Mansi
ма̄ньси ла̄тыӈ
Pronunciation[maːnʲɕi laːtəŋ]
Native toRussia
RegionKhanty–Mansi
Ethnicity12,200 Mansi (2020 census)[1]
Native speakers
2,200 (2020 census)[1]
Uralic
Dialects
  • Southern
  • Eastern
  • Northern
  • Western
Language codes
ISO 639-3mns
Glottologmans1269

The Mansi languages are spoken by the Mansi people in Russia along the Ob River and its tributaries, in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Sverdlovsk Oblast. Traditionally considered a single language, they constitute a branch of the Uralic languages, often considered most closely related to neighbouring Khanty and then to Hungarian.

The base dialect of the Mansi literary language is the Sosva dialect, a representative of the northern language. The discussion below is based on the standard language. Fixed word order is typical in Mansi. Adverbials and participles play an important role in sentence construction. A written language was first published in 1868, and the current Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1937.

Varieties

Dialects of Mansi (and Khanty).
  Northern Mansi
  Western and Southern Mansi
  Eastern Mansi

Mansi is subdivided into four main dialect groups which are to a large degree mutually unintelligible, and therefore best considered four languages. A primary split can be set up between the Southern variety and the remainder. A number of features are also shared between the Western and Eastern varieties, while certain later sound changes have diffused between Eastern and Northern (and are also found in some neighboring dialects of Northern Khanty to the east).

Individual dialects are known according to the rivers their speakers live(d) on:[2]

Proto‑Mansi

Southern Mansi (Tavda)†

Core Mansi
Central Mansi
Western Mansi †

Pelym

North Vagil Modern Mansi Language

South Vagil Old Mansi Language

Lower Lozva Mansi Language

Middle Lozva Mansi Language

Eastern Mansi (Konda)

Lower Konda Mansi Language

Middle Konda Mansi Language

Upper Konda Mansi Language

Jukonda Mansi Language

Northern Mansi

Upper Lozva Mansi Language

Severnaya Sosva Mansi Language

Sygva Mansi Language

Ob Mansi Language

The sub-dialects given above are those which were still spoken in the late 19th and early 20th century and have been documented in linguistic sources on Mansi. Pre-scientific records from the 18th and early 19th centuries exist also of other varieties of Western and Southern Mansi, spoken further west: the Tagil, Tura and Chusovaya dialects of Southern[3] and the Vishera dialect of Western.[4]

The two dialects last mentioned were hence spoken on the western slopes of the Urals, where also several early Russian sources document Mansi settlements. Placename evidence has been used to suggest Mansi presence reaching still much further west in earlier times,[5] though this has been criticized as poorly substantiated.[6]

Northern Mansi has strong Russian, Komi, Nenets, and Northern Khanty influence, and it forms the base of the literary Mansi language. There is no accusative case; that is, both the nominative and accusative roles are unmarked on the noun. */æ/ and */æː/ have been backed to [a] and [aː].

Western Mansi became extinct ca. 2000. It had strong Russian and Komi influences; dialect differences were also considerable.[7] Long vowels were diphthongized.

Eastern Mansi is spoken by 100–200 people. It has Khanty and Siberian Tatar influence. There is vowel harmony, and for */æː/ it has [œː], frequently diphthongized.

Southern (Tavda) Mansi was recorded from area isolated from the other Mansi varieties. Around 1900 a couple hundred speakers existed; in the 1960s it was spoken only by a few elderly speakers,[7] and it has since then become extinct. It had strong Tatar influence and displayed several archaisms such as vowel harmony, retention of /y/ (elsewhere merged with */æ/), /tsʲ/ (elsewhere deaffricated to /sʲ/), /æː/ (elsewhere fronted to /aː/ or diphthongized) and /ɑː/ (elsewhere raised to /oː/).

Phonology

Consonants

Mansi consonants[8]
Labial Alveolar (Alveolo-)
Palatal		 Velar
Plain Labialized
Nasals /m/
м		 /n/
н		 /nʲ/
нь		 /ŋ/
ӈ		 /ŋʷ/
ӈв
Stops /p/
п		 /t/
т		 /tʲ/
ть		 /k/
к		 /kʷ/
кв
Affricate /ɕ/ [1]
~
/sʲ/
щ ~ сь
Fricatives /s/
с		 /x/ [2] /ɣ/
х г		 /xʷ/ [3] *ɣʷ [4]
хв (в)
Semivowels /j/
й		 /w/
в
Laterals /l/
л		 /lʲ/
ль
Trill /r/
р

The inventory presented here is a maximal collection of segments found across the Mansi varieties. Some remarks:

  1. /ɕ/ is an allophone of /sʲ/.[9]
  2. The voiceless velar fricatives /x/, /xʷ/ are only found in the Northern group and the Lower Konda dialect of the Eastern group, resulting from spirantization of *k, *kʷ adjacent to original back vowels.
  3. According to Honti, a contrast between *w and *ɣʷ can be reconstructed, but this does not surface in any of the attested varieties.
  4. The labialization contrast among the velars dates back to Proto-Mansi, but was in several varieties strengthened by labialization of velars adjacent to rounded vowels. In particular, Proto-Mansi *yK → Core Mansi *æKʷ (a form of transphonologization).

Vowels

The vowel systems across Mansi show great variety. As typical across the Uralic languages, many more vowel distinctions were possible in the initial, stressed syllable than in unstressed ones. Up to 18–19 stressed vowel contrasts may be found in the Western and Eastern dialects, while Northern Mansi has a much reduced, largely symmetric system of 8 vowels, though lacking short **/e/ and having a very rare long [iː]:

Remarks:

  1. ы/и /i/ has a velar allophone [ɨ] before г /ɣ/ and after х /x/.[10]
  2. Long [iː] occurs as a rare and archaic phonetic variant of /eː/, cf. э̄ти ~ ӣти (‘in the evening, evenings’)[11]
  3. Long /eː/ and /oː/ can be pronounced as diphthongs [e͜ɛ] and [o͜ɔ].[10]
  4. у /u/ is found in unstressed (“non-first”) syllables before в /w/, in the infinitive suffix -ункве /uŋkʷe/ and in obscured compound words.[10]
  5. Reduced /ə/ becomes labialized [ə̹] or [ɞ̯] before bilabial consonants м /m/ and п /p/.[10]

Alphabet

The first publication of the written Mansi language was a translation of the Gospel of Matthew published in London in 1868.[12] In 1932 a version of Latin alphabet was introduced by the Institute of the Peoples of the North with little success.

The former Latin alphabet:

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, Ꜧ, I, J, K, L, Ļ, M, N, Ņ, Ŋ, O, P, R, S, Ꞩ, T, Ţ, U, V, Z, Ь

In 1937, Cyrillic replaced the Latin.

The highlighted letters, and Г with the value /ɡ/, are used only in names and loanwords. The allophones /ɕ/ and /sʲ/ are written with the letter Щ or the digraph СЬ respectively.

А
/a/		А̄
/aː/		Б
/b/		В
/◌ʷ/		Г
/ɡ/, /ɣ/		Д
/d/		Е
/ʲe/		Е̄
/ʲe:/		Ё
/ʲo/		Ё̄
/ʲo:/		Ж
/ʒ/		З
/z/		И
/i/		Ӣ
/i:/		Й
/j/		К
/k/		Л
/l/, /ʎ/		М
/m/		Н
/n/, /ɲ/		Ӈ
/ŋ/		О
/o/		О̄
/o:/
П
/p/		Р
/r/		С
/s/		Т
/t/		У
/u/		Ӯ
/uː/		Ф
/f/		Х
/χ/		Ц
/t͡s/		Ч
/t͡ʃʲ/		Ш
/ʃ/		Щ
/ʃʲtʃʲ/		Ъ
/-/		Ы
/ɪ/		Ы̄
/ɪ:/		Ь
/◌ʲ/		Э
/ə~ɤ/		Э̄
/ə:~ɤ:/		Ю
/ʲu/		Ю̄
/ʲu:/		Я
/ʲa/		Я̄
/ʲa:/

Grammar

Mansi is an agglutinating, subject–object–verb (SOV) language.[13]

Article

The literary Mansi, the Sosva dialect doesn't have articles.

Definiteness (determination) can also be expressed by the third (less often second) person singular possession marker,[14] or in case of direct objects, using transitive conjugation.[15] E.g. а̄мп (’dog’) → а̄мпе (’his/her/its dog’, ’the dog’); ха̄п (’boat’) → ха̄п на̄лув-нарыгтас (’he/she pushed a boat in the water’) ≠ ха̄п на̄лув-нарыгтастэ (’he/she pushed the boat in the water’).

Nouns

There is no grammatical gender. Mansi distinguishes between singular, dual and plural number. Six grammatical cases exist. Possession is expressed using possessive suffixes, for example -ум, which means "my".

Grammatical cases, declining

There are 5 ways the case suffix can change.

  • If the word last letter is a consonant:
Example with: пӯт /pūt/ (cauldron) [16]
casesing.dualplural
nom. пӯт
pūt		пӯтыг
pūtɪɣ		пӯтыт
pūtət
loc. пӯтт
pūtt		пӯтыгт
pūtɪɣt		пӯтытт
pūtətt
lat. пӯтн
pūtn		пӯтыгн
pūtɪɣn		пӯтытн
pūtətn
abl. пӯтныл
pūtnəl		пӯтыгныл
pūtɪɣnəl		пӯтытныл
pūtətnəl
trans. пӯтыг
pūtɪɣ		--
instr. пӯтыл
pūtəl		пӯтыгтыл
pūtɪɣtəl		пӯтытыл
pūtətəl
  • If the word's last letter is a vowel:
Example with: э̄ква /ēkʷa/ (wife, older woman)
casesing.dualplural
nom. э̄ква
ēkʷa		э̄кваг
ēkʷaɣ		э̄кват
ēkʷat
loc. э̄кват
ēkʷat		э̄квагт
ēkʷaɣt		э̄кватт
ēkʷatt
lat. э̄кван
ēkʷan		э̄квагн
ēkʷaɣn		э̄кватн
ēkʷatn
abl. э̄кваныл
ēkʷanəl		э̄квагныл
ēkʷaɣnəl		э̄кватныл
ēkʷatnəl
trans. э̄кваг
ēkʷaɣ		--
instr. э̄квал
ēkʷal		э̄квагтыл
ēkʷaɣtəl		э̄кватыл
ēkʷatəl
  • If the word has a vowel (ы, и) as the last letter, it can be -йи- or just -и- :
Example with: са̄лы /sāli/ (deer)
casesing.dualplural
nom. са̄лы
sāli		са̄лыйиг
sālijiɣ		са̄лыт
ēkʷat
loc. са̄лыт
sālit		са̄лыйигт
sālijiɣt		са̄лытт
sālitt
lat. са̄лын
sālin		са̄лыйигн
sālijiɣn		са̄лытн
sālitn
abl. са̄лыныл
sālinəl		са̄лыйигныл
sālijiɣnəl		са̄лытныл
sālitnəl
trans. са̄лыйиг
sālijiɣ		--
instr. са̄лыл
sālil		са̄лыйигтыл
sālijiɣtəl		са̄лытыл
sālitəl
  • If the word's last letter is a palatalized consonant:
Example with: ща̄нь /ɕānʲ/ (mother)
casesing.dualplural
nom. ща̄нь
ɕānʲ		ща̄ньыг
ɕānʲɪɣ		ща̄ньыт
ɕānʲət
loc. ща̄ньт
ɕānʲt		ща̄ньыгт
ɕānʲɪɣt		ща̄ньытт
ɕānʲətt
lat. ща̄ньн
ɕānʲn		ща̄ньыгн
ɕānʲɪɣn		ща̄ньытн
ɕānʲətn
abl. ща̄ньныл
ɕānʲnəl		ща̄ньыгныл
ɕānʲɪɣnəl		ща̄ньытныл
ɕānʲətnəl
trans. ща̄ниг
ɕānʲiɣ		--
instr. ща̄нил
ɕānʲil		ща̄ньыгтыл
ɕānʲɪɣtəl		ща̄ньытыл
ɕānʲətəl
  • If the word has a syncopating stem:
Example with: сасыг /sasɪɣ/ (uncle)
casesing.dualplural
nom. сасыг
sasɪɣ		сасгыг
sasɣɪɣ		сасгыт
sasɣət
loc. сасыгт
sasɪɣt		сасгыгт
sasɣɪɣt		сасгытт
sasɣətt
lat. сасыгн
sasɪɣn		сасгыгн
sasɣɪɣn		сасгытн
sasɣətn
abl. сасыгныл
sasɪɣnəl		сасгыгныл
sasɣɪɣnəl		сасгытныл
sasɣətnəl
trans. сасгыг
sasɣɪɣ		--
instr. сасгыл
sasɣəl		сасгыгтыл
sasɣɪɣtəl		сасгытыл
sasɣətəl

Missing cases can be expressed using postpositions, such as халныл (χalnəl, 'of, out of'), саит (sait, 'after, behind'), etc.

Possession

Possession is expressed with possessive suffixes, and the suffix change is determined by the last letter of a word. There are 5 ways that the suffixes can change:

  • If the word has a consonant as the last letter:
Example with: пӯт /pūt/ (cauldron)
possessorsingledoublemultiple
1st person sing. пӯтум
pūtəm		пӯтагум
pūtaɣəm		пӯтанум
pūtanəm
2nd person sing. пӯтын
pūtən		пӯтагын
pūtaɣən		пӯтан
pūtan
3rd person sing. пӯтэ
pūte		пӯтаге
pūtaɣe		пӯтанэ
pūtane
1st person dual пӯтме̄н
pūtmēn		пӯтагаме̄н
pūtaɣamēn		пӯтанаме̄н
pūtanamēn
2nd person dual пӯты̄н
pūtīn		пӯтагы̄н
pūtaɣīn		пӯтаны̄н
pūtanīn
3rd person dual пӯтэ̄
pūtē		пӯтаге̄н
pūtaɣē		пӯтанэ̄н
pūtanē
1st person plu. пӯтув
pūtuw		пӯтагув
pūtaɣuw		пӯтанув
pūtanuw
2nd person plu. пӯты̄н
pūtīn		пӯтагы̄н
pūtaɣīn		пӯтаны̄н
pūtanīn
3rd person plu. пӯтаныл
pūtanəl		пӯтага̄ныл
pūtanəl		пӯта̄ныл
pūtanəl
  • If the word has a vowel as the last letter:
Example with: э̄ква /ēkʷa/ (wife, older woman)
possessorsingledoublemultiple
1st person sing. э̄квам
ēkʷam		э̄квагум
ēkʷaɣəm		э̄кванум
ēkʷanəm
2nd person sing. э̄кван
ēkʷan		э̄квагын
ēkʷaɣən		э̄кван
ēkʷan
3rd person sing. э̄кватэ
ēkʷate		э̄кваге
ēkʷaɣe		э̄кванэ
ēkʷane
1st person dual э̄кваме̄н
ēkʷamēn		э̄квагаме̄н
ēkʷaɣamēn		э̄кванаме̄н
ēkʷanamēn
2nd person dual э̄кван
ēkʷan		э̄квагы̄н
ēkʷaɣīn		э̄кваны̄н
ēkʷanīn
3rd person dual э̄кватэ̄н
ēkʷatēn		э̄кваге̄н
ēkʷaɣē		э̄кванэ̄н
ēkʷanē
1st person plu. э̄квав
ēkʷaw		э̄квагув
ēkʷaɣuw		э̄кванув
ēkʷanuw
2nd person plu. э̄кван
ēkʷan		э̄квагы̄н
ēkʷaɣīn		э̄кваны̄н
ēkʷanīn
3rd person plu. э̄кваныл
ēkʷanəl		э̄кваганыл
ēkʷanəl		э̄квананыл
ēkʷanəl
  • If the word has a vowel (ы, и) as the last letter:
Example with: са̄лы /sāli/ (deer)
possessorsingledoublemultiple
1st person sing. са̄лым
sālim		са̄лыягум
sālijaɣəm		са̄лыянум
sālijanəm
2nd person sing. са̄лын
sālin		са̄лыягын
sālijaɣən		са̄лыян
sālijan
3rd person sing. са̄лытэ
sālite		са̄лыяге
sālijaɣe		са̄лыянэ
sālijane
1st person dual са̄лыме̄н
sālimēn		са̄лыягаме̄н
sālijaɣamēn		са̄лыянаме̄н
sālijanamēn
2nd person dual са̄лын
sālin		са̄лыягы̄н
sālijaɣīn		са̄лыяны̄н
sālijanīn
3rd person dual са̄лытэ̄н
sālitē		са̄лыяге̄н
sālijaɣē		са̄лыянэ̄н
sālijanē
1st person plu. са̄лыюв
sālijuw		са̄лыягув
sālijaɣuw		са̄лыянув
sālijanuw
2nd person plu. са̄лын
sālin		са̄лыягы̄н
sālijaɣīn		са̄лыяны̄н
sālijanīn
3rd person plu. са̄лыяныл
sālijanəl		са̄лыяганыл
sālijaɣanəl		са̄лыянаныл
sālijananəl
  • If the word has a palatalized consonant as the last letter:
Example with: ща̄нь /ɕānʲ/ (mother)
possessorsingledoublemultiple
1st person sing. ща̄нюм
ɕānʲəm		ща̄нягум
ɕānʲaɣəm		ща̄нянум
ɕānʲanəm
2nd person sing. ща̄нин
ɕānʲən		ща̄нягын
ɕānʲaɣən		ща̄нян
ɕānʲan
3rd person sing. ща̄не
ɕānʲe		ща̄няге
ɕānʲaɣe		ща̄нянэ
ɕānʲane
1st person dual ща̄няме̄н
ɕānʲamēn		ща̄нягаме̄н
ɕānʲaɣamēn		ща̄нянаме̄н
ɕānʲanamēn
2nd person dual ща̄нӣн
ɕānʲīn		ща̄нягы̄н
ɕānʲaɣīn		ща̄няны̄н
ɕānʲanīn
3rd person dual ща̄не̄
ɕānʲē		ща̄няге̄н
ɕānʲaɣē		ща̄нянэ̄н
ɕānʲanē
1st person plu. ща̄нюв
ɕānʲuw		ща̄нягув
ɕānʲaɣuw		ща̄нянув
ɕānʲanuw
2nd person plu. ща̄нӣн
ɕānʲīn		ща̄нягы̄н
ɕānʲaɣīn		ща̄няны̄н
ɕānʲanīn
3rd person plu. ща̄няныл
ɕānʲanəl		ща̄няга̄ныл
ɕānʲanəl		ща̄ня̄ныл
ɕānʲanəl
  • If the word has syncopating stem:
Example with: сасыг /sasɪɣ/ (uncle)
possessorsingledoublemultiple
1st person sing. сасгум
sasɣəm		сасгагум
sasɣaɣəm		сасганум
sasɣanəm
2nd person sing. сасгын
sasɣən		сасгагын
sasɣaɣən		сасган
sasɣan
3rd person sing. сасгэ
sasɣe		сасгаге
sasɣaɣe		сасганэ
sasɣane
1st person dual сасыгме̄н
sasɪɣmēn		сасгагаме̄н
sasɣaɣamēn		сасганаме̄н
sasɣanamēn
2nd person dual сасгы̄н
sasɣīn		сасгагы̄н
sasɣaɣīn		сасганы̄н
sasɣanīn
3rd person dual сасгэ̄
sasɣē		сасгаге̄н
sasɣaɣē		сасганэ̄н
sasɣanē
1st person plu. сасгув
sasɣuw		сасгагув
sasɣaɣuw		сасганув
sasɣanuw
2nd person plu. сасгы̄н
sasɣīn		сасгагы̄н
sasɣaɣīn		сасганы̄н
sasɣanīn
3rd person plu. сасганыл
sasɣanəl		сасгага̄ныл
sasɣanəl		сасга̄ныл
sasɣanəl

Verbs

Mansi conjugation has three persons, three numbers, two tenses, and five moods. Active and passive voices exist.

There is no clear distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs.[17]

The verb can conjugate in a Definite and Indefinite way which depends on if the sentence has an object, which the action depicted by the verb refers to directly.

Personal suffixes

Personal suffixes are attached after the verbal marker. The suffixes are the following:

Singular Dual Plural
1st person -ум -ме̄н -в
2nd person -ын -ы̄н -ы̄н
3rd person -ø -ø -ыт

Tenses

Tenses are formed with suffixes except for the future.

Present tense

The tense suffix precedes the personal suffix. The form of the present tense suffix depends on the character of the verbal stem, as well as moods. Tense conjugation is formed with the suffixes -эг, -э̄г, -и, -э, -э̄, -г, or -в.[18] In the following examples, the tense suffix is in bold and the personal ending is in italic.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитэ̄гум рӯпитыме̄н рӯпитэ̄в
2nd person рӯпитэ̄гын рӯпитэгы̄н рӯпитэгы̄н
3rd person рӯпиты рӯпитэ̄г рӯпитэ̄гыт

The present tense suffix -э̄г is used if the following personal marker contains a consonant or a highly reduced vowel; the suffix -эг is used if the following personal marker has a stronger vowel, as it is the case in 2nd person dual and plural. 1st person dual has no tense marker but rather a ы between the verb stem and personal ending.

Verb stems that end in a vowel, have -г as verbal marker. Verb stems that end with the vowel у have -в as verbal marker.[19]

3rd person dual has no personal ending. If the verbal stem ends in a vowel, the tense suffix becomes -ыг.

1st person plural personal ending is -в if the verbal stems ends in a consonant; the personal ending becomes -ув if the verbal stem ends in a vowel.

Past tense

The past tense suffix if the verb stem is monosylabalic is -ыс- and if the verb is polysyllabic it is -ас-:

Сяр ма̄ньлат каснэ хум Евгений Глызин о̄лыс.The youngest participant in the competition was Jevgeni Glizin.
Ёська мо̄лхо̄тал урт рӯпитас.Joseph worked at the mountain yesterday.
рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитасум рӯпитасаме̄н рӯпитасув
2nd person рӯпитасын рӯпитасы̄н рӯпитасы̄н
3rd person рӯпитас рӯпитасы̄г рӯпита̄сыт

3rd person dual in past tense has a -ы̄г personal ending.

The 1st person plural personal suffix turns into -ув.

Future tense

To represent the Future tense, the verb патуӈкве (not dissimilar to Hungarians use of the verb fogni) is used as an auxiliary verb conjugated in the Present Indicative:

Тав кӯтювытыл рӯпитаӈкве паты.He will work with (female) dogs.

Definiteness

Verbs can conjugate two ways to show their agreement with the sentence's object.

Indefinite conjugation

In Indefinite verb conjugations there is no object present. It is not represented by any suffix.

Definite conjugation

In Definite verb conjugations there are three ways the verb can represent the direct object's number.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Singular Object Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитылум рӯпитыламēн рӯпитылув
2nd person рӯпитылын рӯпитылы̄н рӯпитылы̄н
3rd person рӯпитытэ рӯпитытэ̄н рӯпитыяныл

The singular object is expressed with the -ыл- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Dual Object Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитыягум рӯпитыягмēн рӯпитыягув
2nd person рӯпитыягын рӯпитыягы̄н рӯпитыягы̄н
3rd person рӯпитыяге рӯпитыягēн рӯпитыяга̄ныл

The dual object is expressed with the -ыяг- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.

рӯпитаӈкве - to work
Plural Object Singular Dual Plural
1st person рӯпитыянум рӯпитыянмēн рӯпитыянув
2nd person рӯпитыянын or
рӯпитыян
 рӯпитыяны̄н or
рӯпитыян
 рӯпитыяны̄н or
рӯпитыян
3rd person рӯпитыянэ рӯпитыянанэ̄н or
рӯпитыянэ̄н
 рӯпитыяна̄ныл or
рӯпитыя̄ныл

The plural object is expressed with the -ыян- suffix which changes depending on the mood and tense.

Moods

There are four moods: indicative, mirative, optative, imperative and conditional.

Indicative mood has no suffix. Imperative mood exists only in the second person. Optative and Imperative don't have tenses.

Mirative mood

Is a mood presented in the present indefinite by the -не suffix and by the -но in definite.

In the past tense it is represented by the -ам suffix, both in indefinite and definite.

Optative mood

The mood is represented by the -нӯв and -нув suffixes, determined by the vowel in the next suffix.

Imperative mood

It exists only in the second person, and in indefinite conjugation, it doesn't show any personal markers, and it is represented by the -эн and -э̄н suffixes.

Active/Passive voice

Verbs have active and passive voice. Active voice has no suffix; the suffix to express the passive is -ве-.

Verbal prefixes

Verbal prefixes are used to modify the meaning of the verb in both concrete and abstract ways. For example, with the prefix эл- (el-) (away, off) the verb мина (mina) (go) becomes элмина (elmina), which means to go away. This is surprisingly close to the Hungarian equivalents: el- (away) and menni (to go), where elmenni is to go away

ēl(a) – 'forwards, onwards, away'

jōm- 'to go, to stride'ēl-jōm- 'to go away/on'
tinal- 'to sell'ēl-tinal- 'to sell off'

χot – 'direction away from something and other nuances of action intensity'

min- 'to go'χot-min- 'to go away, to stop'
roχt- 'to be frightened'χot-roχt- 'to take fright suddenly'

Numbers

# Northern Mansi Hungarian
1 аква (akʷa) egy
2 китыг (kitiɣ) kettő
3 хурум (xuːrəm) három
4 нила (ɲila) négy
5 ат (at) öt
6 хот (xoːt) hat
7 сат (saːt) hét
8 нёллов (ɲollow) nyolc
9 онтэллов (ontəlow) kilenc
10 лов (low) tíz
20 хус (xus) húsz
100 сат (saːt/janiɣsaːt) száz
1000 сотэр (soːtər) ezer

Numbers 1 and 2 also have attributive forms: акв (1) and кит (2); compare with Hungarian két, Old Hungarian kit).

Sample vocabulary

Northern Mansi English
Па̄ща о̄лэн Hello (to one person)
Па̄ща о̄лэ̄н Hello (to multiple people)
Наӈ наме ма̄ныр? What is your name?
Ам намум ___. My name is ____.
Пумасипа! Thank you
О̄с ёмас ӯлум Goodbye
нэ̄ woman
хум man, person
ня̄врам child
юрт, рума friend
а̄щ father
ща̄нь mother
пы̄г boy
а̄ги girl
кол house
ӯс city
ма̄ land
ха̄ль birch tree
я̄ river
во̄р forest
тӯр lake
нэ̄пак book
пасан table
а̄мп dog
кати cat
ӯй animal
во̄рто̄лнут bear
хӯл fish

Examples

Northern MansiEnglishMorphological translation
Aм хӯл алысьлаӈкве минасум.I went fishing.I fish hunt.to go.did.I
А̄кврись, а̄кврись, тутсяӈын хо̄т?

— А̄мпын тотвес.
А̄мпе хо̄т?
—Во̄рн минас.
Во̄ре хо̄т?
—На̄йн та̄йвес.

Dear auntie, dear auntie, where is your sewing kit?

— It has been taken by the dog.
Where is the dog?
— It has gone to the forest.
Where is the forest?
— It has been burnt down by fire.

Auntie.dear, auntie.dear, sewing-kit.your where?

— Dog.by taken.was.(it).
Dog.its where?
— Forest.into go.did.(it).
Forest.its where?
— Fire.by eaten.was.(it).

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку" [Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language.]. rosstat.gov.ru. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  2. ↑ Honti 1998, pp. 327–328.
  3. ↑ Gulya, Janos (1958). "Egy 1736-ból származó manysi nyelvemlék". Nyelvtudományi Közlemények (60): 41–45.
  4. ↑ Kannisto, Artturi (1918). "Ein Wörterverzeichnis eines ausgestorbenen wogulischen Dialektes in den Papieren M. A. Castréns". Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskira (30/8).
  5. ↑ Kannisto, Artturi (1927). "Über die früheren Wohngebiete der Wogulen". Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen (XVIII): 57–89.
  6. ↑ Napolskikh, Vladimir V. (2002). ""Ugro-Samoyeds" in Eastern Europe?". Finnisch-Ugrische Mitteilungen (24/25): 127–148.
  7. 1 2 Kálmán 1965, pp. 4–5.
  8. 1 2 Honti 1998, p. 335.
  9. ↑ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 29. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. 1 2 3 4 Kálmán 1989, pp. 32.
  11. ↑ Kálmán 1989, pp. 32, 99, 102.
  12. ↑ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 41. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ↑ Grenoble, Lenore A (2003). Language Policy in the Soviet Union. Springer. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4020-1298-3.
  14. ↑ Kálmán 1989, pp. 60–61.
  15. ↑ Kálmán 1989, pp. 69–70.
  16. ↑ Современный мансийский язык: лексика, фонетика, графика, орфография, морфология, словообразование: монография; page 288
  17. ↑ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 128. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ↑ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 133. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ↑ Rombandeeva, E. I.; Ромбандеева, Е. И. (2017). Sovremennyĭ mansiĭskiĭ i︠a︡zyk : leksika, fonetika, grafika, orfografii︠a︡, morfologii︠a︡, slovoobrazovanie. Obsko-ugorskiĭ institut prikladnykh issledovaniĭ i razrabotok, Обско-угорский институт прикладных исследований и разработок. Ti︠u︡menʹ. p. 134. ISBN 978-5-6040210-8-8. OCLC 1062352461.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

References

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  • Kálmán, Béla (1965). Vogul Chrestomathy. Indiana University Publications. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 46. The Hague: Mouton.
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  • Kulonen, Ulla-Maija (2007). Itämansin kielioppi ja tekstejä. Apuneuvoja suomalais-ugrilaisten kielten opintoja varten (in Finnish). Vol. XV. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. ISBN 978-952-5150-87-2.
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