Women's Reserve Camouflage Corps in camouflage suits

The Women's Reserve Camouflage Corps was a specialized unit of American women artists formed during World War I to design and test camouflage techniques for the military. They created both clothing and disguised military equipment for the war effort. Disbanded at the end of the war, women volunteered again to work on camouflage projects in World War II.

History

In 1917, British artist Norman Wilkinson submitted a proposal to the Royal Navy to paint optical illusions of geometric shapes, known as dazzle camouflage, to disguise ships. His designs were created in his London studio by 5 designers and painted by a crew of 11 women artists, known as camoufleurs. Between the spring of 1917 and November 1918, the women had painted more than 2,300 vessels.[1] Thousands of women in France were employed as camoufleurs painting guns for the British army by 1917,[2] while others worked with the American forces, making nets to hide artillery and garlands to string through trees and uniforms. For the nets and garlands, brown and green burlap, dyed to match the foliage, was sewn by the women into wire and fishnet tenting to drape over or in front of machinery. The uniforms covered soldiers from head to foot in a burlap suit embellished with raffia palm fronds. The French women also used dazzle camouflage to disguise buildings at the American camp.[3]

As men were called to the military front, American women artists began to replace men who had worked on camouflage projects for the military. British and French women camoufleurs inspired the United States to begin training women for the Women's Reserve Camouflage Corps,[4] though the initial female applicants were refused by the military.[5] In November and December, 1917, newspapers began advertising for women artists with experience as sculptors, or scene and landscape painting, to join a training program organized in Marshfield Hills, Massachusetts.[6] By November, around 75 women had joined the venture and were increasing at a rate of 1 to 4 women per day.[7] The unit hired Lieutenant Ledyard Towle to train the women,[5] and was soon recruiting women as photographers as well, to verify differences between photographic and observed deceptions.[8] On April 1, 1918, the Women's Reserve Camouflage Corps were formed by about forty artists from New York and Philadelphia.[4]

The women initially focused their efforts on creating apparel for gunners, scouts, and snipers that made them blend in with the landscape's trees or rocks.[5] Weekly field trips to Westchester County and parks such as Van Cortlandt Park and Kykuit, the Rockefeller family estate,[9] served as testing grounds for the women to try out their designs, trying to see if they could fool passerby or if their photographs showed they had succeeded in making people disappear from view.[4] They eventually moved from clothing to painting dazzle camouflage on ambulances, ships and tanks.[4][10] Units formed in various places throughout the United States, including Iowa, Minnesota, North and South Dakota,[11] and Philadelphia.[8]

Women participating in the program, which was sponsored through the National League for Women's Service, were volunteers and paid their own expenses.[4][5] Margaret DeVoe White a noted sculptor who pioneered a wax-relief type of sculpture, headed the units formed in Iowa, the Dakotas and Minnesota.[11][12] Other known camoufleurs include Eleanor Arnett, Dorthea Fischer, Katherine Munoz and Elizabeth Pilsbury, all of Philadelphia;[8][13] Clara Lathrop Strong of Massachusetts;[14] and Clara Armstrong, Edith Barry, Marguerite Becht, Diana Cauffman, Constance Cochrane, Edith Cohen, Evelyn Curtis, Frances Forbush, Sarah Furman, Patricia Gay, Myra Hanford, Helen Harrison, Helen F. Hobart, Helen Kalkman, Louise Larned, Ellen Macmillan, H. Rosalie Manning, Marie H. Moran, Dorothy Murphy, Rose Stokes, Eloise P. Valiant, Gertrude Welling and Bertha Wilson, all whom worked in New York City.[15]

Legacy

Though the Camouflage Corps were disbanded after the war ended, [13] during World War II, women returned to work on camouflage netting. Women in Australia, Britain, New Zealand and the United states worked on nets in their homes before their fabrics were sent to the front lines.[16][17][18][19]

Photos

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Walker 2016.
  2. ↑ The Orlando Evening Star 1917, p. 1.
  3. ↑ The Star Press 1918, p. 10.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Young 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 The Lethbridge Herald 1918, p. 8.
  6. ↑ The Honolulu Advertiser 1917, p. 2.
  7. ↑ The Buffalo Enquirer 1917, p. 4.
  8. 1 2 3 The Evening Public Ledger 1918, p. 4.
  9. ↑ The New York Herald & 1918, p. 14.
  10. ↑ The Boston Post 1918, p. 11.
  11. 1 2 The Star Tribune 1917, p. 15.
  12. ↑ The Statesman Journal 1921, p. 10.
  13. 1 2 The Evening Public Ledger 1919, p. 18.
  14. ↑ Oberlin Alumni Magazine 1956, p. 31.
  15. ↑ The New York Times 1918, p. 15.
  16. ↑ The Glen Innes Examiner 1941, p. 6.
  17. ↑ The Glenboro Western Prairier Gazette 1942, p. 3.
  18. ↑ The Auckland Star 1941, p. 13.
  19. ↑ The Standard-Examiner 1944, p. 24.

Bibliography

  • ″Hidden Figures: Women's Role in World War I Camouflage″ at Betty Strong Encounter Center: Sioux City Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center (Sioux City IA). November 11, 2017, through June 3, 2018 Online link
  • ″Chicanery and conspicuousness: social repercussions of World War I camouflage″ inUNIversitas (University of Northern Iowa) Vol 13, 2018 Full text online
  • ″Art, Women's Rights, and Camouflage″ (29-minute video) Bobolink Books, 2021 Full online access
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