Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower
The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower as seen from Fourth Avenue on a sunny day in 2010
(2010)
Alternative namesOne Hanson Place
General information
TypeResidential
Architectural styleNeo-Romanesque
Address1 Hanson Place
Brooklyn, New York 11217
Coordinates40°41′08″N 73°58′40″W / 40.68556°N 73.97778°W / 40.68556; -73.97778
Named forWilliamsburgh Savings Bank
Construction started1927
CompletedMay 1929
OpenedApril 1, 1929
Renovated2006–2007
Height
Roof512 feet (156 m)
Technical details
Structural systemSteel superstructure
Floor count41
Floor area273,186 sq ft (25,379.8 m2)
Lifts/elevators12
Grounds20,263 sq ft (1,882.5 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)Halsey, McCormack and Helmer
DeveloperWilliamsburgh Savings Bank
Known forTallest building in Brooklyn from 1929 to 2009
Renovating team
Renovating firmH. Thomas O'Hara
DesignatedNovember 15, 1977[1]
Reference no.0971[1]
Designated entityFacade
DesignatedJune 25, 1996[2]
Reference no.1909[2]
Designated entityLobby and bank interior

The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, also known as One Hanson Place, is a skyscraper in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City. Located at the northeast corner of Ashland Place and Hanson Place near Downtown Brooklyn, the tower was designed by Halsey, McCormack and Helmer and constructed from 1927 to 1929 as the new headquarters for the Williamsburgh Savings Bank. At 41 stories and 512 feet (156 m) tall, the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower was the tallest building in Brooklyn until 2009.

The Williamsburgh Savings Bank was originally headquartered in Williamsburg, Brooklyn; its officers decided to construct a new skyscraper headquarters near Downtown Brooklyn in the mid-1920s. The bank occupied the lowest floors when the building opened on April 1, 1929, while the remaining stories were rented as offices. By the late 20th century, dentists' offices occupied much of the structure. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the tower's exterior as a city landmark in 1977 and designated some of the interior spaces in 1996. Through several mergers, the Williamsburgh Savings Bank became part of HSBC Bank USA, which sold the building in 2004. The building's upper stories were converted to luxury condominium apartments from 2005 to 2007, while the banking hall became an event space.

The building's main entrance is through a large arch on Hanson Place. At ground level, the tower is clad with limestone above a granite dado. Above the sixth story, the building is faced in brick with terracotta decoration, and a series of setbacks taper to a clock tower and a domed roof. Inside is an entrance vestibule and lobby with ornately decorated marble and metalwork. The 63-foot-high (19 m) banking room includes a nave, aisles, and a chancel—spaces similar to those found in a church. A basement lobby leads to Atlantic Terminal and the Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station, while a mezzanine-level ladies' lounge overlooks the banking room. When the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower was completed, there was commentary about both the building's architecture and its symbolism as Brooklyn's tallest building. Over the years, local residents have used the building both as a clock and as a landmark for giving out directions, and the tower has been used as a filming location.

Site

View of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower from Fourth Avenue, several blocks south. Various low-rise buildings are located on either side of the avenue.
View from Fourth Avenue

The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower is at One Hanson Place, in the Fort Greene[3][4] neighborhood of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City.[5][6] It occupies the southwestern section of a rectangular city block bounded by Ashland Place to the west, Hanson Place to the south, St. Felix Street to the east, and Lafayette Avenue to the north. The rectangular land lot covers 20,263 square feet (1,882 m2), with a frontage of 210 feet (64 m) on Ashland Place and 99 feet (30 m) on Hanson Place.[7]

Adjacent to the tower, within the city–designated Brooklyn Academy of Music Historic District, are row houses designed in the Italianate style.[8] The Hanson Place Central United Methodist Church is on the same block to the east,[7][9] and the Brooklyn Academy of Music is just to the north.[7][10] An entrance to the New York City Subway's Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station is inside the building. The site is also near the Atlantic Terminal mall, the Atlantic Terminal station of the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), and the Barclays Center arena.[7][11]

The site is near the historic split of Jamaica Road (now Atlantic Avenue) and the Flatbush Turnpike (now Flatbush Avenue). It overlooks Times Plaza at the intersection of Flatbush, Atlantic, and Fourth Avenues in Downtown Brooklyn.[5] A commercial center was being envisioned around Times Plaza by the early 20th century.[12][13] Prior to the tower's construction, there were "about eight" buildings on the lot.[14] A small part of the site was previously owned by the Hanson Place Central United Methodist Church.[15][16] Despite the site's location near the subway and LIRR terminal, most business in Brooklyn was centered around Brooklyn Borough Hall before the tower was built.[17]

History

The Williamsburgh Savings Bank was chartered in 1851.[1][18] The bank was originally housed in the basement of a church in Williamsburg, Brooklyn;[5][19] the bank's first annual report showed that it had 158 depositors and $15,000 in assets.[15][19] In 1854, it relocated to its own building across the street.[1][20] After the American Civil War, the bank's holdings grew considerably, and a new headquarters at 175 Broadway was completed in 1875.[1][21] The bank had 139,000 depositors and $210 million in assets in 1928,[15][19] making it the fourth-largest savings bank by deposits in the United States during the late 1920s.[5][22] Despite being expanded in 1906 and 1923,[23][24] the 175 Broadway headquarters was no longer sufficient for the bank's needs by the 1920s.[23]

Each savings bank in New York had been limited to one location until 1923, when the state legislature passed a law allowing savings banks to construct branches. In March 1926, the Williamsburgh Savings Bank's Building Committee submitted an application to the New York superintendent of banks to build a branch in Crown Heights, Brooklyn. Three months later, the bank decided to instead build a headquarters near Downtown Brooklyn's transit hub.[5] The 175 Broadway building was to be retained as a branch.[15][19]

Development

Metal silhouettes, designed by Rene Chambellan, on the banking hall's windows
Rene Chambellan's metal window silhouettes

The Williamsburgh Savings Bank anonymously acquired lots on 1–9 Hanson Place and 135–149 Ashland Place in Downtown Brooklyn over a total of 29 transactions in 1926.[25][26] The Times Union reported on the acquisitions in October 1926,[25] the bank announced the same month that it would open a new headquarters at the site.[27][28] The bank planned to open a temporary branch at Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues in the meantime.[29] Upon hearing of the plans, the City Savings Bank and the Dime Savings Bank of New York, which operated branches in Downtown Brooklyn, claimed the Williamsburgh Savings Bank was "invading" their territory;[30] they were joined by eight other banks.[31][32] Despite the opposition from these ten banks, New York's superintendent of banks gave the Williamsburgh permission to open a Downtown Brooklyn branch.[24][33] The approval was contingent on the closure of the temporary branch once the permanent building was finished.[29]

Bank officials considered several plans, including one without any rentable space.[27] Ultimately, bank officials decided to construct a 16-story building.[25] The Williamsburgh Savings Bank acquired land from the Hanson Place Church in December 1926,[16][34] and the building was erected in place of a chimney for the church.[35] In January 1927, the Williamsburgh Savings Bank opened the temporary location at Flatbush and Atlantic Avenues.[36][37] Later that month, Halsey, McCormack and Helmer filed plans for the new edifice with the city's Bureau of Buildings,[14][38] and the bank announced that it would begin clearing the site.[38] The bureau rejected the original plans, saying that they violated two provisions of the 1916 Zoning Resolution.[39] The Brooklyn Daily Eagle wrote that the project could be delayed by six to twelve months if the architects were forced to redesign the building.[40]

By August 1927, the William Kennedy Construction Company was excavating the site to lay the foundation.[41] The same firm was awarded the general contract for the new building that December, at which point the building was planned to cost $3 million. In addition, P. J. Keogan was hired as the electrical contractor, Almirall & Co. received the heating contract, and Alexander Bryant Company was retained to install plumbing.[42] The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower's cornerstone was laid on April 9, 1928,[43][44] and the superstructure was topped out by the end of July 1928.[45] Managing agent R. M. Dinsmore began renting out the space that year,[46] and the clock atop the building started operating in December.[47] The tower was completed as other structures nearby were being built,[45][48] including the Brooklyn Paramount Theater, several office buildings,[45] and apartment buildings on Hanson Place.[49][50]

Bank and office use

1920s to 1970s

Four hundred people attended a reception for the new bank building on March 28, 1929.[22][51][52] At the time, 75 percent of the space had been leased.[48][52] The banking offices opened on April 1,[53] and the building was 85 percent leased when the office stories officially opened the next month.[54] Four major insurance firms had signed leases in the building by June.[55] Despite the Wall Street Crash later that year, ninety-four percent of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower's space was leased before the end of 1929.[54] The Williamsburgh Savings Bank's business grew in subsequent years. By the bank's 85th anniversary in 1936, there were 165,000 depositors from across the U.S. and in several other countries, although most depositors were from Brooklyn, Queens, and suburban Long Island.[56] Among the building's tenants in the 1930s were the Bureau of Internal Revenue,[57] the United Personal Loan Corporation,[58] and Catholic newspaper The Tablet.[59]

A life insurance sales department opened within the building's bank branch in 1941.[60] J. J. Roehrig of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank took over as the building's manager in 1943.[61] During World War II, the building's management instituted a policy in which only the first four floors would remain illuminated during citywide blackout orders.[62] A rehabilitation center serving discharged service members opened within the building toward the end of the war.[63][64] In the 1950s, the tower's tenants included architect Henry V. Murphy.[65] As Brooklyn's tallest building, the tower was also used for Good Friday displays, during which some rooms were lit in the pattern of a cross.[66][67] The clock faces were cleaned extensively in 1957.[68] By the 1960s, the former ladies' lounge next to the banking room was converted into a mailroom.[12] The banking hall also hosted events such as an American Revolutionary War exhibit by the Long Island Historical Society to celebrate the United States Bicentennial in 1976.[69] The observation deck on the 30th story was shuttered in the late 1970s.[70]

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the exterior of the building as a New York City landmark on November 15, 1977.[71][72] One of the bank's vice presidents said: "We did not seek this landmark status but we're rather proud of our building."[73] The designation had to be approved by the New York City Board of Estimate, but this approval was delayed after U.S. Congressman Fred Richmond accused the Williamsburgh Savings Bank of participating in redlining by refusing to give mortgages to residents of poorer neighborhoods.[73][74] The Board of Estimate finally approved the landmark designation in March 1978, when the bank pledged to allocate $10 million for loans and mortgages to Brooklyn residents.[75][76][77] The LPC's chairperson, Beverly Moss Spatt, said that if the building were designated as a city landmark, it could also be added to the National Register of Historic Places and receive tax abatements as a result.[74] The LPC designated the Brooklyn Academy of Music Historic District on September 26, 1978; the district includes the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower.[78]

1980s to early 2000s

The eastern facade of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower as seen from the ground
Eastern facade

By the late 20th century, the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower contained many dentists' offices.[79] The building also housed the executive offices for the Green-Wood Cemetery,[80] as well as the production offices of The Tablet and one story for data-processing equipment for various companies.[79] The Williamsburgh Savings Bank started replacing windows in 1983 after finding that some were severely deteriorated. The bank did not seek the required approval from the LPC, saying it did not want to delay the window replacement.[81] Republic National Bank acquired Williamsburgh Savings Bank and its branches in 1986.[82] Republic announced plans to renovate the lobby, banking room, mechanical systems, and facade in 1988, in advance of the building's 60th anniversary.[79] The project was completed by that September.[83] During the late 1980s, the building was known as One Hanson Place,[84] and local residents unofficially called it the Williamsburgh Tower.[85]

An LPC staff member contacted the bank after reading news reports of the renovation project. The staff member found that, while most of the work was confined to the interior and did not require approval, 906 of the exterior windows had been replaced. The resulting replacement was the largest violation of New York City's landmarks law at the time.[81] The LPC requested that the bank install muntins over the replacement windows to bring them into compliance with the landmarks law.[81][86] At the end of 1989, the Republic Savings Bank merged with the Manhattan Savings Bank,[85][87] but the building's name was not changed.[88][89] Over 100 dentists took up about seven-tenths of the office space by the early 1990s; the dental office on floor 29 was the highest accessible point in Brooklyn. The New York Times said the building had "one attraction that even the World Trade Center and the Empire State Building can't match: as you inhale the scenery, you can get a root canal too."[90]

The LPC hosted public hearings in June 1993 to determine whether to designate the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower's interior as a city landmark,[91][92] along with the interiors of five other banks citywide.[92][lower-alpha 1] The bank's interior was designated a New York City landmark on June 25, 1996.[2] Republic and its branches were acquired by HSBC Bank USA three years later. HSBC moved into floors 7–11, while the remaining space was 96 percent occupied in 2002. However, the relatively small dimensions of the tower were not attractive to larger tenants, which preferred buildings with higher ceilings and more widely spaced columns.[93] An executive of a local dental society estimated in 2004 that two dozen dentists remained in the tower.[94]

Residential conversion

Sale and renovation

HSBC Bank USA had placed the building for sale by mid-2004;[94][95] the New York Daily News reported that the building could be sold for as much as $95 million.[96] That November, the Dermot Company agreed to buy the building.[97] Retired basketball player Magic Johnson and Canyon Capital Realty Advisers were also partners in the sale, which was finalized in May 2005.[98][99] The sale price was variously reported as $71 million[98][100] or $73 million.[97] After the sale, HSBC leased a bank branch at Atlantic Terminal,[101] and the building's remaining dentists had to find new offices.[102] The new owners planned to convert the building to stores and residential condominiums while preserving the facade and part of the interior.[103] H. Thomas O'Hara was hired to design the renovation.[99][103] The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower was one of several bank buildings in New York City that were partially or fully converted into residential buildings during the 2000s.[104]

Before the residential conversion could begin, mercury vapors had to be removed from the former dentists' offices.[105] The clock faces, which had become unsynchronized not only with the actual time but with each other, were also temporarily disassembled for repairs.[106] Johnson did not plan to include affordable housing in the converted building, prompting criticism from community groups.[107] Corcoran Group, which was hired to market the building, tried to lease the banking room to a Borders bookstore in 2006.[17] That June, the residential condominiums were placed on sale for between $350,000 and $3.5 million each.[100] The first residents finalized their purchases in 2007,[3] and the clock was re-lit that November following a $1 million renovation.[108]

Post-conversion

Refer to caption
Brooklyn Flea market inside the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower's banking room

Seventy percent of the condominiums had been sold by January 2008,[109] when the first residents moved into the building[110] and the clock's hands started operating again.[110][111][112] Residential sales peaked in early 2008 before stalling for about six months.[3] Film producer CJ Follini and Noyack Medical Partners purchased the commercial section of the tower that May.[113] The commercial owners held talks with Apple Inc. and Microsoft to open an Apple Store or a Microsoft Store in the space.[114] They had difficulty securing a tenant for the banking room, which was a city landmark and could not be extensively modified.[115] Furthermore, the commercial owners wanted to wait for a suitable tenant, such as a "museum store" or other cultural institution that would preserve the banking hall.[116]

Events venue Skylight One Hanson agreed to operate the banking room in July 2009.[117] Skylight One Hanson opened that September,[118] renting the banking room for events at rates of at least $15,000 per night.[119][120] The venue was used by such events as VH1 Divas and MTV's Hip Hop Honors,[118] and the flea market Brooklyn Flea announced that it would use the banking room during weekends starting in January 2010.[120][121] The space also hosted holiday parties.[122] Though the building's apartments were heavily marketed, some units remained unsold, leading the developers to reduce prices several times.[3][123] The remaining unsold units, consisting of six penthouses,[3] were auctioned in May 2011 at a significant discount.[123][124][125] The clock was repaired again and relit in 2013.[126][127] In June 2015, Madison Realty Capital bought the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower's 41,400-square-foot (3,850 m2) retail space, including the banking room, for $20.4 million. Madison Realty intended to convert the space into a flagship store.[115]

In 2017, the LPC approved a proposal by Higgins Quasebarth & Partners and Acheson Doyle Partners Architects to modify the banking room. The changes consisted of circulation improvements such as the removal of some tellers' windows.[128] At the end of that year, Madison Realty hired Chris DeCrosta to market the space.[129] Further alterations to the banking room's furniture were approved in 2019.[128]

Architecture

The tower was designed by the architectural firm Halsey, McCormack and Helmer.[13][27] The building was constructed with elements of the Byzantine and Romanesque styles.[6][130] Robert Helmer, the building's lead architect, had intended for the tower "to be regarded as a cathedral dedicated to the furtherance of thrift and prosperity".[93]

Sources disagree on the tower's height. According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower has 41 stories,[7] while Emporis and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat give a figure of 42 stories.[131][132][lower-alpha 2] The building measures 512 feet (156 m) tall to its pinnacle.[131][132][133] This made it the tallest building in Brooklyn when it was finished,[22] as well as the tallest building geographically on Long Island;[134] a 597-foot-tall (182 m) transmitter built atop the nearby Brooklyn Technical High School surpassed the building as Brooklyn's tallest structure in 1938.[135] The tower remained New York City's tallest building outside Manhattan until 1989, when One Court Square in Queens was completed,[70][133] and Brooklyn's tallest building until 2009, when the Brooklyner topped out.[136]

Form and facade

According to a 1989 New York Times article, there were 935 windows.[81] The ground level of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower occupies the full site. Its massing includes setbacks on the upper stories, clad in brick and architectural terracotta. These setbacks are included to comply with the 1916 Zoning Resolution.[13][137] For most of the 20th century, the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower was the only high-rise in the surrounding area. This, along with the fact that the building was near the intersection of five streets,[lower-alpha 3] often resulted in the intensification of wind gusts around the building.[138] Throughout the exterior are carved depictions of objects such as flowers, animals, and a thief.[79][139]

Base

Decorative details of the base
Stone carvings of lions that guard the door
Lions guard the door
Stone carvings of a burglar on the facade
Burglar inset on facade

On the lower stories, each elevation of the tower's facade is arranged symmetrically around the axes of the ground-story banking room.[140] At the ground level is a highly polished dado veneered with veined and colored Minnesota granite.[141][142] The cornerstone has a dedication inscribed into it.[79] The first six stories of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower are clad with limestone.[13][137] The center of the Ashland Place elevation contains three arched windows, which measure about 40 feet (12 m) tall and are flanked by smaller arched windows. The center of the Hanson Place elevation has a similarly large arched opening with three round-arched doorways.[137] The Hanson Place arch measures 24 feet (7.3 m) wide by 48.75 feet (14.86 m) tall.[142] To the right of the Hanson Place arch is the entrance to the Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center subway station, with a bronze sign reading "Subway".[143]: 7 

The frames of the large windows are ornately decorated, with half-round mullions. The windows contain tinted cast-glass panes made by the Thomas Jones Decorative Glass Company.[144] Other carved details represent values of thrift.[133][145] These include beehives; squirrels that store nuts; the head of Mercury, god of commerce; wise owls; and seated lions whose paws protect the bank's lockbox, with the bank's monogram on the lock shaft.[133] Four continents are also represented in the windows' carved grilles.[145] Above the large arches, on floor 2,[lower-alpha 4] is a Romanesque-style arcade[13] of smaller round-arched windows separated by polished-granite columns,[137] Floor 2 is topped by a band of corbels, delineating the transition to the upper stories.[137] Buff brick and terracotta details are used to visually separate the base from the setback upper section.[146]

Upper stories

Above floor 2, each elevation of the building's facade is articulated by vertical piers that rise ten stories.[13] Floors 3 through 12 are divided into ten bays along Ashland Place and five bays along Hanson Place. Each bay contains two windows per story; the center six bays on Ashland Place are recessed.[133] The 13th floor[lower-alpha 4] contains round-arched windows, above which is a horizontal band of terracotta and a setback.[137][146] Above this story, the massing of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower rises in an asymmetrical cruciform shape.[147] Contrasting limestone trim is used to distinguish each setback.[146]

At the 26th floor[lower-alpha 4] are arched windows, topped by another horizontal band of terracotta,[137] as well as a setback with the abandoned observation deck.[133] This setback is approximately 320 feet (98 m) high.[148] In the mid-20th century, visitors could access the deck by obtaining a card from the building's security guards, which had to be returned when the visitor departed.[149] As late as the 1970s, the observation deck was open to the public during the middle of the day on weekdays, and visitors did not need to pay admission.[150][151] The observation deck was closed by the late 1970s. Bank officials in 1989 could not recall anyone having ever jumped to their death from the observatory.[70]

Clock and dome on the building's upper stories. The facade is made of beige stone, while the dome is a darker color.
Clock and dome atop the building

The topmost section of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower is square with large clock faces on each side.[147] Corresponding to floors 30 through 32,[141][142] the clock faces originally contained bright red neon tubes.[47][142] The centers of the clock faces are 430 feet (130 m) high,[152] and the faces measure 27 feet (8.2 m) across.[47][153][154] This made the clock, at one point, the largest in New York City[152] and among the largest in the world.[133][lower-alpha 5] There are dots in place of numerals, as well as twelve light bulbs behind each clock face.[152] When the clock was first illuminated in 1928, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle claimed the faces could be seen from 30 miles (48 km) away.[153] During the mid-20th century, many of the borough's residents relied on the clock; one of the clock's maintainers said in 1973 that "if it's a minute off, the people telephone immediately".[152]

The building is topped by an octagonal drum, which supports the dome above it.[155] The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower's Renaissance-style dome was inspired by that atop the bank's 175 Broadway building, which had been designed by George B. Post.[93][137] Bank officials required that the dome be included on the tower;[27][133] as one of the architects noted: "Dome was required by Bank over our dead protests".[93] The dome was illuminated at night by multicolored lights.[153][156][157] At the time of the building's opening, these lights illuminated in a pattern that repeated every four minutes.[153] To accommodate the lighting system, the dome was clad with movable louvers.[156]

Interior

The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower has a gross floor area of 273,186 square feet (25,379.8 m2) and is divided into 197 ownership units, 179 of which are residential apartments.[7] There is also a retail space spanning 33,000 square feet (3,100 m2) across three levels.[158][lower-alpha 6] A 63-foot-tall (19 m) banking room occupies much of the building's lower section.[140] To the south is the building's lobby and the Hanson Place entrance vestibule. The main lobby, extending the width of the Hanson Place frontage, has segmental arches that separate it into eleven bays.[140] Above the lobby, a mezzanine with a ladies' lounge overlooks the banking room.[93][140]

The building has a steel superstructure, though this is concealed on the lower stories by cast stonework. The superstructure is arranged around the columns in the banking room; the use of a portal frame enabled the construction of the office stories above.[140] Rene Paul Chambellan created many sculptures for the bank's interior.[93] Masonry and metalwork are used extensively inside the bank,[93][159] including brass, bronze, copper, silver, and both cast and wrought steel.[159] Also present are 22 types of marble, ranging from red to green to purple.[133] Wood was used only for flagpoles in the banking room.[159] Glass mosaic and plaster were used to construct the ceiling.[159] Within the banking room and its ladies' lounge, mosaics and huge tinted windows contain silhouetted iron cutouts with vignettes of figures such as workers and students.[160] Cox, Nostrand & Gunnison manufactured the banking interiors' lighting fixtures.[22][161]

Lobby

The central section of the lobby. Ornate metalwork is visible in the lower part of the image, while a globe hangs from a blue-and-gold ceiling at the top.
Metalwork in the central section of the lobby

The entrance vestibule connects the Hanson Place entrance to the south with the lobby to the north.[162] At the center of the Hanson Place elevation is an entrance vestibule that connects with the lobby.[140] Three sets of doors, topped by metal panels with motifs of small arcades, lead from the vestibule to the main lobby. The vestibule's west and east walls contain metal grilles with floral decorations.[161]

The lobby runs east–west across the southern side of the building, parallel to Hanson Street.[140] The lobby's marble floor contains motifs, which are decorated in the style of the ancient Italian Cosmati family; they are surrounded by marble borders of different colors.[159] Three double metal doors lead to the banking room.[161] Carved figures on these doors represent six types of workers who might open accounts at the bank,[145][159] while floral decorations represent all twelve months of the year.[159] The lobby walls are made of marble.[163] Segmental arches divide the lobby's ceiling into 11 saucer vaults, which are covered with blue-hued mosaic tiles that represent the sky.[133][161] Gold stars are overlaid onto the ceiling, and globe-shaped lighting fixtures hang from some of the vaults.[145][161]

The western end of the lobby contains a stair to the safe-deposit area in the basement. To the east are the elevators, a staircase to the basement lobby, and a staircase to the former ladies' lounge.[164] There are five sets of elevator doors. The original elevator doors were decorated with representations of seasons, types of arts, classical elements, and skilled workers.[159] The decorative elevator doors have since been replaced with unornamented aluminum doors.[12] The stairways up to the ladies' lounge and down to the basement lobby have marble walls.[163]

Banking room

View of banking room in 2010. There is a crowd of people attending a fair in the middle of the banking room. Large windows are visible to the left.
View of banking room in 2010, looking north within the nave toward the north wall

The banking room's ceiling is 63 feet (19 m) high.[140][157] Sources disagree on the size of the banking room,[lower-alpha 7] which is oriented north–south.[140] The interior layout includes several spaces that are similar to those found in a church.[93][133] The room's central nave, for clients and bank officers, was flanked to the east and west by aisles with tellers' desks. At the north end of the banking room, officers worked in a chancel separated from the rest of the space by a low barrier. At the southwestern corner of the banking room, another low barrier delineated the new-accounts area, which had a fireplace.[140] The former mezzanine-level ladies' lounge, above the lobby, has a balustrade overlooking the south end of the banking room.[144]

The floors are paved in multicolored marble; the nave's floor features Cosmati-style rectangles in a grid.[166] Within the room are tellers' windows, which include metal grilles decorated with animals and zodiac figures.[161] Originally, the banking room contained a circular information desk supported by multicolored columns. The new accounts area at the southwestern corner and the officers' area to the north were shielded by screens.[144] Also within the banking room were "check tables" with glass surfaces and metal frames.[161]

The lowest portions of the banking room's walls are made of yellow marble, while the remainders of the walls are made of cast stone. On the western wall, there is a decorative fireplace and small arched windows topped by the massive arches. To the south are three round arches from the lobby, with decorative marble columns that support the ladies' lounge.[144] On the northern or rear wall is a mosaic artwork depicting the Williamsburgh Savings Bank, surrounded by landmarks and motifs that represent Brooklyn and its history.[159] It was installed by Ravenna Mosaics[145][159][165] and is attributed to "Wagner" of Germany.[159] The north and south walls also contain balustrades with analog clocks.[161]

Refer to caption
View of the nave's barrel-vaulted ceiling, with the west aisle visible at right. Arches separate the nave from the aisle and also span the top of the aisle.

Cast-stone piers separate the aisles from the nave and are topped by carved capitals depicting various figures,[144] which represent "reasons to save".[133] Each pier is four stories high, and there are one-story-high diagonal steel beams behind each capital.[140] Round-arched openings and taller arches rise above each aisle.[144] The side aisles contain barrel-vaulted ceilings, while the nave and the banking room's north and south ends have cast-stone barrel vaults.[163] The nave's ceiling vault also has a blue-and-gold glass mosaic depicting zodiac symbols and the corresponding mythological figures.[133][159] The mosaic, created by Angelo Magnanti,[145][159][165] is hung from the steel frame.[161] There are chandeliers throughout the room.[161]

Basement

The terrazzo floor of the basement lobby is laid in a grid pattern.[144] The walls are made of marble, and there is a stairway to the main elevator lobby on the western wall.[163] The basement lobby's plaster ceiling is a saucer vault containing a central chandelier.[161] The bank's vaults and the subway lobby were accessible from the basement lobby.[140]

The bank's vaults were spread across three basement levels.[22] Originally, there were 10,000 drawers for depositors in the main vault.[141][142] The depositors' vault was sealed by doors measuring around 8 feet (2.4 m) wide and 5 feet (1.5 m) thick.[93][lower-alpha 8] Three such doors existed in total.[22][158] The steel doors were being removed by the 2000s when the banking hall and basement were converted into a commercial space.[158] The subway lobby has a plaster ceiling, revolving doors, and a decorative security fence.[161] Outside the subway lobby, a passageway connects directly with the LIRR's Atlantic Terminal and the subway.[140]

Upper stories

Immediately above the main banking floor were three mezzanines for the Williamsburgh Savings Bank;[lower-alpha 9] these spaces contained executive offices and were also used to conduct bank transactions.[22] The remainder of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower was originally rented out as offices.[54] To maximize usable space, the architects spaced the superstructure's columns as far apart as possible. Each story was designed with an area of 2,600 to 11,000 square feet (240 to 1,020 m2).[15] The highest office story was floor 29, right below the clock tower.[90]

At the time of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower's construction, elevators in typical high-rise buildings were clustered around a central core. The presence of the ground-story banking room prevented the construction of a central core, so the tower's elevators were instead placed at the southeast corner, connecting both to the offices above and the LIRR and subway stations in the basement.[140] The upper stories were served by twelve elevators,[52] and the Williamsburgh Savings Bank's president had a private elevator.[93] Following the 2000s renovation, the building was converted into 179 residential condominiums.[167][168][lower-alpha 10] The units had a common room with a terrace, as well as a playroom and a shared business center.[169] One example of a larger unit is a three-bedroom apartment with beamed ceilings, wooden floors, and nine windows on two elevations.[170] Some of the penthouse apartments cover a full story, and there is a duplex unit adjacent to the former observation deck.[3] One apartment is a 3,263-square-foot (303.1 m2), four-story penthouse.[123][125]

Impact

Architectural commentary

View of the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower from Flatbush Avenue. There is scaffolding on parts of the tower. The Atlantic Terminal shopping mall and train station is located in front of the tower.
For many years, the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower was Brooklyn's tallest building.

The New York Daily News said in early 1928 that the tower "will be the pioneer skyscraper of unusual beauty in its vicinity",[44] while the Brooklyn Times-Union stated that the building was an "architectural triumph" that would raise nearby properties' values.[171] When the tower was completed, the Brooklyn Citizen said that the tower was not only a monument to the Williamsburgh Savings Bank but also one of several major commercial developments near Atlantic Terminal.[141] Within a year of the tower's completion, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle said that a business hub had been developed around the LIRR terminal.[50]

A New York Times writer characterized the building in 1972 as "possibly America's funniest skyscraper" and likened its interior to an ornate movie set.[172] Christopher Gray of the Times wrote that the designs of the lobby and banking hall were "designed to make every depositor feel like a millionaire".[81] In a book about Brooklyn's buildings, historian Francis Morrone described the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower as among the city's greatest skyscrapers and surpassing Halsey, McCormack and Helmer's design for the neighboring Hanson Place Church.[173] Some observers compared the massing to a phallus: the 2010 edition of the AIA Guide to New York City called the dome "New York's most exuberant phallic symbol",[6] and the author Jonathan Ames created a "Most Phallic Building" contest after writing in Slate magazine that the tower was the most phallic building he had ever seen.[174]

The tower was supposed to have been the first of a series of skyscrapers near Downtown Brooklyn.[13] In the decade before the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower's completion, four structures had held the record of Brooklyn's tallest building.[175] Eric Nash wrote in 2005 that the building was supposed to compete with Manhattan's skyline both financially and aesthetically.[133] The onset of the Great Depression had led to the cancellation of other high-rise projects nearby.[13] Despite this, Paul Goldberger wrote for the Times in 1988 that the lack of nearby skyscrapers did not negatively affect the cityscape,[176] and another Times writer described the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower in 2001 as one of the few structures in Brooklyn's skyline that could be recognized from afar.[177] It was only in the 2010s that several taller skyscrapers in Brooklyn were built.[178] The largest of these, the 1,066-foot (325 m) Brooklyn Tower,[179] is over twice the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower's height.[180]

Through the late 20th century, local residents used the building both as a clock and as a landmark for giving out directions.[154] A 1982 article for the Daily News described the Williamsburgh Savings Bank and its tower as a symbol of "who really runs Brooklyn".[181] The high concentration of dentists as tenants led the Daily News to call the building "the mecca of dentistry" in the 2000s.[98] The New York Observer said in 2006 that the tower and the Brooklyn Bridge were likely the only "skyline landmarks" in Brooklyn.[100]

In media

Several television series and movies have used the tower as a filming location. These have included the film Prizzi's Honor,[70] the TV series Gotham,[182] and the film Going in Style.[183] It was also the fictional setting of a romantic sequence in the film Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse.[184]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ The others were the Dime Savings Bank Building, Williamsburgh Savings Bank Building (175 Broadway), Brooklyn Trust Company Building, Bowery Savings Bank Building (130 Bowery), and Bowery Savings Bank Building (110 East 42nd Street).[92]
  2. ↑ The building has been described as having as few as 34 stories.[22]
  3. ↑ Namely Ashland and Hanson Places and Flatbush, Fourth, and Atlantic Avenues.
  4. 1 2 3 The physical count of stories differs from the floor numbers because the banking hall is physically five stories high. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1977, p. 2 counts the physical sixth story as floor 2; a similar discrepancy exists on higher floors.
  5. ↑ The center of each clock face is 430 feet (130 m) above the street. Each hour hand measures 9 feet (2.7 m) long.[154][152] Each minute hand is variously cited as 12.5 feet (3.8 m)[154] or 15.75 feet (4.80 m) long.[152] The hour hands each weigh 294 pounds (133 kg), and the minute hands weigh 523 pounds (237 kg).[70][152]
  6. ↑ The basement and ground floor each have 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2), while the mezzanine has 3,000 square feet (280 m2).[158]
  7. ↑ Though the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission cites the room's footprint as measuring about 112 by 73 feet (34 by 22 m),[140] other sources give dimensions of 128 by 72 feet (39 by 22 m), including the ladies' lounge on the south wall.[133][157][165][51]
  8. ↑ The Brooklyn Daily Eagle wrote in 1929 that the doors weighed 36 short tons (32 long tons; 33 t),[22] while The New York Times wrote in 2002 that the doors weighed 60 short tons (54 long tons; 54 t).[93]
  9. ↑ Two sources from 1929 describe the building as having three mezzanines in the front and four in the rear.[141][142]
  10. ↑ The Wall Street Journal gives a different figure of 189 condominiums.[3]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1977, p. 1.
  2. 1 2 3 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1996, p. 1.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Barbanel, Josh (April 14, 2011). "Brooklyn Penthouse Units Slated for Auction". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on April 17, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  4. ↑ Lamb, Yanick Rice (October 15, 1989). "If You're Thinking of Living in: Fort Greene". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved March 25, 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1996, p. 2.
  6. 1 2 3 White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 637. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "1 Hanson Place, 11217". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  8. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 4.
  9. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 11.
  10. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 13.
  11. ↑ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Atlantic Avenue-Barclays Center (B)(Q)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2015. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1996, p. 8.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Stern, Gilmartin & Mellins 1987, p. 544.
  14. 1 2 "New Williamsburg Bank Building Plans Filed at Building Bureau". The Chat. January 29, 1927. p. 55. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 "Lay Cornerstone of W'msburg Bank on Its Birthday". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 8, 1928. pp. 47, 48. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  16. 1 2 "Hanson Pl. Church in $150,000 Deal". Times Union. December 20, 1926. p. 45. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  17. 1 2 Vandam, Jeff (June 11, 2006). "For Brooklyn's Beacon, the Luxe Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
  18. ↑ North 1951, p. 29.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Brooklyn's Highest Skyscraper Soon To Be Completed: Cornerstone of Williamsburg Bank Building Will Be Laid To-morrow". New York Herald Tribune. April 8, 1928. p. D1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113362388.
  20. ↑ North 1951, p. 37.
  21. ↑ North 1951, p. 43.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Notables Attend Private Opening of Tallest Bank". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 28, 1929. p. 44. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  23. 1 2 North 1951, p. 45.
  24. 1 2 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1996, p. 9.
  25. 1 2 3 "16-story Bank in Hanson Place". Times Union. October 19, 1926. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  26. ↑ "Real Estate News". New York Herald Tribune. February 8, 1927. p. 35. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113516259.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1996, p. 3.
  28. ↑ "Williamsburg Bank to Open Branch". The Chat. October 23, 1926. p. 52. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  29. 1 2 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1996, pp. 9–10.
  30. ↑ "New Savings Bank Branch Protested". Times Union. October 20, 1926. p. 4. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ "Williamsburgh Savings Bank Branch Vigorously Opposed". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 3, 1926. p. 23. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  32. ↑ "Williamsburgh Bank Confident of Victory". Times Union. November 1, 1926. p. 52. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ Bratton, David (November 9, 1926). "Ten Banks Renew Williamsburgh Branch Battle". Times Union. pp. 47, 48. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ "Hanson Pl. Church Gets $150,000 for Unused Bit of Land". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 20, 1926. p. 2. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  35. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1996, p. 10.
  36. ↑ "Savings Bank Opens Branch". The New York Times. January 6, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022.
  37. ↑ "Bank Opens Branch". New York Herald Tribune. January 6, 1927. p. 29. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113505325.
  38. 1 2 "Start Skyscraper of Williamsburgh Bank Next Month". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 25, 1927. p. 23. Retrieved November 2, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ "Bank Skyscraper Plan Turned Down". Times Union. January 28, 1927. p. 21. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  40. ↑ "Bank Will Appeal Building Rejection". Times Union. February 12, 1927. p. 26. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  41. ↑ "Kennedy Construction Company Enters New Era of Prosperity". Times Union. August 1, 1927. p. 27. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  42. ↑ "New Brooklyn Skyscraper To Cost $3,000,000". New York Herald Tribune. December 9, 1927. p. 42. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1133356962.
  43. ↑ "Williamsburgh Savings Bank Lays Cornerstone in Brooklyn: Br. Cadmati Delivers Chief Address, Praising Thrift as Basis of Political Stability; Building on Hanson Pl. Will Rise 512 Feet; Sullivan's Books Sealed In". New York Herald Tribune. April 10, 1928. p. 25. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113358779.
  44. 1 2 "Brooklyn's Empire Sweeping Skyward". New York Daily News. April 10, 1928. p. 42. ISSN 2692-1251. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
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  46. ↑ "Williamsburg Bank; Many Rentals Being Made in New Building on Flatbush Avenue". The New York Times. October 21, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
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