Genealogy of Eduardo Vallejo Varela". Geneanet. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
    12. ↑ González Díaz, Andrés (1984). Ministros del Siglo XX – Primera Parte [Ministers of Century XX – First Part] (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Retrieved 4 September 2017.
    13. ↑ "Alejandro Vallejo Varela, escritor y periodista" [Alejandro Vallejo Varela, writer and journalist]. Mercado Libre (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 May 2020.
    14. ↑ Gloria Gaitán talks about her father, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on YouTube
    15. ↑ "Education of Virginia Vallejo". Virginia Vallejo, Official Website. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
    16. ↑ Schultes, Richard Evans (1963). "Jaime Jaramillo-Arango, 1897–1962". Taxon. 12 (2): 41–43. doi:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1963.tb01914.x. JSTOR 1216206.
    17. ↑ "Family tree of Vallejo García". Geneanet. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
    18. ↑ "Elvira Lleras Restrepo, notable educator". Geni. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
    19. ↑ "Genealogía de Fernando Borrero Caicedo" [Genealogy of Fernando Francisco]. Genealogias de Colombia (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 August 2017.
    20. ↑ "Chapter: Borrero, Zamorano y Giovanelli, Banco Cafetero 1959, Cali". Documentos de Arquitectura Moderna en América Latina 1950–1965 [Documents of Modern Architecture in Latin America] (in Spanish). Institut Català de Cooperació Iberoamericana – Universidad Politécnica de Cataluya. 2004. pp. 66–72. ISBN 978-8-48573-617-1.
    21. 1 2 León Giraldo, Diego; Estupiñan, Cristina (3 June 2014). "Virginia Vallejo: 'Voy camino a convertirme en una leyenda'" [Virginia Vallejo: 'I'm on my way to becoming a legend']. El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    22. ↑ "Perfil de David Stivel" [Profile of David Stivel]. Fundación Konex (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 September 2017.
    23. ↑ "Los Canales Privados" [The Colombian Private Channels]. Dinero (in Spanish). Bogotá. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    24. ↑ Salamanca-Uribe, Juana (April 2012). "La television como botín" [The television as political booty]. Credencial (in Spanish). Bogotá: Revista Credencial. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    25. ↑ "El Protagonista". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Bogotá. 3 August 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    26. ↑ Corzo-Ramírez, Jairo; Julio César, Gómez-Romero (20 March 2013). "Historia de la Programadora A3" [History of the TV Programmer "A3"] (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 September 2017.
    27. ↑ "Murió el chef Segundo Cabezas" [The chef Segundo Cabezas dies]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). Bogotá. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    28. ↑ "Tribute to the journalist Ernesto Rodríguez Medina". Semana (in Spanish). 13 May 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
    29. ↑ "El experto Sergio Arboleda" [The expert: Sergio Arboleda]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). Bogotá. 14 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    30. ↑ "Colombia Connection (1979)". IMDb. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    31. ↑ "Murió el director David Stivel" [The director David Stivel dies]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). Bogotá. 21 September 1992. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    32. ↑ Julio César, Gómez-Romero (23 November 2015). "Historia de la programadora TV Impacto" [History of the company "TV Impacto"] (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    33. ↑ Virginia Vallejo (29 July 1981). "Broadcasting the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana, 1981". Caracol Radio (Podcast). Voces Caracol. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    34. ↑ "Interview of Pablo Escobar by Virginia Vallejo". Al Ataque. January 1983. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
    35. ↑ "Virginia Vallejo in the 1980s". Retrieved 2 September 2017.
    36. ↑ "El Show de Las Estrellas" [Virginia Vallejo presenta El Show de las Estrellas] (in Spanish). 1984. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2017 – via YouTube.
    37. ↑ "Arturo Abella, fundador de la televisión informativa en Colombia, murió a sus 90 años" [Arturo Abella, founder of news broadcasting television in Colombia, dies aged 90]. Caracol Radio (in Spanish). Bogotá. 18 February 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
    38. ↑ "Selection of Virginia Vallejo's magazine covers". VirginiaVallejo.com. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
    39. ↑ "Sombra de tu Sombra". 1991. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2017 – via YouTube.
    40. ↑ "Indiscretísimo". 1992. Retrieved 2 September 2017 – via YouTube.
    41. ↑ Vallejo, Virginia (17 October 2010). "Nosotros los Inermes" (PDF). 6to Poder. Vol. 1, no. 3. Caracas: El Nacional. p. A5. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
    42. ↑ "Cierre 'forzoso' de grupo editorial venezolano 6to Poder por medida judicial" ['Forced' closure of Venezuelan newspaper, 6to Poder, by judicial order]. El Nuevo Herald (in Spanish). Miami. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
    43. ↑ "Episode 1 of "Sueños y Pesadillas"". 30 April 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
    44. ↑ Virginia Vallejo interviews Isabel Allende on YouTube
    45. ↑ "Ex amante de Pablo Escobar implica a político colombiano en crimen de candidato presidencial – Wikinoticias". es.wikinews.org. 17 July 2006. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    46. ↑ "Colombian drug baron extradited". BBC News. 4 December 2004. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    47. ↑ "Cali Cartel Leaders Plead Guilty to Drug and Money Laundering Conspiracy Charges". United States Department of Justice. 26 September 2006. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    48. ↑ Interview of the W Radio on YouTube
    49. 1 2 Narco-presidents part 2, her collaboration with Interpol in Germany 1989 on YouTube
    50. ↑ Romero, Simon (3 October 2007). "Colombian Leader Disputes Claim of Tie to Cocaine Kingpin". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    51. ↑ "Virginia Vallejo's Testimony". VirginiaVallejo.com. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    52. ↑ "Vallejo's Testimony in Historical Processes". VirginiaVallejo.com. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    53. ↑ McFadden, Robert D. (3 December 1993). "Head of Medellin Cocaine Cartel Is Killed by Troops in Colombia". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    54. ↑ "Bestseller #1 in United States in 2007 & 2015". VirginiaVallejo.com. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
    55. ↑ "Asesinado en Armenia Carlos Oviedo Alfaro" [Killed in Armenia Carlos Oviedo Alfaro]. El País (in Spanish). 19 April 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
    56. ↑ "Miguel Rodríguez mandó asesinar esposa de Pallomari" [Miguel Rodríguez ordered the murder of Pallomari's wife]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). 3 December 1995. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
    57. ↑ "Procurador dice que hay que pedir en extradición a Virginia Vallejo" [The Colombian Inspector General says that they should requested the "extradition" of Virginia Vallejo]. Radio Santa Fe (in Spanish). 19 October 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
    58. ↑ "Francisco Santos, director de RCN" [Francisco Santos, director of RCN] (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 February 2020.
    59. ↑ "Diario El Tiempo, propiedad de la familia Santos" [El Tiempo newspaper, owned by the family Santos] (in Spanish). 3 October 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
    60. ↑ "Revista Semana, propiedad de Felipe López y dirigido por Alejandro Santos" [Semana magazine, owned by Felipe López and directed by Alejandro Santos] (in Spanish). 3 October 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
    61. ↑ "Periodista amenazado por paramilitares por acusaciones del presidente Uribe" [Journalist threatened by paramilitaries on accusations of President Uribe] (in Spanish). 15 October 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
    62. ↑ "Human Right Watch says President Uribe must respect the justice and journalists". 8 October 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
    63. 1 2 Colombian journalist describes threats and harassment in W Radio, the Narco-Presidents, part 6 on YouTube
    64. ↑ Colombian journalist describes threats and harassment in W Radio, the Narco-Presidents, part 3 on YouTube
    65. ↑ Jaime Bayly Show: Political Asylum to Virginia Vallejo, minute 1:20 on YouTube
    66. 1 2 VirginiaVallejo (8 July 2009). "Virginia Vallejo testified about the case of the Palace of Justice Siege". Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2019 – via YouTube.
    67. ↑ W Radio: Interview with Virginia Vallejo about of the Palace of Justice siege on YouTube
    68. ↑ Vallejo, Virginia (2007). Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar (in Spanish). Random House Mondadori. pp. 227–251.
    69. ↑ "Estado reconoce responsabilidad en víctimas del Palacio de Justicia". La Red Independiente (in Spanish). 20 October 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    70. ↑ Evans, Michael (18 December 2009). "Truth Commission Blames Colombian State for Palace of Justice Tragedy". Unredacted.com. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    71. ↑ "Piden condena a militares (r) por desaparecidos en la toma del Palacio de Justicia". Fiscalía (in Spanish). 4 February 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    72. ↑ "Expresidente Belisario Betancur pide perdón por sus actos en caso del Palacio Justicia". Caracol Radio. 21 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    73. ↑ Presidente Belisario Betancourt se dirige al país asumiendo toda la responsabilidad por las acciones emprendidas por la fuerza pública on YouTube
    74. ↑ Radio, Caracol (17 December 2009). "Sobrevivientes de holocausto fueron torturados y sometidos a tratos inhumanos y degradantes". Caracol Radio. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    75. ↑ Exconsejero de Estado confirma que sí hubo torturas en retoma del Palacio de Justicia on YouTube
    76. ↑ Vallejo (2007), p. 256-261.
    77. ↑ "Disappeared at the Palace of Justice". Colombia Support Network. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    78. ↑ Vallejo (2007), p. 250.
    79. ↑ Anzola, Juan Francisco Lanao (5 November 2009). "Palace of Justice siege: 24 years of injustice". Colombiareports.com. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    80. ↑ "Colombian Presidential Candidate Is Slain at Rally". The New York Times. 19 August 1989. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    81. ↑ "Ex-Colombia minister held for murder". BBC News. 12 May 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    82. ↑ Fiscal listen to Virginia Vallejo in United States on YouTube
    83. ↑ "Virginia Vallejo's testimony on Santofimio and politicians supported by the drug cartels". Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
    84. ↑ "Colombia: Ex-Minister Guilty in Assassination". The New York Times. Associated Press. 12 October 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    85. ↑ "Primera condena contra militar de alto rango en el caso del Palacio de Justicia" [First sentence against high rank military in the case of the Palace of Justice]. Justicia y Paz Colombia (in Spanish). 10 June 2010. Archived from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    86. ↑ "Colombian Gets 30 Years for "Disappearing" Survivors of '85 Siege". Latin American Herald Tribune. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    87. ↑ "Human Rights for Colombia". Colombia Support Network News. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    88. ↑ "Colombia: Los autores de abusos contra los derechos humanos no deben ser protegidos de la justicia". Amnesty International. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    89. ↑ "UN urges Colombian gov't to protect judge issued landmark ruling". People's Daily Online. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    90. ↑ "Corte Interamericana repudia beneficios a agentes estatales por crímenes de lesa humanidad". El Espectador (in Spanish). 23 June 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    91. ↑ "Letter sent to President Santos of Colombia by high members of US justice and law" (PDF). US Office on Colombia.org. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    92. ↑ "Colombia ex-justice chief jailed". BBC News. 11 October 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    93. ↑ "Colombian Supreme Court upholds conviction a former justice minister for his role in the assassination of presidential candidate". El Universal. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    94. ↑ "Ex-minister transferred to prison over Galan murder". ColombiaReports.co. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
    95. 1 2 "Carlos Ardila Lülle net worth, Forbes". Retrieved 21 January 2020.
    96. 1 2 "Alejandro Santo Domingo, media ownership in Colombia". Retrieved 29 January 2020.
    97. 1 2 "Julio Mario Santo Domingo net worth, Forbes". Retrieved 29 January 2020.
    98. 1 2 3 "Television and film productions of Andrés Calderón, cousin of Juan Manuel Santos. Imdb". Retrieved 10 January 2020.
    99. ↑ Paige, Rachel. "How Historically Accurate is Pablo escobar On 'Narcos'". Bustle. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
    100. ↑ "Virginia Vallejo denounces corruption of Colombian presidential families" [Virginia Vallejo denuncia corrupción de familias presidenciales colombianas]. W Radio (in Spanish). Bogotá. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
    101. ↑ "Las semejanzas entre El Capo y Pablo Escobar" [The similarities between of El Capo and Pablo Escobar]. El Colombiano (in Spanish). 23 August 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
    102. ↑ "Marcela Mar habla sobre su nuevo papel en El Capo" [Marcela Mar talks about her new role in El Capo]. El Colombiano (in Spanish). 13 September 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
    103. ↑ "Angie Cepeda is Regina Parejo". 2 July 2011. Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2018 – via YouTube.
    104. ↑ "Angie Cepeda será Virginia Vallejo" [Angie Cepeda will be Virginia Vallejo]. Vanguardia Liberal (in Spanish). 11 December 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
    105. 1 2 "Netflix's Ted Sarandos Meets With Colombian President to Talk 'Narcos' Incentives". Variety. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
    106. ↑ Thomas, Leah. "How Historically Accurate is 'Narcos'". Bustle. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
    107. ↑ "Colombian Reporter Says Netflix's Narcos Copied Her Best-Selling Memoir". Miami News Times. 28 August 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
    108. ↑ "Who Are Los Pepes In 'Narcos'. Get The Scoop on Pablo Escobar's Enemies". Decider. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
    109. ↑ "Loving Pablo". IMDb. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
    110. ↑ "Andrés Calderón de Dynamo Producciones habla del rodaje de Loving Pablo" [Dynamo Producciones talks about filming Loving Pablo]. W Radio Colombia (in Spanish). 27 September 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
    111. 1 2 Sofía Gómez (26 October 2019). "Loving Pablo y otras películas financiadas por Ley 1556" [Loving Pablo and other movies financed by Law 1556 of the Colombian Government]. Diario El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 March 2020.
    112. ↑ "Javier Bardem and Penélope Cruz present 'Loving Pablo' at the Venice Film Festival". Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2018 – via YouTube.
    113. ↑ "Nominaciones a mejor actor y mejor actriz Premios Goya" [Nominations to best actor and best actress Goya Awards]. Premios Goya (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 May 2018.
    114. ↑ "The Spanish duo received nominations for their roles in their latest film Loving Pablo =". Hola. 5 February 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
    115. ↑ "Critics consensus on the film Loving Pablo". Retrieved 18 February 2020.
    116. ↑ "Loving Pablo debería venderse como uno de aquellos melodramas de tercera" [Loving Pablo should be sold as one of those third-rate melodramas] (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2020.
    117. ↑ "Crítica y mediana calificación de los medios a Loving Pablo" [Scores from the media of Loving Pablo] (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2020.
    118. ↑ "Críticas de expertos de cine a Loving Pablo" [Critics from film experts on Loving Pablo] (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 March 2020.
    119. ↑ Alida Cleer (7 October 2018). "Shepard, agente de la DEA, personaje ficticio en Loving Pablo" [Shepard, a DEA agent, fictional character in Loving Pablo]. Ahora Mismo (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
    120. ↑ "Virginia Vallejo in the 1980s, described as the symbol of an era". Retrieved 20 March 2020.
    121. ↑ Andrés Gerra (31 March 2018). "El retrato de Vallejo y Escobar cuando se conocieron" [The portrait of Vallejo and Escobar when they met]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 March 2020.
    122. 1 2 3 "Retratos difamatorios de mi vida en producciones fílmicas, dice Virginia Vallejo" [Defamatory portrayals of my life in film productions, says Virginia Vallejo]. W Radio Colombia (in Spanish). 18 April 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
    123. ↑ Mónica Castillo (4 October 2018). "Javier Bardem plays Pablo Escobar without 'glamour' in new movie, 'Loving Pablo'". NBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
    124. ↑ "Devolución del 40% y 20% de inversión en proyectos fílmicos hechos en Colombia, Ley 1556 de 2012" [40% and 20% rebates of investment of film projects made in Colombia, Law 1556 of 2012] (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 March 2020.
    125. ↑ "Escobar, La Traición, en carteleras de Colombia" [Escobar’s Treason, in Colombian theaters] (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 March 2020.
    126. ↑ "Bestselling book Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar, translated to 15 languages". Retrieved 20 March 2020.
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