This article lists concurrent and parallel programming languages, categorizing them by a defining paradigm. Concurrent and parallel programming languages involve multiple timelines. Such languages provide synchronization constructs whose behavior is defined by a parallel execution model. A concurrent programming language is defined as one which uses the concept of simultaneously executing processes or threads of execution as a means of structuring a program. A parallel language is able to express programs that are executable on more than one processor. Both types are listed, as concurrency is a useful tool in expressing parallelism, but it is not necessary. In both cases, the features must be part of the language syntax and not an extension such as a library (libraries such as the posix-thread library implement a parallel execution model but lack the syntax and grammar required to be a programming language).
The following categories aim to capture the main, defining feature of the languages contained, but they are not necessarily orthogonal.
Coordination languages
- CnC (Concurrent Collections)
- Glenda
- Linda coordination language
- Millipede
Dataflow programming
Distributed computing
Event-driven and hardware description
- Esterel (also synchronous)
- SystemC
- SystemVerilog
- Verilog
- Verilog-AMS - math modeling of continuous time systems
- VHDL
Functional programming
Logic programming
Monitor-based
Multi-threaded
Object-oriented programming
Partitioned global address space (PGAS)
Message passing
- Ateji PX - An extension of Java with parallel primitives inspired from pi-calculus.
- Rust[4]
- Smalltalk[5]: p.17 Part IV, see table following fig. 11–29
Actor model
CSP-based
APIs/frameworks
These application programming interfaces support parallelism in host languages.
- Apache Beam
- Apache Flink
- Apache Hadoop
- Apache Spark
- CUDA
- OpenCL
- OpenHMPP
- OpenMP for C, C++, and Fortran (shared memory and attached GPUs)
- Message Passing Interface for C, C++, and Fortran (distributed computing)
- SYCL
See also
References
- ↑ Thom Frühwirth (9 July 2009). Constraint Handling Rules. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87776-3.
- ↑ "Using Threads to Run Code Simultaneously - The Rust Programming Language". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
- ↑ Documentation » The Python Standard Library » Concurrent Execution
- ↑ "Using Message Passing to Transfer Data Between Threads - The Rust Programming Language". doc.rust-lang.org. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
- ↑ Alan Kay The Early History Of Smalltalk
- ↑ "Crystal Programming Language – Concurrency". Retrieved 10 August 2018.