Warangal
Orugallu, Ekashila Nagaram
Metropolis
Montage of Warangal city images.
Clockwise from top: City view as seen from Govindarajula hill, Kakatiya University, Warangal Fort, Thousand Pillar Temple, Kakatiya Kala Thoranam
Nickname: 
Tri-City
Warangal is located in Telangana
Warangal
Warangal
Warangal (Telangana)
Warangal is located in India
Warangal
Warangal
Warangal (India)
Coordinates: 17°58′08″N 79°35′39″E / 17.968900°N 79.594100°E / 17.968900; 79.594100
Country India
StateTelangana
DistrictWarangal district
Founded1163 (1163)
Founded byKakatiya dynasty
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • BodyGreater Warangal Municipal Corporation
KUDA
 • MayorGundu Sudha Rani (BRS)
Area
[1][2]
 • City406.97 km2 (157.13 sq mi)
 • Metro
1,805 km2 (697 sq mi)
Elevation
288 m (945 ft)
Population
 (2011)[3][4][1]
 • City704,570
 • Rank2nd (Telangana)
 • Density2,000/km2 (5,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
753,438
Demonym(s)Warangalite, Kakatiyan
Languages
 • OfficialTelugu
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
506001–506019
Telephone code+91–0870
Vehicle registrationTS-03
AP-36 (Former)
Websitewww.gwmc.gov.in

Warangal (pronunciationⓘ) is a city in the Indian state of Telangana and the district headquarters of Warangal district. It is the second largest city in Telangana with a population of 704,570 per 2011 Census of India,[3][4] and spreading over an 406 km2 (157 sq mi).[1] Warangal served as the capital of the Kakatiya dynasty which was established in 1163. The monuments left by the Kakatiyas include fortresses, lakes, temples and stone gateways which, in the present, helped the city to become a popular tourist attraction. The Kakatiya Kala Thoranam was included in the emblem of Telangana by the state government and Warangal is also touted as the cultural capital of Telangana.[5][6]

It is one of eleven cities in the country to have been chosen for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme by the Government of India.[7] It was also selected as a smart city in the "fast-track competition", which makes it eligible for additional investment to improve urban infrastructure and industrial opportunities under the Smart Cities Mission.[8]

The three urban cities: Kazipet, Hanamkonda and Warangal are together known as Warangal Tri-City. The three cities are connected by the National Highway 163 (Hyderabad–Bhuvanagiri–Warangal–Bhopalpatnam). The major stations are Kazipet Junction railway station and Warangal railway station.

Etymology

During the 160 years of Kakatiya rule between 1163 - 1323, Warangal was referred with various names like Orugallu, Ekasila Nagaram, or Omatikonda all these means a 'single stone' referring to a huge granite boulder present in the Warangal fort.[9] When the Kakatiya dynasty was defeated by Delhi Sultanate in 1323, ruler Juna Khan, Crown Prince of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, conquered the city and renamed it as Sultanpur.[10][11] Later Musunuri Nayaks recaptured Warangal in 1336 A. D. and named it Orugallu again.

History

Warangal years ago
Sculptures at Warangal Fort
Kakatiyas well at Warangal

Warangal was the ancient capital of the Kakatiya dynasty.[12] It was ruled by many kings such as Beta Raja I, Prola Raja I, Beta Raja II, Prola Raja II, Rudradeva, Mahadeva, Ganapathideva, Prataparudra and Rani Rudrama Devi who is the only woman to rule over Telugu region. Beta Raja I is the founder of Kakatiya Dynasty and ruled the kingdom for 30 years and was succeeded by his son Prola Raja I who shifted his capital to Hanamkonda.[13]

During the rule of Ganapathideva, the capital was shifted from Hanamkonda to Warangal.[14] Kakatiya Period Inscriptions praised Warangal as the best city within the Telugu region, up to shores of the ocean.[15] The Kakatiyas left many monuments, including an impressive fortress, four massive stone gateways, the Swayambhu temple dedicated to Shiva, and the Ramappa temple situated near Ramappa Lake. The cultural and administrative distinction of the Kakatiyas was mentioned by Marco Polo. After the defeat of Prataparudra II, the Musunuri Nayaks united 72 Nayak chieftains and captured Warangal from Delhi Sultanate and ruled for fifty years. After the demise of the Nayaks, Warangal was part of the Bahmani Sultanate and then the Sultanate of Golconda.

The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687, and it remained part of the Mughal empire until the southern provinces of the empire split away to become the state of Hyderabad in 1724, which included the Telangana region and some parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Hyderabad was annexed to India in 1948, and became an Indian state called Hyderabad state. In 1956, Hyderabad state was partitioned as part of the States Reorganisation Act, and Telangana, the Telugu-speaking region of Hyderabad state, which includes Warangal, became part of Andhra Pradesh. After the Telangana movement, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014, Warangal became a part of Telangana State.

Geography and climate

Warangal
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
15
 
 
30
15
 
 
5
 
 
33
18
 
 
5
 
 
37
22
 
 
7
 
 
40
26
 
 
15
 
 
42
28
 
 
50
 
 
37
28
 
 
85
 
 
32
25
 
 
170
 
 
31
25
 
 
160
 
 
33
23
 
 
70
 
 
33
22
 
 
10
 
 
31
18
 
 
0
 
 
29
14
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: mustseeindia.com
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.6
 
 
86
59
 
 
0.2
 
 
91
64
 
 
0.2
 
 
99
72
 
 
0.3
 
 
104
79
 
 
0.6
 
 
108
82
 
 
2
 
 
99
82
 
 
3.3
 
 
90
77
 
 
6.7
 
 
88
77
 
 
6.3
 
 
91
73
 
 
2.8
 
 
91
72
 
 
0.4
 
 
88
64
 
 
0
 
 
84
57
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Waddepally Lake
Bhadrakali Lake

Warangal is located at 18°00′N 79°35′E / 18.0°N 79.58°E / 18.0; 79.58. It has an average elevation of 266 metres (873 feet).[16] It is settled in the eastern part of Deccan Plateau made up of granite rocks and hill formations[17] which left the region barren making the cultivation dependent on seasonal rainfall. There are no major rivers flowing near the city, making it reliant on the Kakatiya Canal which originates from Sriram Sagar Project to meet the city's water requirements.[18][19] Located in the semi-arid region of Telangana, Warangal has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summer starts in March, and peak in May with average high temperatures in the 42 °C (108 °F) range. The monsoon arrives in June and lasts until September with about 550 mm (22 in) of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in October and lasts until early February, when there is little humidity and average temperatures in the 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) range. Many hill rocks and lakes are located around warangal. Padmakshi hill, mettu gutta, hanumathgiri gutta, ursu gutta and Govinda Rajula Gutta are famous hills with temples.[20]

Bhadrakali Lake, Dharmasagar lake and Waddepally Lake are the three lakes which add scenic beauty and are the major sources of drinking water.[21]

Demographics

Religions in Warangal[22]
Religion Percent
Hindu
 
 83.41%
Muslim
 
 14.39%
Christian
 
 1.65%
Others†
 
 0.55%
†Includes Sikhs, Jains
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901 31,186—    
1911 48,342+55.0%
1921 46,791−3.2%
1931 62,119+32.8%
1941 92,808+49.4%
1951 133,130+43.4%
1961 160,000+20.2%
1971 210,040+31.3%
1981 338,910+61.4%
1991 447,657+32.1%
2001 530,636+18.5%
2011 830,281+56.5%
Source: [23][24][25]

As of 2011 Census of India, the city has population of 627,449, which later increased to the present population of 830,281, including the expanded city limits.[3][4][1]

The major religion in Warangal is Hinduism, with 83% of the population adhering to it. Islam is the largest minority, at 14%. There are small communities of Christians, Jews, and Buddhists.

Government and politics

Civic administration

Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation

Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation is the civic body of the city, which oversees the civic needs. Established in 1899, it is one of the oldest urban local bodies in India.[1] City planning is governed by the Kakatiya Urban Development Authority (KUDA), constituted in 1982 by the local government for the planning, development and management of the Kakatiya Urban Development Area.[26] It has its jurisdictional area spread over 1,805 km2 (697 sq mi), covering 19 mandals, 181 villages in the three districts of Warangal district, Hanamkonda and Jangaon.[27] As of 2016, the corporation has bagged a total of eleven awards in various categories, such as conservation, sanitation, heritage, etc.[1]: 6 [28] For electoral purpose, the city is divided into 58 electoral wards, of which 50% are reserved for women. A total of thirty seats are reserved for BC's (19), SC's (9) and ST's (2) respectively.[29]

In October 2012, the corporation conducted Clean Cities Championship, which invited professionals from 57 municipalities across the state for effective waste management and was won by Khammam Municipal Corporation.[30][31][32] Following the event, Warangal became the first city in India to achieve 100% door-to-door MSW collection. About 70% of households started practising two-bin MSW segregation into wet and dry waste. 420 cement bins and 128 dumpsters were removed from locations across Warangal making it a no dump city.[33] GWMC was able to reduce the MSW going to landfill by 30% to 40%.[34] and the dumpyard with significantly reduced load is, in phases, being converted into a nature park with vermicomposting sheds.[32]

Law and order

Police patrol vehicle in Warangal

The urban police district, which is responsible for maintaining law and order in city and agglomerated areas around Warangal was converted into a Police Commissionerate by the state government in 2015.[35][36] Inspector General will be working as police commissioner who is also given magisterial powers. There are around 71 police stations present under Warangal Police Commissionerate.[37]

Healthcare

There are hospitals in the city for health care.[38] The Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital is the largest hospital in the city, serving the patients from the Adilabad, Khammam and Karimnagar.[39]

Economy

As of 2011 census of India, Warangal is one of the Indian cities that has seen rapid growth of urbanisation from 19%–28%, alongside cities such as Gandhinagar, Kozhikode.[40]

Agriculture is the main economic activity with irrigation depending mainly on monsoon and seasonal rainfalls. Major crops are paddy, cotton, mango and wheat. Warangal benefits from the Godavari lift irrigation scheme which is designed to lift water from the Godavari river to irrigate drought prone areas in the Telangana region.[41] The city hosts second-biggest grain market of Asia, located in Enumamula.[42]

Information Technology is another sector in which the city is making steady progress with its Incubation centre at Madikonda. Recently Tech Mahindra & Cyient have opened their development centres and many other IT majors like Mindtree, quadrant resource will be opening their offices shortly.[43][44]

In 2023, Kone, a leading elevator manufacturer, opened an office in Warangal.[45]

Transport

Roadway

The city is connected to major cities and towns by means of road and railways. National and state highways that pass through the city are, National Highway 163, connecting Hyderabad and Bhopalpatnam; NH 563 connecting Ramagundam and Khammam; State highway 3. TSRTC operates buses to various destinations from Hanamkonda and Warangal bus stations of the city.[46] Nearly 78 City buses run in various routes across the city and sub urban areas while 45 city buses run from city to nearby villages.[47]

Railway

Warangal has two railway stations namely, Kazipet and Warangal on the important New Delhi-Chennai main line of Indian Railways.[48] They are administered under the jurisdiction of the Secunderabad railway division of South Central Railway zone. Kazipet Junction shelters both Electric and Diesel Loco sheds with a capacity of holding 175 and 142 locomotives.[49][50] Kazipet town, Vanchanagiri, Pendial, Hasanparthy Road railway station are the other railway stations within the city limits. The construction of third railway line between Balharshah and Kazipet was sanctioned at an estimated cost of ₹24.032 billion (US$300 million).[51]

In October 2023, the Hadapsar-Hyderabad Express was extended to Kazipet.[52]

A RapidX rail line is proposed from Warangal to Hyderabad. [53]

Airway

Warangal has an airport built by the Nizams at Mamnoor in 1930. It was largest airport in undivided India with 1,875 acres of land, a 6.6-km runway, a pilot and staff quarters, a pilot training centre and more than one terminal. Many cargo services and Vayudoot services were served. During the Indo-China war, it served as a hangar for government aircraft due to Delhi airport being a target in combat. It remained in service until 1981.[54]

This airport is currently being used as NCC Training Centre by No. 4(A) air squadron for gliding sorties, skeet shooting and aero-modeling.[55] There is no scheduled commercial air service from this airport at present.

On 31 July 2023, the State Cabinet of Telangana approved the proposal to develop Mamnoor Airport. The proposal calls for the acquisition and subsequent allocation of the last 253 acres of required land to the Airport Authority of India for purposes of constructing a terminal building as well as extending the existing runway to accommodate larger aircraft such as the Boeing 747.[56][57]

Educational institutes

NIT Warangal, established in 1959
Kakatiya Medical College

Both government and private institutions has their presence in the city.

Universities and colleges

Schools

Culture

few tourist attraction spots in Warangal Tri-Cities

The residents of the city are often referred as Warangalites.[59] The Warangal Fort, Thousand Pillar Temple and the Ramappa Temple which was inscribed in the list of World Heritage Sites recognised by UNESCO.[60] Bhadrakali Temple, Padmakshi Temple, Mettu Gutta, Govinda Rajula Gutta, Roman Catholic Diocese of Warangal, Kazipet Dargah, Ursu Gutta, and Erragattu Gutta are the other notable destinations of various religions. Bhadrakali Lake, Waddepally Lake, and Dharmasagar Lake are the water bodies notable for tourism.[61]

Bhadrakali Temple in Warangal

Bhadrakali Temple lake is being developed into the largest first Geo-Bio-Diversity cultural park in the country, with promenades, historic caves, suspension bridges, natural trails, nesting ground and ecological reserves.[62][63]

The Ministry of Tourism has awarded Warangal as the best heritage city, at the National Tourism Awards for the year 2014–2015.[64] This is third time in a row for the city to get this award since 2012.[65]

Festivals

Festivals in the city include, a floral festival of Bathukamma being celebrated by women of the city, worshiping the goddess with different flowers for nine days.[66] The women carry their Bathukamma to the nearest temple of their locality, then they clap, sing and dance rhythmically around the Bathukamma.[67] Along with Bathukamma, Bonalu is also declared as a state festival on 15 June 2014.[68] Other festivals are, Sammakka Saralamma Jatara (Medaram Jatara), a popular religious congregation in the honour of Goddess at Medaram of Warangal district.

Cuisine

The cuisine of the city is mainly of Deccan dishes. The breakfast items include Chapati, and Puri. Rice with variety of curries including curd is taken as main food.

Notable people

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Budget Estimates for the Year 2017–2018 and Revised Budget Estimates for the Year 2016–2017" (PDF). Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation. p. 3. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  2. ↑ "About Kakatiya Urban Development Authority". Kakatiya Urban Development Authority. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 "About Us". GWMC. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 "STATEMENT SHOWING THE REVENUE VILLAGE WISE 2011 CENSUS POPULATION FIGURES IN WARANGAL DISTRICT" (PDF). GWMC. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  5. ↑ Mahender, Adepu (25 August 2018). "Cultural capital of Telangana awaits State auditorium". www.thehansindia.com. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  6. ↑ Rao, Gollapudi Srinivasa (7 September 2016). "Warangal city may not be divided". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  7. ↑ "Warangal | Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)". hridayindia.in. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  8. ↑ "Lucknow, Warangal among 13 smart cities announced by govt". The Hindu. 24 May 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  9. ↑ "HRI Day India". 21 August 2023.
  10. ↑ Jayapalan, N. (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 34. ISBN 978-81-7156-928-1.
  11. ↑ "Series-16 Indian History–Medieval India".
  12. ↑ Haig, Thomas Wolseley (1907). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Allahabad: The Pioneer Press. p. 66.
  13. ↑ "History of Kakatiya Dynasty (Kakatiya Empire, Kakatiyas)". 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017.
  14. ↑ "Ancient India". Archived from the original on 30 November 2020.
  15. ↑ Cynthia, Talbot (20 September 2001). Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra. Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-19-803123-9.
  16. ↑ "Warangal topographic map, elevation, relief".
  17. ↑ "Deccan Plateau, Andhra Pradesh – Things to do in Andhra Pradesh". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  18. ↑ "Three towns in the grip of water crisis". The Hindu. 25 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  19. ↑ "Drinking Water". Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  20. ↑ "About – Welcome to Padmakshi Temple". Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  21. ↑ D. Thhatikkonda. "Lake Water Quality and its Interaction with Aquifers in Warangal City". Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  22. ↑ "Warangal City Population Census 2011 – Andhra Pradesh".
  23. ↑ Gopi, K.N (1978). Process of urban fringe development: A model. Concept Publishing Company. p. 25. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  24. ↑ Iyer, Neelakantan Krishna; Kulkarni, Sumati; Raghavaswam, V. (13 June 2007). "Economy, population and urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglomerations of Banglore and Hyderabad, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques" (PDF). circed.org. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  25. ↑ "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, census 2011" (PDF). Government of India. 2011. p. 11. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  26. ↑ "Kakatiy Urban Development Authority". Kuda.in. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  27. ↑ "KUDA". www.kuda.in. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  28. ↑ Staff Reporter (20 June 2013). "Warangal model for solid waste management". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  29. ↑ "Reservation of wards finalised in Warangal, Khammam". The Hindu. 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  30. ↑ Acharya, Keya (24 November 2012). "Trash driving". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  31. ↑ "Making Waste Management a Sport in India". www.ipsnews.net. 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  32. 1 2 Malhotra, Meghna; Baradi, Manvita; Centre -UMC, Urban Management. "Compendium Of Good Practices in Solid Waste Management, March 2015". Archived from the original on 6 April 2019.
  33. ↑ Malhotra, Meghna; Baradi, Manvita; Centre -UMC, Urban Management. "Compendium Of Good Practices in Solid Waste Management, March 2015". Archived from the original on 6 April 2019.
  34. ↑ "National Productivity Council India: Clean Cities Championship Case Study" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.
  35. ↑ "Warangal to Get Police Commissionerate". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020.
  36. ↑ "వరంగల్.. ఇక పోలీసు కమిషనరేట్". 25 January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  37. ↑ "Jurisdiction of Police Stations". Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  38. ↑ "Biomedical wastes pose a threat to lives". deccanchronicle.com. 29 October 2014. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020.
  39. ↑ "MGM, A 'Super Specialty' Hospital Sans Specialists and Nurses". The New Indian Express. 23 February 2015. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  40. ↑ "High growth North yet to match spatial spread of South, West". The Indian Express. 7 April 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  41. ↑ "Detailed Profile of the Project". Irrigation.cgg.gov.in. 23 May 2003. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  42. ↑ "Enumamula Village, Hanamkonda Mandal, Warangal". India Growing. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  43. ↑ Special Correspondent (3 February 2014). "STPI-Warangal woos investors". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
  44. ↑ Press Trust of India (19 February 2016). "IT Incubation Centre inaugurated in Warangal". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
  45. ↑ "KONE Elevator opens new office in Warangal". Bizz Buzz. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  46. ↑ "Bus Stations". TSRTC. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  47. ↑ "Guntur still awaits city RTC services". The Times of India. 29 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  48. ↑ "KARIMNAGAR-District Panchayat". Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  49. ↑ "ELS / KZJ". South Central Railway. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  50. ↑ "South Central Railway". scr.indianrailways.gov.in.
  51. ↑ "New rail line between Kazipet and Ballarshah – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  52. ↑ "Four train services extended, to be flagged off from Telangana on October 9 - the New Indian Express".
  53. ↑ "Telangana to take up Regional Rapid Transit System". The New Indian Express. 18 February 2022.
  54. ↑ "Nizam-era airport lies neglected – Times of India". The Times of India. 29 July 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  55. ↑ "Mamnoor airport to function only after 2030". Deccan Chronicle. 21 September 2014. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  56. ↑ "Telangana Cabinet approves development of Warangal's Mamnoor airport". 31 July 2023.
  57. ↑ "Telangana government plan to develop Mamnoor airport triggers realty boom - the New Indian Express".
  58. ↑ https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/education/2513400-telangana-govt-issues-orders-to-establish-8-new-medical-colleges?amp
  59. ↑ "Paying tribute to new State in style". The Hindu. 2 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  60. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "The Glorious Kakatiya Temples and Gateways – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". whc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  61. ↑ "Regions ::: Visit Telangana – Official Tourism Information for Telangana". www.telanganatourism.gov.in. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  62. ↑ "Destination Warangal". The Hindu. 6 August 2015. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  63. ↑ "Not Hyderabad, Warangal now tourism hotspot | Hyderabad News - Times of India". The Times of India. 14 October 2015. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019.
  64. ↑ "Madhya Pradesh receives award for comprehensive development of tourism". 30 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020.
  65. ↑ "Warangal wins best heritage city award". The Hindu. 1 August 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020 – via www.thehindu.com.
  66. ↑ Special Correspondent (24 September 2014). "Bathukamma: Festivities in the air". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  67. ↑ Gollapudi Srinivasa Rao (21 September 2014). "Bathukamma festivities to begin from Sept. 24". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  68. ↑ "Bonalu, Bathukamma declared state festivals". The Times of India. 17 June 2014. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

Further reading

  • Wagoner, Phillip B.; Rice, John Henry (2001). "From Delhi to the Deccan: Newly Discovered Tughluq Monuments at Warangal-Sult̤ānpur and the Beginnings of Indo-Islamic Architecture in Southern India". Artibus Asiae. 61 (1): 77–117. doi:10.2307/3249963. JSTOR 3249963. (subscription required)
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