Walauwa

Regions with significant populations
Sri Lanka
Languages
Sinhala language
Religion
Predominantly: Theravada Buddhism
Related ethnic groups
Sinhalese people, South Asian ethnic groups

Walauwa or walawwa is the name given to a feudal/colonial manor house in Sri Lanka of a native headmen. It also refers to the feudal social systems that existed during the colonial era.

The term walauwa is derived from the Tamil word valavu, which denotes a compound or garden, and by implication, a large house with aristocratic connotations. The pinnacle of walauwas in the Sinhala social stratum is the wasala walauwa. Wasala is derived from the Tamil vaasal, which means an entrance. In the Sinhalese social hierarchy, a wasala walawa would typically be the ancestral residence of a mudaliyar.

Walauwas vary in style, elegance and uniqueness depending upon the financial resources of the individual families and in the village or area's social structure. Most walauwas tend to incorporate aspects of traditional pre-colonial Ceylonese architecture, as well as Dutch and later colonial influences. A walauwa usually consisted of a cluster of buildings linked by verandahs, with an internal courtyard (medamidula), which separated the private life of the family from the headman's public duties.

The walauwa were traditionally associated with the homes of the courtiers (radala), members of the royal court in Kandy. It was displaced by their colonial equivalents following the dissolution of the Kingdom of Kandy by the British.^[1][2]

Meeduma Walauwa, Rambukkana

Sitting room of Meeduma Walauwa,
Rambukkana, Sri Lanka

View from Meeduma Walauwa, Rambukkana

Kandyan Walauwas

There were 20 main walauwas in the Kandyan Kingdom of Ceylon. These were (in alphabetical order):^[3]

• Angammana Walauwa (Gampola)
• Arapola Walauwa (demolished)
• Dehigama Walauwa (demolished - Central Finance Building)
• Dullewe Walauwa (part of Queen's Hotel)
• Dunuwila Walauwa (currently Kandy Town Hall)
• Ehelepola Walauwa (fmr Bogambara Remand Centre)
• Allepola Walauwa
• Eravwawala Walauwa
• Galagoda Walauwa
• Galpotthawela Walauwa
• Kapuwatte Walauwa
• Mampitiya Walauwa (Royal Bar and Hotel)
• Meegasthenna Walauwa
• Moladanda Walauwa
• Madugalle Walauwa (demolished)
• Molligoda Walauwa (demolished)
• Niyarepola Walauwa (Manor House)
• Nugegoda Walauwa (Katugastota)
• Nugawela Walauwa (The Manor House)^[4]
• Pilamathalawa Walauwa (President's House)
• Ratwatte Walauwa (Chandra Silk House)

Other Prominent Walauwas in Kandyan Kingdom

Giragama Walauwa,
Kandy, Sri Lanka

Maduwanwela Walauwa,
Kolonne, Sri Lanka

Welivita Waththe Walauwa,
Tumpane, Sri Lanka

• Aluth Walauwa, Katugastota
• Angunawela Walauwa, Peradeniya^[5]
• Deldeniya Walauwa, Yatinuwara^[6]
• Elapatha Walauwa, Rathnapura^[7][8]
• Maduwanwela Walawwa, Kolonne^[9]
• Mahawelatenne Walauwa, Balangoda^[10]
• Welivita waththe walauwa,Tumpane^[11]
• Meeduma Walauwa, Rambukkana^[12]
• Paranagama walauwa, Paranagama, wettewa , Galagedara
• Ranwala Walauwa, Niyangoda
• Elapatha Walauwa, Rathnapura^[7][8]
• Amunugama Walauwa,Kobbekaduwa
• Thambagamuwa Walauwa, Ata Kalan Koralaya, Ratnapura

Sathara Korale Walauwas (Kegalle District)

The Sathara Korale of Ceylon had 30 main walauwas, according to the Sathara Korale Viththi Grantha. They are listed alphabetically after each other. 

Sath Korale Walauwas (Kurunegala District)

Prominent Low-Country Walauwas

There have been a number of other prominent, well known walauwas in the southern areas of Ceylon, outside the Kandyan Kingdom. These walauwas comprised a mix of Sri Lankan, Portuguese, Dutch and English architecture.

• Wasala Walauwa, Tillekeratne Abeyesekere Walauwa, Colombo 9
• Malwatte Walauwa, Gomis Abeysinghe Walauwa, Grandpass
• Kotahena Walauwa
• Nawala Walauwa
• Ekala Walauwa
• Amarasuriya Walauwa, Unawatuna ^[15][16]
• Atapattu Walawwa, Galle^[17][18]
• Bagatale Walauwa, Colombo 3^[19][20]
• Bethme Walawwa, Wehalla^[21]
• Boralugoda Walawwa^[22]
• Bothale Walawwa, Mirigama^[23][24]
• Chevaliar Walauwa, Moratuwa ^[25][26]
• Closenberg Walauwa, Galle ^[27]
• Gandhara Walauwa^[28][29][30]
• Horagolla Walauwa, Atthanagalla^[31]
• Ihala Walauwa, Kotte^[32]
• Jayasinghe Walauwa, Ekala ^[33]
• Kataluwa Atadahewatte, Obeyesekere Maha Walawwa^[34]
• Kalutara Maha Walauwa^{[29][35][36][37]}
• Kandawala Waluwa, Ratmalana
• Kotalawala Walawwa
• Maha Kappina Walauwa, Balapitiya^[38]
• Mahawelatenne Walauwa, Balangoda
• Mandiyagoda Rathnasinghe Walauwa, Beliatta
• Moratuwa Walauwa^[39][40]
• Matara Maha Walauwa
• Nakulugamuwa Walawwa, Beliatta
• Obeyesekere Walawa, Colombo 7
• Pahala Walauwa, Barrack Street, Hambantota
• Pattikara wasala walauwa, wadduwa
• Punchi Kachcheriya walauwa, Pothupitiya
• Ratnagiri Walawwa, Boralesgamuwa
• Regina Walauwa, Colombo 7
• Susew Walauwa Molligoda
• Udaha Walauwa, Galkissa^[41]
• Uda Waluwa, Barrack Street, Hambantota
• Wasala Walauwa, Panadura^[42]
• Wasala Walauwa, Terrace Street, Hambantota
• Wickramasuriya Walauwa, Kathaluwa^[43][44]
• Marambe Walauwa, Eheliyagoda

North Western Walauwa's

• Maha Walauwa (Herat Senewiratne walauwa), Madampe
• Galle Walauwa, Naththandiya
• Corea Walauwa, Edirilla Gedera, Chilaw
• Kopiwatte Walauwa, Galmuruwa

Decline and current states

The word "Walauwa" may not have a Sinhalese origin, it is unclear whether it was a Sinhalese word from the beginning, but this word may have been adapted from the Tamil word "Walaw". In Sinhalese, it gives a plural sound rather than the singular word "Walaw" which means "Mansion". The typical Sinhala term is 'Maha Gedhara'. The English word of "Walauwa" is, "Manor" or "Manor-House",and it's a large house with lands. The Walauwas and its owners were supported by the larger lands and estates they possessed. These were either land grants from Kings (since the beginning of the Sinhalese Kingdom until the Kandyan era) or government service (during the Colonial era) or acquired by successful enterprise and passed down though generations. Their owners were the landed elites of Ceylon, as such they gained a status of power and wealth. A notable feature of many of these walauwas, especially Kandyan walauwas was an interior open space/garden known as the 'medamidula'. There is another theory about Walauwas. "Walavum" means a place where a judgement is given. Those people who occupied the Walauwas had the authority to pass judgement over people with the authority provided by a Royal decree either Sinhala or English. The older walauwas were neither tiled (roof), very large or highly ornate as the king had placed certain restrictions and laws. Many of the walauwas beyond the jurisdiction of the king or after the fall of the Kandyan kingdom sprang up to be large and ornate, displaying architectural influences from beyond Sri Lanka and south India. Mansions replaced the walauwas in the urban areas towards the latter part of the nineteenth century. Though they were referred to as walauwas by the public, the owners usually referred to them with modern names. There are many large mansions of more recent origin which are not walauwas both in the Kandyan and the Low Country areas. This however has changed in the years after independence with the rise of a powerful middle class based on profession and enterprise. The elites held much power within the political cycles. The most significant change occurred in the 1970s with the socialist style land reforms that were bought into place. This limited private land ownership to fifty acres, and private home ownership to two houses. Most families sold off their lands or had them taken over by the government. They retained their Walauwas, yet over the years found it hard to maintain them, resulting in many falling into a dilapidated state, while some were razed to the ground such as the Maha Kappina Walauwa, and Ragama Walauwa which were constructed in the 16th century. Some were bought for state use or others have now been converted into hotels and Shopping complex such as the Ratwatte Walauwa, Rajamanthri Walauwa and the Nugawela Walauwa.

See also

• Native headmen of Ceylon
• Colonial era mansions of Colombo
• Kastane
• Sinhalese people

References

1. ^ Seneviratna, Anuradha; Polk, Benjiman (1992). Buddhist Monastic Architecture in Sri Lanka: The Woodland Shrine. Abhinav Publications. p. 110. ISBN 9788170172819.

Further reading

• Sri Lanka Walauwa Directory by Dr Mirando Obeysekara (Samanthi Book Publishers) ISBN 955-8596-47-7
• Sinhalese social organization : The Kandyan Period by Ralph Pieris (Ceylon University Press 1956) ISBN 955-9170-37-6
• An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon in the East Indies by Robert Knox;

External links

• All about Walavvas