A dome is a self-supporting structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere.

Every dome in the world which was the largest (by diameter) dome of its time is listed below.

Notes:

  1. Each structure is only described in detail one time on this page (the appearance closest to the top of the page), even if it appears in multiple lists. A link to the row where the structure is described in detail is provided.
  2. The dimensions given are inner diameters (also called inside diameters, or clear spans), meaning the thickness of the dome itself is not included. If the inner diameter of a dome is not available, a footnote follows the structure's name.
  3. If a dome has an elliptical rather than circular shape, the dome's shorter dimension (i.e. width) is used for ranking, and, contra convention, its dimensions are listed as width × length, rather than length × width.
  4. If the structure is part of a well-known complex of buildings, the name of the entire site is listed first, with the name of the dome structure itself listed in small text below.
  5. These lists exclude structures that are not self-supporting, such as The O2 in London which is 365 m (1,200 ft) in diameter but is supported by masts.
  6. The name of a structure used is the name it had when it was constructed or first opened. This is particularly relevant regarding stadiums.

Chronology of the largest dome

Below is a list of dome structures that have been the largest dome in the world.

The Pantheon in Rome, built in the 2nd century, was the largest dome in the world for over a millennium, and is still the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome.
The dome of Florence Cathedral was the largest in the world from its construction in 1436 to 1871, and is the largest brick and mortar dome.
The Singapore National Stadium, the largest dome structure in the world, and the largest ever built
Held record[lower-alpha 1] Diameter Name Location Builder Notes References
m ft
1250 BC – 1st century BC 14.5 47.6 Treasury of Atreus Mycenae, Greece City-state of Mycenae Corbel dome [1]
1st century BC – 19 BC 21.55 70.70 Temple of Mercury Baiae, Italy Roman Empire First monumental dome [2][3]
19 BC – start of 2nd century AD* 25 82 Baths of Agrippa
Arco della Ciambella		 Rome, Italy Roman Empire First thermae in Rome with a domed central building[4] [4]
Start of 2nd century AD – 128* 30 100 Baths of Trajan Rome, Italy Roman Empire Half dome [5]
128 – 1436 43.4 142 Pantheon Rome, Italy Roman Empire Largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world. Archetype of Western dome construction to this day. [2][6][7]
1436 – 1871 45.5 149 Florence Cathedral Florence, Italy City-state of Florence Largest brick and mortar dome in the world. First double-dome structure of the Renaissance. Octagonal dome. Architect Filippo Brunelleschi. [8]
1871 – 1873 56.5 × 66.9 185+1⁄3 × 219+1⁄3 Royal Albert Hall London, United Kingdom Lucas Brothers Wrought iron and glazed (glass) elliptical dome. Architects Captain Francis Fowke and Henry Young Darracott Scott. [9][10]
1873 – 1937* 101.7 333.66 Rotunde Vienna, Austria Johann Caspar Harkort VI. Destroyed by a fire in 1937. Architect Baron Karl von Hasenauer. [11]
1937 – 1955 65.8 216 Wholesale Market Leipzig Leipzig, Germany Dyckerhoff & Widmann Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Franz Dischinger. [12]
1955 – 1957 101 332+1⁄3 Charlotte Coliseum[lower-alpha 2] Charlotte, United States Thompson and Street Structural steel dome. Architect Odell Associates. [13]
1957 – 1963 109 358 Belgrade Fair  – Hall 1 Belgrade, Serbia Belgrade Fair in Construction World's largest prestressed concrete dome [14]
1963 – 1964 122 400 Assembly Hall Champaign, United States Felmley-Dickerson Co. Reinforced concrete dome. Architect Max Abramovitz. [15]
1964 – 1975 196 642 Harris County Domed Stadium Houston, United States H.A. Lott, Inc. First domed stadium.[16] First air-conditioned stadium. Structural steel dome (3,000 tons of structural steel). Architects Lloyd & Morgan, and Wilson, Morris, Crain and Anderson.[17] [17][18]
1975 – 1984 207 680 Louisiana Superdome New Orleans, United States Blount International[19] Structural steel construction (18,000 tons of structural steel in entire structure). Architects Curtis and Davis Architects and Engineers, Edward 8. Silverstein and Associates, and Nolan, Norman and Nolan.[20][21] [20]
1984 – 1985* 236.5 775.9 Istra dome Istra, Russia Glavspetsstroy Steel construction (≈10,000 tons of steel and ≈363 tons of aluminum).[22] Collapsed on 25 January 1985, later demolished.[22] [22][23][24]
2001 – 2013 274 899 Oita Stadium Ōita, Japan Takenaka Corporation, SATO BENEC, and Takayama Sogo Kogyo[25] Retractable steel roof (12,500 tonnes of steel).[26] Architects Kisho Kurokawa Architect & Associates, Takenaka Corporation, Satobenec, and Takayama Sogo Kogyo.[27] [27][28]
2013 – present 312 1,020 Singapore National Stadium Singapore Dragages Retractable roof. Height of dome: 80 m (260 ft).[29] Architect Arup Group. [29]
  1. ↑ First stint as largest dome only, may have gaps due to destructions. Domes no longer standing marked with an asterisk.
  2. ↑ Not to be confused with the later Charlotte Coliseum, an indoor arena not featuring a dome that was demolished in 2007.

By structural material

The Hagia Sophia, the largest brick and mortar dome for almost a millennium, from its construction in 563 until the completion of the Florence Cathedral in 1436
The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the largest wooden dome for over a millennium
The Royal Albert Hall is the largest standing dome structure of wrought iron construction. However, the Rotunde, completed two years after the Royal Albert Hall, is the largest wrought iron dome ever built.

Below are lists of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome built with a given structural material.

Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes References
m ft
Stone
1250 BC – 150–175 AD Treasury of Atreus (details above)
150–175 AD – 2006 15.0 49.2 Western Thermae Jerash, Jordan Roman Empire One of the earliest voussoir domes with square ground plan [30]
2006 – present 85.15 279.4 Global Vipassana Pagoda Mumbai, India The stone dome was completed in October 2006. The monument was officially inaugurated on February 8, 2009. [31]
Concrete
1st century BC – 1st century BC 6.52 21.4 Stabiae Thermae
Laconicum		 Pompeii, Italy Roman Empire Cone vault (early form of a dome). Oldest known dome built with Roman concrete. [3]
1st century BC – 19 BC Temple of Mercury (details above)
128 – present Pantheon (details above)
Masonry
2nd century – 150 11.5 38 Red Basilica Pergamon, Turkey Roman Empire Brick [32]
150 – c. 306* 23.85 78.2 Sanctuary of Asclepius
Temple of Asclepius		 Pergamon, Turkey Roman Empire Earliest monumental brick dome[33] [34][35]
c. 306 – 563 24.15 79.2 Rotunda of Galerius Thessaloniki, Greece Roman Empire Radially laid bricks [33]
563 – 1436 30.87 × 31.87 101.3 × 104.6 Hagia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey Byzantine Empire First pendentive dome in history. First completed in 537, rebuilt in 563 after earthquake. Architects Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus [36]
1436 – present Florence Cathedral (details above)
Clay hollowware
Beginning of 3rd century – 216 12.0 39.4 Aquae Flavianae El Hamma District, Algeria Roman Empire Earthenware pipes put together [37]
216 – 6th-9th century* 35.08 115.1 Baths of Caracalla
Caldarium		 Rome, Italy Roman Empire Amphorae put together [38]
Wood
691 – 1781 20.40 66.9 Dome of the Rock Jerusalem, Israel Umayyad Empire [39]
1781 – 1957 36.0 118.1 Saint Blaise Abbey Sankt Blasien, Germany Pierre Michel d'Ixnard Third-widest dome in Europe at the time of its construction[40] [40][41]
1957 – 1977 91.4 300 Brick Breeden Fieldhouse Bozeman, United States Montana State University  – Bozeman Second-largest dome in United States at the time of its construction[42] [42]
1977 – 1983 153.0 502.0 Walkup Skydome Flagstaff, Arizona, United States Northern Arizona University Geodesic dome
1983 – 1991 162 530 Tacoma Dome Tacoma, United States Merit Co. Geodesic dome
1991 – present 163.4 536 Superior Dome Marquette, United States State of Michigan/Northern Michigan University Geodesic dome
Cast iron
1811 – 1881 39.0 128.0 Bourse de commerce
(previously the Halle aux blés)		 Paris, France First French Empire Engineer François Brunet. Architect François-Joseph Bélanger. [43]
1881 – present 46.9 154 Devonshire Royal Hospital Buxton, United Kingdom Converted from a horse stables to a hospital. Slate-covered iron frame. Architects John Carr and Robert Rippon Duke. [44]
Wrought iron
1871 – 1873 Royal Albert Hall (details above)
1873 – 1937 Rotunde (details above)
Steel
1902 – 1955 59.4 195 West Baden Springs Hotel West Baden, United States Lee Wiley Sinclair Steel and glass dome. Architect Harrison Albright. [45]
1955 – 1964 Charlotte Coliseum (details above)
1964 – 1975 Harris County Domed Stadium (details above)
1975 – 1984 Louisiana Superdome (details above)
1984 – 1985 Istra dome (details above)
2001 – 2013 Oita Stadium (details above)
2013 – present Singapore National Stadium (details above)
Reinforced concrete
1913 – 1930 65.0 213.3 Centennial Hall Wrocław, Poland Architect Max Berg [46]
1930 – 1957 Wholesale Market Leipzig (details above)
1957 – 1963 100.6 330 Palazzetto dello Sport Rome, Italy Built for the 1960 Summer Olympics. Consulting engineer Pier Luigi Nervi. [15]
1963 – 1971 Assembly Hall (details above)
1971 – 1976 134.1 440 Norfolk Scope Norfolk, Virginia, United States City of Norfolk Consulting engineer Pier Luigi Nervi [15]
1976 – 2000* 201 660 King County Stadium Seattle, United States King County Reinforced concrete dome. Demolished on 26 March 2000. Architects NBBJ, John Skilling, and Emil Praeger. [47]
Glazed
2002 – present 70.1 230 Desert Dome Omaha, United States Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium Glazed geodesic dome. Holds the world's largest indoor desert. [48][49]

By continent

Below is a list of buildings that have held the title of the largest dome on their continent.

Europe

Kupolen (English: Dome) in Borlänge, Sweden is the largest dome structure in Europe.
Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes References
m ft
1250 BC – 1st century BC Treasury of Atreus (details above)
1st century BC – 19 BC Temple of Mercury (details above)
19 BC – 109 AD Baths of Agrippa
Arco della Ciambella (details above)
109 – 128 Baths of Trajan (details above)
128 – 1436 Pantheon (details above)
1436 – 1871 Florence Cathedral (details above)
1871 – 1873 Royal Albert Hall (details above)
1873 – 1937 Rotunde (details above)
1937 – 1957 Wholesale Market Leipzig (details above)
1957 – 1990 Belgrade Fair  – Hall 1 (details above)
1990 – present 129 423 Kupolen (English: Dome) Borlänge, Sweden Originally an exposition hall with a few stores at ground level. Now a three level mall. Architect Coordinator arkitekter. [50]

North America

AT&T Stadium, Cowboys Stadium when constructed, is the largest dome structure in North America
Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes References
m ft
1864 – 1867 29 96 United States Capitol Washington, D.C., United States Architect Thomas Ustick Walter [51]
1867 – 1902 45.7 150 Salt Lake Tabernacle Salt Lake City, United States Largely built without nails. Architect Henry Grow. [52]
1902 – 1955 West Baden Springs Hotel (details above)
1955 – 1963 Charlotte Coliseum (details above)
1963 – 1964 Assembly Hall (details above)
1964 – 1975 Harris County Domed Stadium (details above)
1975 – 2009 Louisiana Superdome (details above)
2009 – present 230 755 Cowboys Stadium[lower-alpha 1] Arlington, United States HKS, Inc. Diameter is estimated. Retractable structural steel roof (14,100 tons of structural steel).[53]
  1. ↑ No reliable figures available

South America

Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes References
m ft
Palace of the Argentine National Congress Buenos Aires, Argentina Government of Argentina Bronze-plated dome. Architect Vittorio Meano.
1960 38 120 Palace of the Brazilian National Congress Brasília, Brazil Government of Brazil Architect Oscar Niemeyer [54]

Asia

Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes References
m ft
2nd century – 150 Red Basilica (details above)
150 – 1312 Sanctuary of Asclepius
Temple of Asclepius (details above)
1312 – 1659 25.6 83.99 Dome of Soltaniyeh Soltaniyeh, Iran Persian architects were building double shell domes at the start of the 5th century, but the Dome of Soltaniyeh is the earliest such architecture extant, dating to 1312, over 100 years before Brunelleschi used the same technique to build the dome of Florence Cathedral. This makes the Dome of Soltaniyeh the earliest existing double shell dome. The Florence Cathedral's dome has a design of octagonal supporting walls, like the Dome of Soltaniyeh. The Dome of Soltaniyeh is the third largest brick dome in the world (after Florence Cathedral and Hagia Sophia). Hagia Sophia is older than the Dome of Soltaniyeh, but the Hagia Sophia is a single shell brick dome. [55]
1659 – 1937 44 140 Gol Gumbaz Bijapur, India Sultanate of Bijapur Mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah II (1627 – 1657) of the Sultanate of Bijapur [56]
1937 – 1944 45 150 Phnom Penh Central Market Phnom Penh, Cambodia Reinforced concrete. Engineer Wladimir Kandaouroff. Architects Jean Desbois and Louis Chauchon. [57]
1944 – 1960 60 200 Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre Novosibirsk, Russia Reinforced concrete [58]
1960 – 2001 108 354 Araneta Coliseum Quezon City, Philippines J. Amado Araneta Also known as the Big Dome. Opened as the world's biggest indoor venue in 1960. Architect Dominador Lugtu.
2001 – 2013 Oita Stadium (details above)
2013 – present Singapore National Stadium (details above)

Africa

Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes References
m ft
1988 – 1997 90 295.28 Basilica of Our Lady of Peace Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast Dumez Modeled after the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. World's tallest dome.
1997 – 2018 140.0 459.32 MTN Sundome Johannesburg, South Africa Sports arena [59]
2018 – present 247 810.37 Glory Dome Abuja, Nigeria Said to be the biggest church auditorium in the world. Size of three football pitches.

Australia

Held record Diameter Name Location Builder Notes References
m ft
1913 – 1959 34.75 114.01 State Library Victoria Melbourne, Australia Designed by Norman G. Peebles
1959 – 1988 47.4 155.51 The Shine Dome Canberra, Australia Designed by Sir Roy Grounds
1988 – present 133.0 436.35 Burswood Dome Perth, Australia

Other famous large domes

Below is a list of large domes which are famous but have never held any of the above records.

Completion date Diameter Name Location Builder Notes References
m ft
c. 64 13.48 44.2 Domus Aurea Rome, Italy Roman Empire First dome with a polygonal ground plan (octagon) [3]
1227 16.9 × 21.0 55.4 × 68.9 St. Gereon's Basilica Cologne, Germany Elliptical dome. Largest dome to be constructed in the Occident in the years between the construction of Hagia Sophia's dome in 563 and the completion of Florence Cathedral in 1436. [60]
1405 18.2 60 Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi Turkistan, Kazakhstan Timur Double dome
1557 27.2 89 Süleymaniye Mosque Istanbul, Turkey Ottoman Empire Architect Mimar Sinan
1575 31.25 102.5 Selimiye Mosque Edirne, Turkey Ottoman Empire Architect Mimar Sinan [61]
1626 42.3 139 St. Peter's Basilica Rome, Italy Holy See World's tallest dome until 1990. Tallest dome interior (including lantern). Two layer dome. Architect Michelangelo. [3]
1641 18 58 Taj Mahal Agra, India Mughal Empire Double dome[62] [62][63]
1710 31.1 102 St Paul's Cathedral London, United Kingdom Christopher Wren Double dome. The two domes are separated by a cone over the top of the inner which helps support the outer. Height of dome: 225 ft (69 m).[64] [64][65]
1732 79.07 × 118.9 24.10 × 36.25 Sanctuary of Vicoforte Vicoforte, Italy House of Savoy Largest elliptical dome in the world. Height of dome: 16 m (52 ft). Architects Ascanio Vitozzi and Francesco Gallo.[66] [66]
1871 39.6 130 Mosta Dome Mosta, Malta Third-largest unsupported dome in the world. Architect Giorgio Grognet de Vassé. [67][68]
1894 31 100 Frederik's Church Copenhagen, Denmark Frederick V Built from 1749 to 1894 by three different architects, with no construction done from 1770 to 1877 [69]
1904 15 50 Rhode Island State House Providence, United States Third-largest unsupported marble dome in the world. [70][71]
1912 18 59 Alexander Nevsky Cathedral Sofia, Bulgaria Bulgarian people Groundbreaking: 3 March 1882. Completed: 1904 – 1912. Consecrated: 1924. Has gold-plated domes. Believed to be among the 10 largest Eastern Orthodox church buildings, and the largest completed Orthodox cathedral located in Southeast Europe. [72][73][74][75]
1944 61.0 200.1 La Coupole
V-2 rocket bunker		 Wizernes, France Nazi Germany Reinforced concrete dome. 5 metres (16 ft) thick. [76][77]
1952 27 89 Rotunda of Xewkija Xewkija, Malta Height: 75 m (246 ft). Weight: 45,000 t (44,000 long tons; 50,000 short tons). Circumference: 85 m (279 ft). Architect Joseph D'Amato.
1988 51.8 170 Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque Shah Alam, Malaysia Biggest mosque in Malaysia. Second biggest mosque in South East Asia. Also known as Blue Mosque. Can accommodate up to 16,000 worshippers.
1992 192 × 240 630 × 787 Georgia Dome Atlanta, United States Brasfield & Gorrie Elliptical tensegrity structure. Demolished on 20 November 2017. [78][79]
2005 21.3 70 Long Island Green Dome Baiting Hollow, United States Kevin Michael Shea Largest residential wood geodesic dome in North America. Serves as a home and as a attraction site advocating sustainable living. Picture.
2009 78 256 Medgidia clinker storage facility Medgidia, Romania [80]
2014 179 × 227 587 × 745 Philippine Arena Bocaue, Philippines Iglesia ni Cristo Elliptical dome. Dome with the largest indoor arena by capacity in the world. [81]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Treasury of Atreus at Structurae
  2. 1 2 Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", Art Bulletin, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986), p.24
  3. 1 2 3 4 Rasch 1985, p. 118.
  4. 1 2 Werner Heinz: "Römische Thermen. Badewesen und Badeluxus im römischen Reich", München 1983, ISBN 3-7774-3540-6, p.60-64
  5. ↑ Rasch 1985, p. 119.
  6. ↑ "Romanconcrete.com". Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
  7. ↑ Werner Müller: "dtv  – Atlas Baukunst I. Allgemeiner Teil: Baugeschichte von Mesopotamien bis Byzanz", 14. Aufl., 2005, ISBN 3-423-03020-8, p.253
  8. ↑ Figures vary. archINFORM Archived 2021-06-20 at the Wayback Machine gives a 45 m (148 ft) wide tambour, while Santa Maria del Fiore at Structurae gives a 43 m (141 ft) diameter of the cupola. Other estimates are as low as 42 m (138 ft).
  9. ↑ The British Foreign Mechanic and Scientific Instructor. J. Sydal. 23 July 1870. p. 30. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  10. ↑ "Roof". royalalberthall.com. Royal Albert Hall. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  11. ↑ Uhland, Wilhelm H. [Heinrich] [in German] (1873) [1872-11]. Written at Leipsic [Leipzig]. "Notes on the Vienna Universal exposition". Journal of the Franklin Institute. Philadelphia: Published by the Franklin Institute at their Hall. 95 (3): 186. doi:10.1016/0016-0032(73)90149-x. ISSN 0016-0032. OCLC 1044760573. Retrieved 2023-09-12. the interior circumference is 319·6 meters, and the space available for the purposes of the Exhibition and accommodation of the visitors is 8129 square meters
  12. ↑ Leipzig Market Hall at Structurae
  13. ↑ "Survey and Research Report on the Charlotte Coliseum". Archived from the original on 2016-01-18.
  14. ↑ "Belgrade Fair - Hall 1". sajam.co.rs. 2009-07-19. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  15. 1 2 3 South, Melinda (2008-10-20). "Reinforced Concrete Thin Shell Sports Facilities". monolithic.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  16. ↑ Byrnes, Mark (2012-05-25). "The End of the Domed Stadium". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2023-09-17. The first domed stadiums were hailed as architectural marvels. In 1965, the first (Houston's Astrodome) was known as the "8th Wonder of the World."
  17. 1 2 Historic American Engineering Record; Historic American Buildings Survey; Historic American Landscapes Survey; Library of Congress. "Houston Astrodome, 8400 Kirby Drive, Houston, Harris County, TX". Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey. Justine Christianson prepared the documentation for transmittal to the Library of Congress. Jet Lowe produced the large format photography. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. OCLC 727359923.
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  20. 1 2 Williams, M. C.; Gibson, W. [William] R. (1976). "Louisiana Superdome" (PDF). Modern steel construction. Vol. 16, no. 1 & 2 : First & Second Quarter 1976. New York, N.Y.: American Institute of Steel Construction. pp. 3–7. ISSN 0026-8445. OCLC 2251245. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  21. ↑ Pastier, John (2005-12-10). "Hurricane Coverage The Superdome". Architectural Record. Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
  22. 1 2 3 "Величайший «Купол» науки из Истры / Хабр". Хабр (in Russian). 2017-03-10. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
  23. ↑ "Упавшая капля". ИД «Панорама» (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-09-14.
  24. ↑ Schmidt, Ron (2007-12-02). "Strange Towers in a Russian Forest". Welcome to Pegasus Research Consortium. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
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  27. 1 2 "Oita Stadium "Big Eye"(Oita Bank Dome) 2001 | TAKENAKA CORPORATION". takenaka.co.jp. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
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  29. 1 2 Hladik, Pavel; Lewis, Clive J (2010). "Singapore National Stadium Roof". International Journal of Architectural Computing. 8 (3): 261. doi:10.1260/1478-0771.8.3.257. ISSN 1478-0771. OCLC 4795865180 – via CumInCAD.
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  31. ↑ "Salient Features  – Global Pagoda website". Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
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  33. 1 2 Rasch 1985, p. 125.
  34. ↑ Rasch 1985, p. 129.
  35. ↑ "Asklepieion, Pergamon (Site)". Perseus Digital Library. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
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  37. ↑ Rasch 1985, p. 124.
  38. ↑ Erwin Heinle, Jörg Schlaich: "Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen", Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-421-03062-6, p.27
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  40. 1 2 "Website of the Dom St. Blasien". Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-08-25.
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  48. ↑ "Desert Dome". Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo. Archived from the original on 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
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  52. ↑ "The Great Mormon Tabernacle at Salt Lake". Scientific American. 8 June 1867
  53. ↑ "AT&T Stadium". Walter P Moore. 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
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  57. ↑ Phnom Penh Central Market at Structurae
  58. ↑ Novosibirsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre at Structurae. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
  59. ↑ Coca-Cola Dome: Dimensions of Coca-Cola Dome Archived 2008-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
  60. ↑ Werner Schäfke: "Kölns romanische Kirchen. Architektur, Ausstattung, Geschichte", Köln, 1985, 5. ed., ISBN 3-7701-1360-8, p.100&118
  61. ↑ Selimiye Mosque at Structurae
  62. 1 2 "Outlying Building".
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  64. 1 2 Ward Lock & Co., Limited (1914). A Pictorial and Descriptive Guide to London and Its Environs (Thirty-Eighth Edition—Revised ed.). London: Ward Lock & Co., Limited. p. 209. OCLC 437623827. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
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  66. 1 2 Rivoira, Giovanni Teresio (1921). Architettura romana: costruzione e statica nell'età imperiale (in Italian). Milano: Ulrico Hoepli. p. 347. OCLC 7096469. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
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