William LeBaron Jenney
Born(1832-09-25)September 25, 1832
Fairhaven, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedJune 15, 1907(1907-06-15) (aged 74)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materÉcole Centrale Paris
OccupationArchitect
BuildingsHome Insurance Building in Chicago
Designmetal-framed skyscraper

William Le Baron Jenney (September 25, 1832 – June 14, 1907) was an American architect and engineer known for building the first skyscraper in 1884.

In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium.

Life and career

Jenney was born in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, on September 25, 1832, the son of William Proctor Jenney and Eliza LeBaron Gibbs. Jenney began his formal education at Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1846, and at the Lawrence Scientific school at Harvard in 1853, but transferred to École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (École Centrale Paris) to study engineering and architecture.[1] In Paris he discovers the writings of Viollet-le-Duc and he will become one of his followers: "the research and discoveries of Viollet le Duc surpass anything that any other author has been able to write".[1]

The Home Insurance Building in Chicago built in 1885 (photo after a 1891 addition of 2 more floors)

At École Centrale Paris, he learned the latest iron construction techniques as well as the classical functionalist doctrine of Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand (1760-1834) - Professor of Architecture at the Ecole Polytechnique.[2] He graduated in 1856, one year after his classmate, Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower.[7]

In 1861, he returned to the US to join the Union Army as an engineer in the Civil War, designing fortifications for Generals Sherman and Grant.

By the end of the war, he had become a major, and was Engineer-in-Charge at Nashville's Union headquarters.[1] After the war, in 1867, Jenney moved to Chicago and began his own architectural office, which specialized in commercial buildings and urban planning.

During the late 1870s, he commuted weekly to Ann Arbor, Michigan, to start and teach in the architecture program at the University of Michigan. In later years future leaders of the Chicago School like Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham, William Holabird, and Martin Roche, performed their architectural apprenticeships on Jenney's staff.[1]

On May 8, 1867, Jenney and Elizabeth "Lizzie" Hannah Cobb, from Cleveland, Ohio, were married.[7] They had two children named Max and Francis.[7]

Chicago residence designed for Walter Cass Newberry, 1889

Jenney was elected an Associate of the American Institute of Architects in 1872 and became a Fellow in 1885. He served as first Vice President from 1898 to 1899.[4] In Chicago, he designed the Ludington Building and Manhattan Building, both built in 1891 and National Historic Landmarks.[3] He also designed the Horticultural Building for the World's Columbian Exposition (1893) held in Chicago.[4][5]

Advent of the steel-frame skyscraper

Jenney is best known for designing the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago. The building was the first fully metal-framed building and is considered the first skyscraper. It was built from 1884 to 1885, enlarged by adding two stories in 1891, and demolished in 1931.[3] In his designs, he used metal columns and beams instead of stone and brick to support the building's upper levels.

Leiter II Building, South State & East Congress Streets, Chicago

The steel needed to support the Home Insurance Building weighed only one-third as much as a ten-story building made of heavy masonry.[3] Using this method, the weight of the building was reduced, thus allowing the possibility to construct even taller structures. Later, he solved the problem of fireproof construction for tall buildings by using masonry, iron, and terra cotta flooring and partitions. From 1889 to 1891, he displayed his system in the construction of the Second Leiter Building, also in Chicago.

According to a popular story, one day he came home early and surprised his wife who was reading. She put her book down on top of a birdcage and ran to meet him. He strode across the room, lifted the book, and dropped it back on the bird cage two or three times. Then, he exclaimed: "It works! It works! Don’t you see? If this little cage can hold this heavy book, why can’t an iron or steel cage be the framework for a whole building?" Jenney applied his new idea to the construction of the Home Insurance Building, the first skyscraper in the world, erected in 1884 at the corner of LaSalle and Monroe Streets in Chicago. Another source cites the inspiration for the steel skyscraper as coming from vernacular, Philippine architecture, where wooden framed construction gave Jenney the idea.[6] The Home Insurance Building was the first example of a steel skeleton building, the first grid of iron columns, girders, beams, and floor joists ever constructed.[7]

Legacy

He died in Los Angeles, California, on June 15, 1907. After Jenney's death, his ashes were scattered over his wife's grave, just south of the Eternal Silence section of Uptown's Graceland Cemetery.[5] In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium.[7]

Original notes and papers of Jenney, including "Jenney's 1884 holograph notebook containing, among other things, structural calculations for the Home Insurance Building, and his undated sketch entitled 'Key to the sky scraper.'", are held by the Art Institute of Chicago.[8]

Projects

Horticultural Building at World's Columbian Exposition

References

  1. ↑ Le Baron Jenney, William (1869). Principles and Practice of Architecture. Chicago: Cobb, Pritchard. p. 5.
  2. ↑ "William le Baron Jenney: Biography of Skyscraper Architect".
  3. ↑ "William Le Baron Jenney | American engineer and architect | Britannica". www.britannica.com. June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  4. ↑ "William Le Baron Jenney | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  5. ↑ "World's Columbian Exposition: The Architects and Their Buildings". xroads.virginia.edu. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  6. ↑ Condit C., The Chicago School of Architecture. A History of Commercial and Public Building, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1964, Chapter 4, "Jenney and the New Structural Technique," p. 81.
  7. ↑ "Home Insurance Building". HISTORY. August 21, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  8. ↑ "Elmer C. Jensen Papers, 1871-2014 (bulk 1880s-1950s)". Art Institute of Chicago. 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2019. Finding aid, including biographical info on William Le Baron Jenney and Elmer C. Jensen, published 2012.
  9. ↑ "When Saks Came to Indy". Historic Indianapolis. October 3, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  10. ↑ Carol Lohry Cartwright (2001). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Main Street Historic District (Lake Geneva)". National Park Service. Retrieved April 6, 2018.

Notes

  1. ^ Haden, Erik. "William LeBaron Jenney". Structural Engineers Association of Texas. Archived from the original on May 19, 2005. Retrieved December 17, 2005.
  2. ^ "Home Insurance Building". PBS Big Building Databank. Retrieved December 17, 2005.
  3. ^ "Graceland Cemetery". Graveyards of Chicago. Retrieved December 17, 2005.

Further reading

  • Turak, Theodore (1986). William Le Baron Jenney: A Pioneer of Modern Architecture (Architecture and Urban Design, No 17). Umi Research Pr. ISBN 0-8357-1734-8.
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