Vladimir Kara-Murza
Владимир Кара-Мурза
Kara-Murza in 2017
Vice-Chairman of Open Russia
Assumed office
12 November 2016
Deputy Leader of the People's Freedom Party
In office
5 July 2015 – 17 December 2016
LeaderMikhail Kasyanov
Personal details
Born
Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza

(1981-09-07) 7 September 1981
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Citizenship
  • Russia
  • United Kingdom[1]
Political party
SpouseYevgenia
Children3
Parent
Alma materTrinity Hall, Cambridge (BA)
AwardsVáclav Havel Human Rights Prize (2022)

Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza (Russian: Владимир Владимирович Кара-Мурза; born 7 September 1981) is a Russian and British political activist, journalist, author, filmmaker, and political prisoner. A protégé of Boris Nemtsov, he is vice-chairman of Open Russia, an NGO founded by Russian businessman and former oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky, which promotes civil society and democracy in Russia.[2][3][4] He was elected to the Coordinating Council of the Russian Opposition in 2012, and served as deputy leader of the People's Freedom Party from 2015 to 2016. He has directed two documentaries, They Chose Freedom and Nemtsov. As of 2021, he acts as Senior Fellow to the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights.[5] He was awarded the Civil Courage Prize in 2018.[6]

In April 2022, Kara-Murza was arrested on charges of disobeying police orders; later his arrest was extended after new charges of "discrediting" the military were introduced, and in October, new charges of treason were introduced against him.[7] Amnesty International and others called the charges politically motivated for his anti-war views.[8][9][10] In April 2023, he was sentenced to 25 years in prison.[11]

In October 2022, Kara-Murza was awarded the Václav Havel Human Rights Prize.[12]

Early life and education

Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza was born in Moscow on 7 September 1981, the son of Russian journalist and television host Vladimir Alexeyevich Kara-Murza (1959–2019), an outspoken critic of Leonid Brezhnev and supporter of reforms under Boris Yeltsin. He is Jewish,[13] as is his mother.[14] His father was a great grandson of Latvian revolutionary Voldemārs Bisenieks (1884–1938), and great-grand-nephew of Latvia's first Ambassador to Great Britain, Georgs Bisenieks (1885–1941), both of whom were shot by the NKVD. The Latvian agronomist and publisher Jānis Bisenieks|lv (1864–1923) was their older brother.[15]

He is related to Sergey Kara-Murza (born 1939), a Soviet/Russian historian, chemist, and philosopher. He is a member of the Kara-Murza family, who are descendants of a Tatar aristocrat who settled in Moscow and converted to Christianity in the 15th century AD. The surname name Kara-Murza translated means "Black Prince" or "Dark Lord".

Kara-Murza earned a BA and an MA degree in history at Trinity Hall, Cambridge.[16] With his wife Yevgenia,[17] he has three children.

Career

Author and journalist

Kara-Murza makes the sign of the cross at the place of assassination of Boris Nemtsov in Moscow on 27 February 2021.

Kara-Murza became a journalist at the age of 16. He worked as London correspondent for a succession of Russian media outlets, including Novye Izvestia from 1997 to 2000, Kommersant from September 2000 to June 2003, and the radio station Ekho Moskvy from September 2001 to June 2003. Kara-Murza then briefly became foreign affairs correspondent of Kommersant (July 2003 to April 2004) and Washington correspondent for the BBC (December 2004 to December 2005).[18] In 2002, he was editor-in-chief of the London-based financial publication Russian Investment Review. In April 2004 he took over as the Washington bureau chief of the RTVi television network, a post he held for the next nine years. On 1 September 2012 he was dismissed from this job.

Documentarian

In 2005, Kara-Murza produced a four-part TV documentary, They Chose Freedom, dedicated to the history of the Soviet dissident movement. The documentary was based on interviews with Russian dissidents, including Vladimir Bukovsky, Elena Bonner and Sergei Kovalev. It was first aired in October 2005.[19]

The documentary has since been screened at various locations in Europe and North America, with subtitles added in English.[20][21] On 24 March 2014, Kara-Murza, Anne Applebaum, and Vladimir Bukovsky took part in a discussion following a London screening of the film.[22]

Author

In 2011, Kara-Murza published his first book, Reform or Revolution: The Quest for Responsible Government in the First Russian State Duma (in Russian only), which recounts the unsuccessful attempt by the Cadets or Constitutional Democratic Party to form a government during the brief existence of the first Russian Parliament or Duma from April to July 1906. Based on the original 1906 parliamentary record and contemporary newspaper reports, as well as memoirs by participants of the events, the book was launched in both Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[18]

In late 2014 and early 2015, he wrote about a number of anti democratic trends in Russia. President Vladimir Putin, for example, had resumed the Soviet practice of stripping dissidents of their Russian citizenship.[23] As a result of this and other acts, Kara-Murza urged the Council of Europe not to restore Russia's voting rights, suspended since the annexation of Crimea.[24] Kremlin SWAT teams, he wrote in December 2014, were breaking up opposition meetings.[25] Putin's word was therefore "void of value", wrote Kara-Murza, citing as evidence the false statements made by the Russian President and his broken promises.[26]

Putin soft-pedaled his response to the opposition during the Sochi Olympics, Kara-Murza wrote in an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, published on 26 February 2014. Now that the international event was over, the Russian president was rapidly returning to his former oppressive behaviour. Only hours after the closing ceremony in Sochi, a Moscow court handed prison sentences to seven of the May 2012 Bolotnaya Square protestors.

Pressure was brought to bear not only within Russia. Russia's nationwide TV had been broadcasting "hate-filled appeals to crush the protesters in Kiev" for several weeks early in 2014, noted Kara-Murza. For Putin, he explained, "maintaining the status quo in Ukraine was not primarily about preserving a post-Soviet sphere of influence or recreating a Moscow-led empire". The Russian president feared that "a democratic, pro-European Ukraine" would set "a 'dangerous' precedent for Russia" and that it would be "only a matter of time" before Russian citizens began to demand similar levels of political and economic freedom.[27]

Russian politics

From 1999 to 2001, Kara-Murza was a member of the Democratic Choice of Russia party; from 2001 to 2008 he was a member of the Union of Right Forces. Between 2000 and 2003 he served as an advisor to State Duma opposition leader Boris Nemtsov. He has been in opposition to Vladimir Putin since 2000, backing liberal candidate Grigory Yavlinsky in the 2000 presidential election.

Kara-Murza was a candidate for election to the Russian parliament, or State Duma, in the 2003 parliamentary election, running in Moscow's Chertanovsky district. His candidacy was endorsed jointly by the Union of Right Forces and Yabloko.[28] During the campaign, various underhanded methods were used against Kara-Murza. The candidate from the United Russia ruling party Vladimir Gruzdev attempted to have him removed from the ballot; the lighting on Kara-Murza's campaign billboards and the sound during his televised debates were turned off; and unlawful carousel voting was discovered on election day.[29] British journalist Andrew Jack named the Chertanovsky district in south Moscow as a case of electoral manipulation in Russia's 2003 vote in his book Inside Putin's Russia.[30] According to the official results, Gruzdev received 149,069 votes (53.8%); Kara-Murza, 23,800 votes (8.6%); and Communist Party candidate Sergei Seregin, 18,992 votes (6.9%).[31]

In January 2004, he co-founded the Committee 2008, an umbrella opposition group led by Boris Nemtsov and Garry Kasparov. In May 2007, Kara-Murza nominated the veteran human rights activist and writer Vladimir Bukovsky as a democratic opposition candidate for the Russian presidency in the 2008 election. "The opposition needs a candidate for president – strong, uncompromising, decisive, with irreproachable political and, more importantly, moral authority," read the statement written by Kara-Murza on behalf of Bukovsky's campaign committee. "Russia needs its own Vaclav Havel, not a new successor from [the KGB]."[32]

From May to December 2007, Kara-Murza chaired Bukovsky's campaign committee, which included, among others, Academician Yuri Ryzhov, writer and satirist Victor Shenderovich, columnist Andrei Piontkovsky, lawyer Yuri Schmidt,[33] human rights activist Alexander Podrabinek, and political analyst Vladimir Pribylovsky.[32][34] In October 2007, Kara-Murza was one of organisers of the "Rally of Free People" held on Moscow's Triumfalnaya Square in support of Bukovsky's presidential nomination.[35][36]

On 16 December 2007, Bukovsky was duly nominated as a presidential candidate by 823 members of a voters' assembly in Moscow (the law required at least 500 people to support such a nomination). At the same meeting, Kara-Murza was elected as Bukovsky's plenipotentiary representative to Russia's Central Electoral Commission.[37][38] On 22 December 2007 the Commission refused to register Bukovsky as a candidate for the presidency, thereby denying Bukovsky access to the ballot.[39]

At the founding convention of Solidarnost, Russia's united democratic movement, in December 2008, Kara-Murza was elected to the movement's federal council, placing second out of 77 candidates, behind Nemtsov.[40] He was re-elected to the Solidarnost council in 2010 and 2013.

In 2012, he took part in the street protests in Moscow against Putin's rule, the largest pro-democracy demonstrations in Russia since 1991.[41]

In June 2012, Kara-Murza was elected to the federal council of the Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party, co-chaired by Boris Nemtsov, Mikhail Kasyanov, and Vladimir Ryzhkov.[42] In October 2012, he was elected to the Coordinating Council of the Russian Opposition, placing 21st out of 169 candidates and receiving 20,845 votes.[43]

Institute of Modern Russia

Soon after, on 1 November 2012, Kara-Murza was hired by the Institute of Modern Russia as the organisation's senior policy advisor. "It is an honor for me to join this distinguished institute and contribute to its mission of keeping the spotlight on the situation in Russia and advocating for democracy, human rights, and the rule of law", said Kara-Murza, "These values should remain at the forefront of international relations."[44] In February 2013, he took part in panel discussions about Russia's future at The Heritage Foundation.[45] In October 2013, with Pavel Khodorkovsky, son of the former entrepreneur and philanthropist Mikhail Khodorkovsky and others, he participated in a similar discussion hosted by the National Endowment for Democracy.[46]

Open Russia

Kara-Murza is a coordinator of the Open Russia Foundation, founded by Mikhail Khodorkovsky. The organisation was created with the goal of promoting civil society and democracy in Russia, while revoking Putin's grip on power. Launched in 2014, Open Russia has been instrumental in educating Russian citizens on western democracy, whilst bringing opposition groups and activists in contact with support from the west. Kara-Murza is deputy chairman and heads Open elections project designed to promote free and fair elections in Russia; a task he has noted is exceedingly difficult given the government's ability to silence opposition and manipulate elections. He also frequently addresses international stages to promote further cooperation and discussion among nations.[2][3][4][47][48]

Funeral pallbearer for John McCain

In April 2018, United States Senator John McCain sent Kara-Murza a message revealing that he, McCain, had been diagnosed with brain cancer and requesting that Kara-Murza, who had worked with McCain on issues relating to Russia since 2010, serve as a pallbearer at the senator's eventual funeral. Kara-Murza later said that he was "speechless", "heartbroken", and "close to tears", and that doing so would be "the most heartbreaking honor that anyone could think of". McCain died on 25 August; Kara-Murza joined fourteen others chosen by McCain himself, including the then former Vice President Joe Biden and actor Warren Beatty, as a pallbearer at McCain's funeral at the Washington National Cathedral on 1 September. McCain's choice of Kara-Murza was described by Politico as a "final dig" at Putin, of whom McCain was a vocal critic, and at U.S. President Donald Trump, for his apparent closeness to the Russian president.[49][50]

Magnitsky Act

Kara-Murza and Boris Nemtsov's daughter Zhanna Nemtsova on 20 June 2018

As a journalist who was fluent in English and based partly in the U.S., Kara-Murza played a role in the events that led to the 2012 passage of the Magnitsky Act by the U.S. Congress.

In July 2012, Kara-Murza reported that he had been denied access a few days earlier to the Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C. This decision was taken on the orders of the ambassador himself on the grounds that Kara-Murza was "no longer a journalist". On 1 September 2012, Kara-Murza dismissal as Washington bureau chief of RTVi was made public. According to several sources, he was now on a "blacklist" and could not be employed as a journalist by any Russian media outlets. The reason for this ban was his advocacy of the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act, then being considered by the U.S. Congress.[51]

The draft law was named after Sergei Magnitsky, a Moscow tax advisor who uncovered a massive tax-fraud scheme involving several law-enforcement officials and who died in custody of those same officials in 2009 after being tortured and denied medical care. Its purpose was to prevent the issuing of U.S. visas to persons "responsible for the detention, abuse, or death of Sergei Magnitsky", (and for "extrajudicial killings, torture, or other gross violations of internationally recognized human rights" in Russia) and to freeze access to any U.S.-based assets those persons might hold. The law also extended to cover Russian officials involved in broader acts of corruption and in violations of basic civil liberties.[52] Kara-Murza explained his support for the law by saying that "The prospect of losing access to the West and its financial systems...may well be, for now, the only serious disincentive to corruption and human rights violations by Russian officials."[51]

Writing in The National Interest, Mark Adomanis warned that the Magnitsky law came with a cost. It had "potential downsides," and was worsening "Russia's already precarious human-rights situation", driving "some of the ever-dwindling number of effective opposition journalists" from the country. In particular he cited the firing of Kara-Murza, although the journalist's employers described his dismissal as part of "a long-planned reorganization". Opposition leader Boris Nemtsov, reported Adomanis, "suggested the decision to fire Kara-Murza may have come from an extremely high-ranking official: Alexei Gromov, the deputy head of the presidential administration."[53] An article in July by Peter Baker of The New York Times was devoted largely to the arguments of the law's critics. He did quote Kara-Murza's comment that the bill would hit corrupt officials and human-rights violators "where it hurts, closing access to their ill-gotten gains in the West."[54]

On 25 July 2012, Kara-Murza testified before the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission of the U.S. Congress about human-rights abuses in Russia and described the proposed Magnitsky Law as "a pro-Russian bill which provides a much-needed measure of accountability for those who continue to violate the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens." He added: "The Kremlin's reaction to this legislation shows that it hits them precisely where it hurts. I want to take this opportunity to thank Co-Chairmen McGovern and Wolf for their leadership on this issue. I hope the Magnitsky Act is signed into law before the end of this year."[55] In a December 2012 article co-written with Nemtsov, Kara-Murza reiterated his support for the Magnitsky Act which he and Nemtsov called "a pro-Russian law that strikes at the heart of the Kremlin's mafia-like system", adding that "Russian opposition and civil society leaders and cultural figures, as well as a plurality of Russian citizens, are in favour of the Magnitsky law."

On 12 December 2012, the Magnitsky Act became United States law.[56]

Kara-Murza and Nemtsov called on Canada to pass a similar piece of legislation, then under consideration by the International Human Rights Subcommittee of the Canadian parliament's House of Commons.[52] Writing for Maclean's in December 2012, Michael Petrou reported Kara-Murza's visit to Ottawa to urge the passage of the proposed Canadian version of the Magnitsky law, a private member's bill introduced by Liberal MP Irwin Cotler: while it was the task of Russian opposition leaders, not foreigners, "to bring democratic change to Russia," Kara-Murza said, Western democracies could still help the cause of Russian democracy through legislation. Those in Russia who had abused and tormented Magnitsky "rule in the style of Zimbabwe or Belarus," wrote Petrou, paraphrasing Kara-Murza, "but prefer the West as a safe place to store their money, buy second homes, and send their children to school. And it is in the West where they are most vulnerable."[57]

In June 2013, in an interview with France 24 television, Kara-Murza discussed the proposed version of the Magnitsky law then being debated in the European Parliament. He spoke in favour of such laws, and noted that the list of persons covered by the U.S. law was being expanded. He distinguished between those in the European Parliament who were "friends of Russia" and those who were "friends of Putin".[58]

In March 2014, noting that the average Russian opposes intervention in Ukraine by the government of Vladimir Putin, Kara-Murza stated that the world "should respond to Putin's aggression" by imposing sanctions against its perpetrators. He called for the list of Russian human-rights abusers who were already banned, under the Sergei Magnitsky Act, from travelling to the United States and keeping assets there to "be dramatically expanded to include senior Kremlin officials responsible for the attack on Ukraine and the crackdown against Russian citizens." He also expressed the hope that "the European Union would soon follow with its own version of the Magnitsky sanctions." "Those who commit acts of aggression and abuse the rights of their own citizens should not be entitled to the privileges and comfort of the democratic West," he said.[59]

List of state-employed journalists

Presentation of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe report in the Hofburg in 2020[60]

On 27 February 2015, opposition leader Boris Nemtsov was assassinated by four shots from behind while he was sitting on a bridge near Red Square in Moscow.[61][62][63] According to Bill Browder, Kara-Murza is a protégé of Nemtsov.[56]

In late April 2015, Kara-Murza and Mikhail Kasyanov presented a list of eight names to members of the House of Representatives and the Senate of the US Congress. These were the TV presenters and other state-employed journalists and commentators who, Kara-Murza and Kasyanov alleged, had created an atmosphere of "hatred, intolerance and violence" around the figure of Nemtsov in the months leading up to his murder one hundred yards from the Kremlin. Specifically, the named individuals had stated on nationwide television that Nemtsov was a traitor, an enemy of Russia, part of a "fifth column" within the country, and that he would have welcomed the invading German forces outside Moscow in 1941.[64]

Kara-Murza explained the appeal to U.S. legislators by saying that Russia's law-enforcement agencies, unfortunately, had declined to investigate these recorded and documented statements although incitement to harm an individual was also a crime according to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. These eight names, Kara-Murza hoped, would now be added to those already on the Magnitsky List.[64] The eight names were listed in the Kommersant daily newspaper.[65]

On 18 May 2015, the daily newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda reported that Yevgeny Alexeyevich Fyodorov, a State Duma deputy for United Russia, had requested the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation to assess whether Kasyanov and Kara-Murza had not committed an act of treason, under Article 275 of the RF Criminal Code, by submitting the above list of eight names to members of the US Congress. When approached by the newspaper the Investigative Committee would not pass comment on deputy Fyodorov's statement.[66]

Poisonings

2015

On 26 May 2015, Kara-Murza was suddenly taken ill in Moscow during a meeting.[67] He had eaten lunch at a restaurant and then had a two-hour meeting, during which he consumed nothing and felt normal, before becoming ill over a ten to fifteen minute period, leading to vomiting.[68] At first he was thought to be having heart difficulties, but treatment at a specialised cardiac clinic did nothing to arrest the symptoms.[69] Kara-Murza was then taken to hospital in Moscow. Initial symptoms indicated that he could have been poisoned, according to doctors, and he was later diagnosed with kidney failure.[2][3][4][48]

Coming after the murder of his colleague Boris Nemtsov on 27 February 2015, and mindful of other cases of poisoning, both in Russia (journalist and Duma deputy Yuri Shchekochikhin in 2003, the attempted murder of Anna Politkovskaya in 2004) and abroad (Alexander Litvinenko in October 2006) there was great concern on the part of friends and family.[70] His wife Yevgenia urged that he be evacuated from Russia for examination and treatment abroad.[17] On 2 June, it was announced by a spokesman for the Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party that Kara-Murza had emerged from his coma and recognised his wife, who was now by his bedside.[71] The cause of his sudden illness remained a mystery, but in an interview with the BBC his father commented, "if someone did want to frighten us, then they succeeded."[72] There has never been any conclusive evidence that Kara-Murza has ever been intentionally poisoned.[73][74]

After his release from the hospital, Kara-Murza stated that it was difficult to "believe this was an accident", suspecting it was an intentional poisoning, but noted there was no way to be certain.[75] On 15 August 2015, Mikhail Khodorkovsky commented with delight that Kara-Murza had returned to work co-ordinating the Open Elections project.[76] Kara-Murza is working to provide free and fair elections for the Duma.[75]

2017

Kara-Murza in 2018

On 2 February 2017, Kara-Murza was again hospitalised after the onset of the same symptoms as his prior illness. He was put in a medically-induced coma and was on life support.[77] He was treated at the same hospital by the same medical team who had already saved his life in 2015.[78] According to his lawyer Vadim Prokhorov, Kara-Murza was diagnosed by the hospital with 'toxic influence of an unknown substance'.[79] He was released on 19 February and went abroad for rehabilitation. His lawyer sent the Russian Investigative Committee a request to open a criminal case into the alleged poisoning. A similar request after the 2015 incident had been turned down without an explanation.[80][81] His blood samples were provided to a number of laboratories including one affiliated to the FBI. But for unclear reasons, the FBI subsequently have not revealed details of their investigations into the substance that triggered Kara-Murza's illness, with one US Senator suggesting that it might be "classified".[82] Two other labs—in France and Israel—have also conducted tests, but they were inconclusive.[74]

In February 2021, a Bellingcat joint investigation[83] with The Insider and Der Spiegel said that Kara-Murza had been followed by the same FSB unit that allegedly poisoned Alexei Navalny before he fell ill in 2015 and 2017.[84]

Arrest and imprisonment

On Monday 11 April 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Kara-Murza was arrested on charges of disobeying police orders, and faced up to 15 days in jail or a small fine. It was not immediately clear if Kara-Murza’s arrest was linked to his opposition to Russia’s actions in Ukraine.[85] The arrest came hours after he referred to the Putin government as "a regime of murderers".[86]

On 22 April 2022, Kara-Murza was charged by a Russian court for allegedly spreading of false information about the Russian military.[87] The reason for the criminal case against Kara-Murza was his March 15 speech to the Arizona House of Representatives, in which he denounced the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[88]

In July, new charges of cooperating with an "undesirable" foreign NGO were introduced, for which he faces up to six years in prison. In October, Vadim Prokhorov, one of his lawyers, said that Kara-Murza was also charged with treason, which could see him face up to 20 years in prison.[7]

In October 2022, Kara-Murza was awarded the Václav Havel Human Rights Prize by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.[89]

In April 2023, one of Kara-Murza's lawyers said that Russian prosecutors asked for a 25-year prison sentence, the maximum possible.[90] Additionally, the prosecution also asked for the sentence to be served in a "strict regime" prison colony where conditions are harsh, and where prisoners are held in locked cells rather than barracks.[91] On 17 April 2023, he was convicted on charges of treason and "spreading disinformation" about the Russian military, and sentenced to 25 years in prison.[92][93] The sentence of 25 years is a combination of sentences under three articles of the Russian Criminal Code - seven years in the case of "military fakes", three years in the case of participation in the activities of an "undesirable" organization and 18 years in the case of treason.[94] The sentence was the longest given to an opposition figure since the start of the war.[11] The maximum term for murder and rape in Russia is 15 years. Kara-Murza's conviction is the longest sentence for political activity since the fall of the Soviet Union, and the length of the sentence is comparable only to Stalin's purges in the 1930s.[95]

Kara-Murza compared his case to show trials from the Stalin era.[96] In his closing speech before the court, he said: "I know that the day will come when the darkness over our country will be gone. When the war [in Ukraine] will be called a war, and the usurper [in the Kremlin] will be called a usurper; when those who have ignited this war will be called criminals instead of those who tried to stop it... And then our people will open their eyes and shudder at the sight of the horrific crimes committed in their names."[95]

References

  1. ↑ "Press release: UK condemns sentencing of British-Russian Opposition Leader Vladimir Kara-Murza". Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. 17 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 Luhn, Alec (27 May 2015). "Russian opposition activist Vladimir Kara-Murza in hospital after falling ill". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 Porter, Tom (27 May 2015). "Russia: Anti-Kremlin activist Vladimir Kara-Murza in hospital after 'poisoning'". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (31 May 2015). "Opposition Activist Remains in Critical Condition". Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  5. ↑ "Senior Fellows". Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights. 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  6. ↑ "2018 Civil Courage Prize Honoree". Civil Courage Prize. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  7. 1 2 "Jailed Kremlin Critic Kara-Murza Charged With Treason". The Moscow Times. 6 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  8. ↑ "Russia: Vladimir Kara-Murza, jailed prisoner of conscience, awarded Václav Havel Prize" Archived 13 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Amnesty International, 10 October 2022
  9. ↑ "‘Proof that today’s Russia is returning to the practices of Stalin’s political terror’" Archived 13 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Novya Gazeta, 10 April 2023
  10. ↑ "Arrest and Detention of Vladimir Kara-Murza" Archived 13 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, a letter from several members of the US Congress and Senate, 12 May 2022
  11. 1 2 "Vladimir Kara-Murza: Russian opposition figure jailed for 25 years" Archived 17 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 17 April 2023
  12. ↑ "2022 Václav Havel Prize awarded to imprisoned Russian opposition leader Vladimir Kara-Murza". Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 10 October 2022. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  13. ↑ Russian opposition aide reflects on path to religious Jewish observance - Jerusalem Post, May 10 2023
  14. ↑ AP. "Russian-Jewish dissident handed 25-year sentence for treason, denigrating army". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  15. ↑ Information from the Russian Wikipedia entry on Georgs Bisenieks.
  16. ↑ "Vladimir Kara-Murza". World Affairs Journal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  17. 1 2 Schreck, Carl (28 May 2015). "Wife Of Hospitalized Russian Opposition Activist Urges His Evacuation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  18. ↑ "In Russia, the first documentary film about the dissident movement". News RU. 20 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 September 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  19. ↑ "They Chose Freedom: The Story of Soviet Dissidents | Columbia | Harriman Institute". harriman.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
  20. ↑ ""They Chose Freedom: The Story of Soviet Dissidents", film screening at Freedom House, 13 February 2014". Archived from the original on 8 February 2014.
  21. ↑ "They Chose Freedom: The Story of Soviet Dissidents. Film Screening and Discussion with Vladimir Bukovsky (London)". Institute of Modern Russia. 11 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  22. ↑ "Kremlin Returns to Soviet Practice of Stripping Citizenship". World Affairs. 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  23. ↑ "Europe: Deny the Vote to Putin's Outlaw Regime". World Affairs. 25 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  24. ↑ "Party Crashers: Kremlin SWAT Teams Attack Opposition Meetings". World Affairs. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  25. ↑ "Mr. Putin's Word is Void of Value". World Affairs. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  26. ↑ "The end of Russia's Olympic truce on dissent: Ukraine's uprising fans Putin's fears of losing control over Russia". The Wall Street Journal. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  27. ↑ "Новая газета, 18189". Новая газета - Novayagazeta.ru. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  28. ↑ мл, Владимир Кара-Мурза. "Владимир Кара-Мурза мл.: Совестливый Груздев". Эхо Москвы. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  29. ↑ "Inside Putin's Russia". Oxford University Press. 22 October 2004 – via Internet Archive.
  30. ↑ "Симпатии электората подсчитаны до сотой доли процента" [The electorate's sympathies are counted to one hundredth of a percent]. Российская газета. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  31. 1 2 "Action Group announces proposal of Vladimir Bukovsky as a presidential candidate in 2008" (Заявление Инициативной группы по выдвижению В. К. Буковского кандидатом в президенты РФ) Archived 18 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Kasparov.ru, 28 May 2007, accessed 23 October 2021
  32. ↑ Schmidt [Shmidt], 1937–2013, in Soviet times was close to dissident circles in Leningrad; served as senior attorney on Mikhail Khodorkovsky's legal team at his two trials, in 2005 and 2011.
  33. ↑ Инициативная группа по выдвижению Буковского Archived 19 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine tr. "Initiative group for the nomination of Bukovsky" Action Group website, 21 December 2007
  34. ↑ На Триумфальной площади в Москве прошел митинг в поддержку кандидатуры В. К. Буковского на президентских выборах 2008 г. tr. "A rally in support of V.K.Bukovsky's candidacy in the 2008 presidential elections was held on Triumfalnaya Square in Moscow." Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Memorial, 22 October 2007.
  35. ↑ Rally of Free People, 20 October 2007. Archived 12 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine Flickr.com, accessed 23 October 2021
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