Battle of Yarmouk Camp (December 2012)
Part of the Syrian civil war and the
Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012 – February 2013)
Date5–17 December 2012
(1 week and 5 days)
Location
Yarmouk Camp, Damascus, Syria
Result

Indecisive

  • FSA and Liwa al-Asifa take control of most of Yarmouk[1]
  • FSA and Syrian Army agree to leave Yarmouk as a neutral, demilitarized zone, but sporadic clashes continue
Belligerents
Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army
Liwa al-Asifa (Palestinian militia)[2]

Syria Syrian Arab Republic

PFLP-GC[1][3]
Commanders and leaders
Unknown Ahmed Jibril (PFLP-GC leader)[4]
Units involved
Unknown 53rd Army Regiment (Special Forces)
Jihad Jibril Brigade
Popular Committee-Yarmouk Refugee Camp
Casualties and losses
Unknown 4 killed
23 civilians killed

The Battle of Yarmouk Camp (December 2012) was a period of fierce clashes in Yarmouk Camp during the Syrian civil war. Yarmouk is a district of Damascus that is home to the biggest community of Palestinian refugees in Syria.[5] The fighting was between the Syrian Army and PFLP-GC on one side, and Syrian rebels on the other. The rebels included the Free Syrian Army (FSA) and a group made up of Palestinians, called Liwa al-Asifa or Storm Brigade. On 17 December, it was reported that the FSA and anti-Assad Palestinians had taken control of the camp. The FSA and Syrian Army agreed to leave Yarmouk as a neutral, demilitarized zone, but sporadic clashes continued.

Background

At the beginning of the Syrian civil war in 2011, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC) was based in Yarmouk and supported Syria's Ba'ath Party government led by the Al-Assad family. At the beginning of the war, tensions arose in Yarmouk between the PFLP-GC and anti-Assad Palestinian residents. On 5 June 2011, a number of Yarmouk residents were shot dead while protesting at the Israeli border. Allegedly angered by the PFLP-GC's refusal to take part in the protests, thousands of mourners burnt down its headquarters in Yarmouk. PFLP-GC members allegedly opened fire on the crowd, killing 14 Palestinians and wounding 43, although this was denied by the group, which blamed Fatah elements inside the camp for the clashes.[6][7][8]

On 3 August 2012, Al Arabiya reported that over 21 civilians were killed when the Syrian Army shelled Yarmouk.[9] Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas condemned the Syrian Army for shelling the camp and chided the PFLP-GC for dragging Palestinians into the conflict.[5]

On 31 October, the FSA announced that they had helped form a brigade made up of anti-Assad Palestinians, called Liwa al-Asifa (Storm Brigade), who have been armed to take control of Yarmouk. The PFLP-GC leader Ahmed Jibril and his men were accused of harassing Yarmouk's residents and attacking FSA fighters.[10] Many Palestinian men from the camp also joined other FSA units and fought with them in the Damascus districts of Tadamon and Al-Hajar Al-Aswad.[11]

December clashes

Fierce fighting in Yarmouk began on 5 December 2012[12] and lasted until 17 December. The fighting mainly involved the FSA (along with the Liwa al-Asifa brigade) fighting against the PLFP-GC.

On 16 December, Syrian Army jets bombed Yarmouk, for the first time since the civil war began. Activists reported that a school and mosque sheltering refugees were hit.[13] It was reported that at least 23 were killed, all civilians.[14] About 1,000 Palestinians reached Lebanon less than 48 hours after the bombing. The new arrivals said they were now openly hostile towards the Syrian government that had long portrayed itself as the protector of Palestinians in Syria.[15] Iran's Fars News said that "terrorist" rebels had entered Yarmouk and shot dead "dozens of Palestinians and Syrian civilians".[16]

On 17 December, it was claimed that many PFLP-GC fighters defected to the rebels. One PFLP-GC commander said "I felt that we became soldiers for the Assad regime, not guards for the camps, so I decided to defect". He claimed that government forces stood by and watched as the PFLP-GC fought the rebels, without helping the Palestinians.[17] Ahmed Jibril reportedly fled Damascus for the Mediterranean city of Tartous.[12][18] PFLP-GC political bureau member Hussam Arafat, however, announced that Jibril was still in Damascus and that only a small number of fighters had defected. That day, rebel forces gained full control of Yarmouk as well as another Palestinian camp, with help from anti-Assad Palestinians, pushing out the pro-government PFLP-GC fighters.[19][20] The pro-government PFLP-GC fighters were reportedly overwhelmed and suffered great losses as they were unable to evacuate their wounded due to rebel snipers on the roofs.[1] Government forces had surrounded the camp, however, as many refugees fled.[21]

On 20 December, the FSA said it had pushed all pro-government fighters out of Yarmouk and handed it back to the Palestinians. The day before, fresh fighting on the outskirts of Yarmouk killed a civilian and four PFLP-GC members.[22]

Shortly after, government and rebel representatives agreed that all armed groups should withdraw from Yarmouk and leave it as a neutral zone. The agreement also said that the PFLP-GC should be dismantled and its weapons surrendered. However, a spokesman for the pro-rebel Palestine Refugee Camp Network said, "the implementation of the truce has been problematic" because of "intermittent" government shelling of Yarmouk and clashes on its outskirts.[23] An AFP reporter at Batikha, the main entrance to the camp, reported sporadic shooting on 21 December but no gunmen were seen on the streets of Yarmouk.[24][25]

Aftermath

Fellow Palestinian left-wing groups—including the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), the biggest Palestinian leftist group—berated Jibril and the PFLP-GC.[26] One PFLP official said "Everyone knows the true size of PFLP-GC. They are not representative of the Palestinians". Another said that Jibril "does not even belong to the Palestinian Left. He is closer to the extremist right-wing groups than to revolutionary leftist ones".[26] On 18 December, the Palestinian National Council (PNC) denounced Jibril, saying it would expel him over his role in the conflict.[27]

On 25 December there was reportedly fighting in or around Yarmouk between rebels and the pro-government Jaysh al-Sha'bi (or Popular Committees).[28]

The UNRWA reported that 12 people were killed and 20 wounded during fighting in Yarmouk on 17 January 2013.[29]

By January 2014, FSA and Liwa al-Asifa controlled 75% of the refugee camp, while the other 25% was controlled by the Syrian Army and the PFLP-GC.[30] The situation had become desperate. "The regime forces won't remove the siege on the camp as long as the militants are staying in it" a pro-Assad Palestinian official, Husam Arafat said. Palestinians in the West Bank have been running a campaign to raise awareness of the siege. "History will curse us if you allow Yarmouk's people to die of hunger," one sign read.[31]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Syria: Armed Opposition Takes Yarmouk Refugee Camp". Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  2. ↑ Jerusalem Post. "The PFLP-GC have accused the Liwa al-Asifa of trying to stir up trouble within the Palestinian refugee community in Yarmouk, while Syrian rebels have accused the PFLP-GC of stifling Palestinian dissent against Assad."
  3. ↑ AFP (17 December 2012). "Syria hits back at UN over Palestinian refugees". Syria. NOW. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  4. ↑ "Corrections and clarifications". The Guardian. London. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  5. 1 2 "AFP: Syria rebels 'clash with army, Palestinian fighters'". Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  6. ↑ "Ahmed Jibril's organization (PFLP-GC) blamed the PA, Fatah, and Saudi Arabia for the violent clashes in Al-Yarmuk refugee camp". The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 14 June 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  7. ↑ "Report: 14 Palestinians killed in Syria camp" Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Ma'an News Agency, 8 June 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  8. ↑ "Mass shooting reported in Yarmouk Palestinian refugee camp in Syria – video". The Electronic Intifada, 6 June 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  9. ↑ "At least 21 killed in shelling on Yarmouk Palestinian refugee camp in Syria: NGO" Archived 20 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Al Arabiya, 3 August 2012.
  10. ↑ "Rebels form a brigade in Damascus to fight armed Palestinians aligned with President Assad". Al Jazeera Blogs. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  11. ↑ "Palestinians join Syria revolt: activists, FSA". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  12. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ↑ "Syrian fighter jets bomb Palestinian camp in Damascus-activists". Reuters. 16 December 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  14. ↑ "Syrian planes hit Yarmouk mosque killing dozens". euronews. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  15. ↑ The Guardian 18 December 2012 Palestinians flee to Lebanon after jet bombs Syria's largest refugee camp
  16. ↑ "Fars News Agency :: Syrian Rebels Target al-Yarmouk Camp, Kill Dozens of Civilians". Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  17. ↑ "A Syrian Airstrike Kills Palestinian Refugees and Costs Assad Support". The New York Times. 17 December 2012.
  18. ↑ "Palestinian faction leader Jibril leaves Damascus: rebels". Reuters. 15 December 2012. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  19. ↑ Karouny, Mariam (17 December 2012). "WRAPUP 1-Syrian rebels take control of Damascus Palestinian camp". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  20. ↑ "Syria rebels make further gains". BBC News. 18 December 2012.
  21. ↑ "Syrian forces surround Palestinian camp". Al Jazeera English. 17 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  22. ↑ "FSA says it handed Damascus camp back to Palestinians". Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  23. ↑ "Syrian fight now 'overtly sectarian,' U.N. says". CNN, 20 December 2012.
  24. ↑ ""Nous rentrons car nous en avons assez d'être humiliés"". L'Orient-Le Jour. 21 December 2012. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  25. ↑ (in French) Archived 10 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  26. 1 2 "PFLP on Defense in Gaza Over Ties to Assad" Archived 16 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Al-Monitor, 27 December 2012.
  27. ↑ "Ahmad Jibril to be expelled from the PLO" Archived 19 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Al Akhbar (Lebanon), 18 December 2012.
  28. ↑ "Violents combats dans le camp palestinien de Yarmouk à Damas". L'Orient-Le Jour. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  29. ↑ "UN: 12 Killed in Fighting in Damascus refugee camp". The Daily Star. Daily Star (Lebanon). 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  30. ↑ Damascus: Yarmouk Starves as Relief Convoys Attacked Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Al Akhbar, 13 January 2014
  31. ↑ "Hunger, death in besieged camp near Damascus".

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