Wasserpolack (plural: Wasserpolacken, Wasserpolen) or Wasserpolak ("Water-Pole"[1]) was a pejorative[2] term used for residents of Silesia who spoke the Silesian dialect, which has been described as either a dialect of Polish or as a separate language.[3]
Background
In Silesia, the Polish, German and Czech languages and cultures influenced one another for centuries. Since the 18th century, the German language became more important, starting to penetrate Slavic dialects. Many times families were mixed of different nations over centuries and they could not be treated as entirely Polish, German or Czech. They identified themselves as a regional community with regional language.[4]
The term Wasserpolack ("Water Pole") appears in the 17th century and was used for Poles living in Lower and Upper Silesia and also in other places where languages and nations were mixed over centuries. The term refer to the fact that the primary occupations of this population were associated with water: fishing and rafting.[5]
In a 1884 ethnographic book Karl Burmann wrote that the language of Wasserpolacken is not Polish, but rather Wasserpolish, which Poles who don't speak German cannot understand, because in Wassepolish often only Polish endings are attached to purely German words, e.g., fensterlatki for Fensterladen (window shutters), schuppenketki for Schuppenketten, etc.. [6]
Later its referent expanded to all Slavic people of Silesia and the Polish-German border areas.
Use until World War II
Since the 19th century the name started to be used as a pejorative term.[2] It was used in this sense e.g. by the historian Friedrich Christoph Förster who claimed that the poor "verschnappste Wasserpolacken" were evading the German army draft.[7] During World War II the occupant German Nazis used this term to divide Poles by micronationalities.[8]
After World War II
Alongside German and Polish, many citizens of Opole/Oppeln before 1945 used a strongly German-influenced Silesian dialect (called Wasserpolnisch). Because of this, the post-war Polish state administration after the annexation of Silesia in 1945 did not initiate a general expulsion of all former inhabitants of Opole, as was done in Lower Silesia, for instance, where the population almost exclusively spoke the German language.
Because they were considered "autochthonous" (Polish), the Wasserpolak-speakers instead received the right to remain in their homeland after declaring themselves as Poles. Some German speakers took advantage of this decision, allowing them to remain in Oppeln, even when they considered themselves to be of German nationality. The city outlying areas currently contain the largest German and Upper Silesian minorities in Poland.
Since the 1950s the term became archaic, and it has fallen out of use by now, apart from polemical political texts.[2]
See also
References
- ↑ Sidney Osborne, J.H. Harley, "The Upper Silesian Question", The Contemporary Review , Vol. 119, 1921, p. 484
- 1 2 3 ""Wasserpolak". Kto zacz?". Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
- ↑ Ptak, Alicja (2022-12-28). "Supermarket introduces bilingual Polish-Silesian signs". Kraków: Notes from Poland. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
- ↑ Marcin Jarząbek (2009). Separateness and National Identity. CEU.
- ↑ Krzysztof Kwaśniewski, "Wasserpolacken i inne polsko-niemieckie etnopaulizmy", Przegląd Zachodni, vol. 57, 2001, no 4, pp. 3-18
- ↑ Karl Burmann , Unser Deutsches Land und Volk: Bd. Bilder aus dem Gebirge und Berglande von Schlesien und den Ebenen in Posen von der Oder bis zur Weichsel [Our German land and people: Pictures from the mountains and mountainous areas of Silesia and the plains in Posen from the Oder to the Vistula], 1884, p. 271
- ↑ Forster (1856). Neuere und neueste Preussische Geschichte. Berlin.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ↑ Erhard Wetzel, Günther Hecht (1939). Behandlung der Bevölkerung der ehemaligen polnischen Gebiete. Berlin.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)